塔东北孔雀河地区古生界构造沉积演化及油气成藏主控因素
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摘要
近年来,塔东北孔雀河地区在侏罗系和泥盆系东河砂岩相继获得突破,但是总体资源探明率很低,特别是古生界,勘探进展不大。分析认为,制约该区古生界勘探的主要因素是区域构造演化及油气成藏控制因素认识不清。本论文立题的目的就是,以塔里木盆地东北缘的构造-沉积耦合关系为指导思想,研究孔雀河地区构造演化,建立沉积模式,分析构造-沉积演化对油气成藏的控制作用,明确该地区油气勘探的战略思路。
论文针对塔里木盆地孔雀河地区勘探研究现状,充分利用现有的物化探、钻井和综合研究资料,运用石油地质、盆地构造分析、沉积学、层序地层学等新理论、新技术和新方法,对孔雀河地区区域构造背景、基本石油地质条件、构造特征、沉积特征等进行了深入研究,并结合烃源岩研究成果进行了油气成藏模式探讨。取得了如下主要成果和认识:
1、在大量的野外工作、钻井分析及地震综合解释的基础上,从孔雀河地区的大地构造背景、现今构造格局出发,运用区域盆山关系、构造演化及其动力学特点,认为盆地演化与南天山造山过程及库鲁克塔格山脉构造作用过程密切相关,并划分了7个演化阶段。
2、根据地震反射特征,结合地质资料,认为区内发育Z/AnZ、∈/An∈、S/AnS、C/AnC、J/AnJ、E/AnE六个不整合面,并系统分析了其成因、特征。
3、根据平衡剖面研究认为,孔雀河地区现今构造格局受以下四期变形作用的共同效应:①震旦纪至中奥陶世的正断层及NE向堑垒相间的隆凹构造;②加里东期鼻隆构造的形成及正断层的反转;③中晚泥盆世的海西运动发育一系列近EW和NWW向断裂构造以及晚二叠世发育一系列NNE-近SN向断裂;④古生代断裂构造在中生代继续生长以及东西向褶皱的形成。
4、通过单井及地震相研究共划分与识别出六种地震相和18种地震亚相,并在单井沉积相评价和连井对比的基础上,开展沉积学研究,认为本区沉积环境从寒武系的海相碳酸盐岩体系一直过渡到侏罗系的陆相碎屑岩沉积,其沉积相类型极其丰富。
5、对塔东地区油气源对比结果显示,目前所发现的油气主要来自下古生界寒武系—下奥陶统海相烃源岩,这套源岩具有早期快速成熟,晚期持续埋深的特征,目前烃源岩普遍处于过成熟阶段(Ro大于2%),现今几无可能生成大量的干酪根裂解气,目前发现的天然气和凝析油为古油藏裂解产物。
6、总结了孔雀河地区成藏模式,认为加里东-海西期是塔东地区大规模的成藏期,围绕寒武系与下奥陶统生烃中心,在古隆起区成藏;印支期以来,一方面古生界下构造层内,早期赋存的原油发生裂解,隆起区范围内的古油气藏发生调整与改造,另一方面,中生界构造层接受下伏古生界油气源区提供的油气晚期成藏。
In view of the current prospecting and research conditions in Kongque River area of Tarim basin, the thesis,which makes full use of the present materials of physico-chemical prospecting, drilling and comprehensiveresearch as well as apply new theories, technologies and methods of petroleum geology, basin structuralanalysis, sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, etc., make an in-depth study on the regional tectonicbackground, basic oil geological conditions, structural characteristics and sediment characteristics, etc., ofKunque River regions. Meanwhile, it also probes into the oil and gas reserve formation pattern by combingwith achievements on hydrocarbon source rock research, the main results was follows as:
1. based on a great deal of fieldwork, drilling analysis and comprehensive interpretation of seism,proceeding from the regional tectonic background, the present and structural layout and combining withregional basin-mountain connection as well as its dynamic characteristics, the author has reached aconclusion that the basin evolution, which has close relation with the orogenic process of south Tianshanmountains and tectonism process of Lukedage mountains, can be divided into seven stages.
2. On the basis of the seismic reflection and geological materials, six non-integrating faces (Z/AnZ、∈/An∈、S/AnS、C/AnC、J/AnJ、and E/AnE) generated in this area and full analysis on its causes andcharacteristics is also involved.
3. according to the balance section research, the present structural layout are generated under the jointacting forces of the following four tectonic deformation: ①fault from Sinian to mid-Ordovician stage andridge-depression structure of troughs alternating with horsts in NE direction;② the formation ofnose-uplift structure and reverse of fault in Caledon stage;③ a series of fracture structure in EW andNWW directions generated out of the Hercynian orogeny in mid-up Devonian era and a string of fracturefrom NNE to near SN direction formed in up-Permian era;④fracture tectonic of Era Paleozoic continuedto grow in Mesozoic era and fold formation in EW direction.
4. through single drilling exploration and seismic facies studies, six seismic facies and eighteen subfaciesare carved out and clarified. Based on assessment of single-drilling sedimentation facies and comparisonwith adjacent drilling, the author conducted Sedimentographical research and concluded that the sedimentenvironment of the area has been transmitted continuously from carbonate rock of the marine facies of theCambrian system to fragmentary rock sedimentation of continental facies of Jurassic system with varioussedimentation facies.
5. the contrastive results of oil and gas sources in the east of Tarim indicate that the associated gasdiscovered at present mainly originates from Cambrian system of down-Era Paleozoic to hydrocarbonsource rocks of the marine facies in down-Ordovician. The set of rocks have such characteristics as rapidmaturity at early stage and continuing burying. Currently, the hydrocarbon source rocks are generally atovermature phase (Ro accounts for more than 2%), and make it impossible to produce large amount ofkerogen pyrolysis gas. The natural gas and condensate oil discovered now are the pyrolysis product ofancient oil reserves.
6. summing up the oil and gas reserve formation pattern in Kongque River area, the author considersCaledon-Hercynian orogeny is the period in which large scales of reserves formed in the east of Tarimaround Cambrian system and the center of Hydrocarbon formation at down-Ordovician. Since theIndo-Chinese epoch, on one hand, the hidden crude oil at early stage split under the down tectonic layer ofPaleozoic erathem , resulting in the adjustment and transformation of ancient oil reserves in the swellingareas, and on the other hand, the tectonic layer of Mesozoic erathem received oil and gas provided bydown-Paleozoic erathem and formed reserves at late stage.
论文针对塔里木盆地孔雀河地区勘探研究现状,充分利用现有的物化探、钻井和综合研究资料,运用石油地质、盆地构造分析、沉积学、层序地层学等新理论、新技术和新方法,对孔雀河地区区域构造背景、基本石油地质条件、构造特征、沉积特征等进行了深入研究,并结合烃源岩研究成果进行了油气成藏模式探讨。取得了如下主要成果和认识:
1、在大量的野外工作、钻井分析及地震综合解释的基础上,从孔雀河地区的大地构造背景、现今构造格局出发,运用区域盆山关系、构造演化及其动力学特点,认为盆地演化与南天山造山过程及库鲁克塔格山脉构造作用过程密切相关,并划分了7个演化阶段。
2、根据地震反射特征,结合地质资料,认为区内发育Z/AnZ、∈/An∈、S/AnS、C/AnC、J/AnJ、E/AnE六个不整合面,并系统分析了其成因、特征。
3、根据平衡剖面研究认为,孔雀河地区现今构造格局受以下四期变形作用的共同效应:①震旦纪至中奥陶世的正断层及NE向堑垒相间的隆凹构造;②加里东期鼻隆构造的形成及正断层的反转;③中晚泥盆世的海西运动发育一系列近EW和NWW向断裂构造以及晚二叠世发育一系列NNE-近SN向断裂;④古生代断裂构造在中生代继续生长以及东西向褶皱的形成。
4、通过单井及地震相研究共划分与识别出六种地震相和18种地震亚相,并在单井沉积相评价和连井对比的基础上,开展沉积学研究,认为本区沉积环境从寒武系的海相碳酸盐岩体系一直过渡到侏罗系的陆相碎屑岩沉积,其沉积相类型极其丰富。
5、对塔东地区油气源对比结果显示,目前所发现的油气主要来自下古生界寒武系—下奥陶统海相烃源岩,这套源岩具有早期快速成熟,晚期持续埋深的特征,目前烃源岩普遍处于过成熟阶段(Ro大于2%),现今几无可能生成大量的干酪根裂解气,目前发现的天然气和凝析油为古油藏裂解产物。
6、总结了孔雀河地区成藏模式,认为加里东-海西期是塔东地区大规模的成藏期,围绕寒武系与下奥陶统生烃中心,在古隆起区成藏;印支期以来,一方面古生界下构造层内,早期赋存的原油发生裂解,隆起区范围内的古油气藏发生调整与改造,另一方面,中生界构造层接受下伏古生界油气源区提供的油气晚期成藏。
In view of the current prospecting and research conditions in Kongque River area of Tarim basin, the thesis,which makes full use of the present materials of physico-chemical prospecting, drilling and comprehensiveresearch as well as apply new theories, technologies and methods of petroleum geology, basin structuralanalysis, sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, etc., make an in-depth study on the regional tectonicbackground, basic oil geological conditions, structural characteristics and sediment characteristics, etc., ofKunque River regions. Meanwhile, it also probes into the oil and gas reserve formation pattern by combingwith achievements on hydrocarbon source rock research, the main results was follows as:
1. based on a great deal of fieldwork, drilling analysis and comprehensive interpretation of seism,proceeding from the regional tectonic background, the present and structural layout and combining withregional basin-mountain connection as well as its dynamic characteristics, the author has reached aconclusion that the basin evolution, which has close relation with the orogenic process of south Tianshanmountains and tectonism process of Lukedage mountains, can be divided into seven stages.
2. On the basis of the seismic reflection and geological materials, six non-integrating faces (Z/AnZ、∈/An∈、S/AnS、C/AnC、J/AnJ、and E/AnE) generated in this area and full analysis on its causes andcharacteristics is also involved.
3. according to the balance section research, the present structural layout are generated under the jointacting forces of the following four tectonic deformation: ①fault from Sinian to mid-Ordovician stage andridge-depression structure of troughs alternating with horsts in NE direction;② the formation ofnose-uplift structure and reverse of fault in Caledon stage;③ a series of fracture structure in EW andNWW directions generated out of the Hercynian orogeny in mid-up Devonian era and a string of fracturefrom NNE to near SN direction formed in up-Permian era;④fracture tectonic of Era Paleozoic continuedto grow in Mesozoic era and fold formation in EW direction.
4. through single drilling exploration and seismic facies studies, six seismic facies and eighteen subfaciesare carved out and clarified. Based on assessment of single-drilling sedimentation facies and comparisonwith adjacent drilling, the author conducted Sedimentographical research and concluded that the sedimentenvironment of the area has been transmitted continuously from carbonate rock of the marine facies of theCambrian system to fragmentary rock sedimentation of continental facies of Jurassic system with varioussedimentation facies.
5. the contrastive results of oil and gas sources in the east of Tarim indicate that the associated gasdiscovered at present mainly originates from Cambrian system of down-Era Paleozoic to hydrocarbonsource rocks of the marine facies in down-Ordovician. The set of rocks have such characteristics as rapidmaturity at early stage and continuing burying. Currently, the hydrocarbon source rocks are generally atovermature phase (Ro accounts for more than 2%), and make it impossible to produce large amount ofkerogen pyrolysis gas. The natural gas and condensate oil discovered now are the pyrolysis product ofancient oil reserves.
6. summing up the oil and gas reserve formation pattern in Kongque River area, the author considersCaledon-Hercynian orogeny is the period in which large scales of reserves formed in the east of Tarimaround Cambrian system and the center of Hydrocarbon formation at down-Ordovician. Since theIndo-Chinese epoch, on one hand, the hidden crude oil at early stage split under the down tectonic layer ofPaleozoic erathem , resulting in the adjustment and transformation of ancient oil reserves in the swellingareas, and on the other hand, the tectonic layer of Mesozoic erathem received oil and gas provided bydown-Paleozoic erathem and formed reserves at late stage.
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51.中国石油化工股份有限分司河南油田分公司石油勘探开发研究院,塔里木盆地孔雀河区块勘探潜力分析及目标选择,2003,1。
52.杨天奇等,1998 年,新疆塔里木盆地孔雀河斜坡油气远景区块选择及评价研究,长春科技大学,内部资料;
53.赵锡奎等,1998 年,新疆塔里木盆地沙雅隆起库尔勒鼻凸-草湖凹陷油气勘探靶区研究,成都理工学院,内部资料;
54.陈文礼等,2001 年,孔雀河区块论证报告,河南石油勘探开发研究内部资料;
55.李永林等,2002 年,塔里木盆地河南探区卡塔克、孔雀河区块井位地质论证论证,河南石油勘探开发研究院。内部资料;
56.田军等,1998 年,塔北隆起及库车坳陷勘探目标选择与评价,塔里木石油勘探开发指挥部勘探研究中心,内部资料;
57.全书进等,2002 年,塔里木河南探区近期油气勘探成果及目标优选,河南油田内部资料;
58 Allen A.P., Allen J.R.. Basin analysis: Principles and Applications:[M]. Blackwell Scientific Publication, 1990
59 Bethke C M, Reed J D and Oltz D F. Long-range petroleum migration in the Illinois Basin[J]. AAPG Bull. 1991, 75(5): 925～945
60 CHOI. H.I. Sedimentation and Evolution of the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin, SE Korea[J]. Journ. Geol. Sol. London. 1986,143:29～40
61 Cubitt J. M. & England W.A.. The geochemistry of reservoirs, Geological society special publication, 1995, No.86, London
62 Dow W G. Application of oil correlation and source rock data to exploration in Willinston basin. AAPG Bull[J], 1972, 56:615～625
63 England W. A., et al.. The movement and entrapment of petroleum fluids in the surface [J]. Journal of the Geological Society, 1987, 144:327～347
64 Gibson, R. G. Fault zone zeals in siliciclastic strata of the Columbus Basin, Offshore Trinidad[J]. AAPG Bull, 1994, 78(7):1372～1385
65 Gudish T M, et al. Basin evaluation using burial history calculation: an overview[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1985, 69(1):92～105
66 Hindle A. D. Petroleum migration pathways and charge concentration: a three-dimensional model [J]. AAPG Bull, 1997, 81(9):1451～1481
67 Hooper, E.C.. Fluid Migration along growth faults in compacting sediments [J]. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 1991, 14(2):161～180
68 Kenneth E.Peters and J.Michael Moldowan,The biomarker guide:Interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments,1993
69 Leythaeuser D,Mackenzie AS, Schaefer RG, Bjoroy M.. A novel approach for recognition and quantification of hydrocarbon migration effects in shale-sandstone sequences [J]. AAPG Bull. 1984,68(2):196～219
70 Leythaeuser D., Schaser R.G., et al. Role of diffusion in primary migration of hydrocarbons [J]. AAPG Bull,1982,66(2):155～170
71 Lindsay, N.G., F.C. Murphy, J.J.Walsh, et al. Outcrop studies of shale smear on fault surfaces. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 15, 1993:113～123
72 Magara K. Thickness of removed sediments, paleopore pressure, and paleotemperature, southwestern part of Western Canada Basin[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1976,V60:554～565
73 Magoon L B. The Petroleum system a classification scheme for research, exploration and resource as sessment. Magoon L B, et al. Petroleum system of the United States[C]. USGS Bulletin, 1988, 1870:2~5
74 Magoon L B. Identified petroleum systems within the United States. Magoon L B, et al. The petroleum system-status of research and methods[C]. USGS Bulletin, 1989,1912:2~9
75 Magoon L B. Identified petroleum systems within the United States [A] Magoon L B, et al. The petroleum system-status of research and methods[C]. USGS Bulletin, 1992,2007:2~11
76 Magoon L B, Sanchez R M O. Beyond the petroleum system [J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1995,79:1731~1736
77 Magoon L B, Dow W G. The petroleum system from source to trap[J] AAPG Memoir, 1994, 60
78 Miller, B.M.. Application of exploration play--analysis techniques to the assessment of conventional petroleum resources[J]. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1982, 34:55～64
79 Perrodon A. Petroleum systems models and applications. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 1992,15(3): 319~326
80 Perrodon A, Masse P. Subsidence, sedimentation and petroleum systems. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 1984, 7(1):5~26
81 Philip A.Allen,John R.Allen,Basin analysis:principles and applications,1990,283
82 Rooney M A,Cloypool G E, Chung H M. Modeling thermogenic gas generation using carbon isotope ratios of natural gas hydrocarbons,chemical geology, 1995,126,219~232
83 Sibson, R.H.. Seismic Pumping, a Hydrocarbon Fluid Transport Mechanism[J]. Journal of Geology Science, 1975,13(6):610～624
84 Strecker U, Stridtmann J R, Smithson A Conceptual Tectonostratigraphic Model for Seismic Facies Migration in a Fluvio Lacustrine Extensional Basion AAPG Bulletin,1999,83(1):43～61
85 Tissot, B. R, and D. H. Welte. Petroleum formation and occurrence[M], 2nd ed.: Berlin, Springer-Verlag,1984
86 Ulmishek G. Stratigraphic aspects of petroleum resource assessment. In: Oil and gas assessment methods andapplication. AAPG Studies in Geology 21, 1986, 59～68.
87 Vail P R, Mithum R M, Todd R G, et al Seismic Stratigraphy and Global Changes on Sea Level in: PaytoncE, Ed Seismic Stratigraphy-Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration AAPG Memoir, 1977, 26, 49～212
88 Vail P R, Seismic Stratigraphy Interpretation Using Sequence Stratigraphy Part I: Seismic StratigraphyInterpretation Procedure in Bally A W, Ed Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy[J]. AAPG, Studies in Geology, 1987, 27, l～10
89 Van Wagoner J C, Mitchum R M, Campion K M, etal Siliciclastic Sequence Stratigraphy in Well, Cores andOutcrops: Concept for High Resolution Correlation of Time and Facies[J]. AAPG Methods in Exploration series, 1990,(7):1～55
90 Waples, D.W.. Time and temperature in petroleum formation: application of Lopatin's method to petroleumexploration [J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1980, 64(10): 916～926
91 White D.A.. Assessing oil and gas play in facies-cycle: Wedges [J]. AAPG, 1980, 64(8):1158～1178
92 White D.A.. Oil and gas play map in exploration and assessment [J]. AAPG, 1988, 72(7):940～949
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21.张水昌、王飞宇等,塔里木盆地中上奥陶统油源层地球化学研究,2000,21(6),23~28。
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26.周凤英、张水昌,塔里木盆地轮南地区轮南 2 井油藏的注入史研究——来自流体包裹体的证据,岩石学报,2000,16(4),670~676。
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33.顾家裕,塔里木盆地轮南地区下奥陶统碳酸盐岩岩溶储层特征及形成模式,古地理学报,1999,1(1):54~60。
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48.“七五”国家重点科技攻关项目报告,新疆塔里木盆地东北地区油气生成、演化、储聚特点及资源预测,1990年 5 月。
49.“八五”国家重点科技攻关项目报告,新疆塔里木盆地东北地区油气生成演化与资源预测研究,1995 年 6 月。
50.中国石油化工股份有限分司河南油田分公司石油勘探开发研究院,塔里木盆地河南油田区块圈闭评价与钻探目标优选,2003,1
51.中国石油化工股份有限分司河南油田分公司石油勘探开发研究院,塔里木盆地孔雀河区块勘探潜力分析及目标选择,2003,1。
52.杨天奇等,1998 年,新疆塔里木盆地孔雀河斜坡油气远景区块选择及评价研究,长春科技大学,内部资料;
53.赵锡奎等,1998 年,新疆塔里木盆地沙雅隆起库尔勒鼻凸-草湖凹陷油气勘探靶区研究,成都理工学院,内部资料;
54.陈文礼等,2001 年,孔雀河区块论证报告,河南石油勘探开发研究内部资料;
55.李永林等,2002 年,塔里木盆地河南探区卡塔克、孔雀河区块井位地质论证论证,河南石油勘探开发研究院。内部资料;
56.田军等,1998 年,塔北隆起及库车坳陷勘探目标选择与评价,塔里木石油勘探开发指挥部勘探研究中心,内部资料;
57.全书进等,2002 年,塔里木河南探区近期油气勘探成果及目标优选,河南油田内部资料;
58 Allen A.P., Allen J.R.. Basin analysis: Principles and Applications:[M]. Blackwell Scientific Publication, 1990
59 Bethke C M, Reed J D and Oltz D F. Long-range petroleum migration in the Illinois Basin[J]. AAPG Bull. 1991, 75(5): 925～945
60 CHOI. H.I. Sedimentation and Evolution of the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin, SE Korea[J]. Journ. Geol. Sol. London. 1986,143:29～40
61 Cubitt J. M. & England W.A.. The geochemistry of reservoirs, Geological society special publication, 1995, No.86, London
62 Dow W G. Application of oil correlation and source rock data to exploration in Willinston basin. AAPG Bull[J], 1972, 56:615～625
63 England W. A., et al.. The movement and entrapment of petroleum fluids in the surface [J]. Journal of the Geological Society, 1987, 144:327～347
64 Gibson, R. G. Fault zone zeals in siliciclastic strata of the Columbus Basin, Offshore Trinidad[J]. AAPG Bull, 1994, 78(7):1372～1385
65 Gudish T M, et al. Basin evaluation using burial history calculation: an overview[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1985, 69(1):92～105
66 Hindle A. D. Petroleum migration pathways and charge concentration: a three-dimensional model [J]. AAPG Bull, 1997, 81(9):1451～1481
67 Hooper, E.C.. Fluid Migration along growth faults in compacting sediments [J]. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 1991, 14(2):161～180
68 Kenneth E.Peters and J.Michael Moldowan,The biomarker guide:Interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments,1993
69 Leythaeuser D,Mackenzie AS, Schaefer RG, Bjoroy M.. A novel approach for recognition and quantification of hydrocarbon migration effects in shale-sandstone sequences [J]. AAPG Bull. 1984,68(2):196～219
70 Leythaeuser D., Schaser R.G., et al. Role of diffusion in primary migration of hydrocarbons [J]. AAPG Bull,1982,66(2):155～170
71 Lindsay, N.G., F.C. Murphy, J.J.Walsh, et al. Outcrop studies of shale smear on fault surfaces. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 15, 1993:113～123
72 Magara K. Thickness of removed sediments, paleopore pressure, and paleotemperature, southwestern part of Western Canada Basin[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1976,V60:554～565
73 Magoon L B. The Petroleum system a classification scheme for research, exploration and resource as sessment. Magoon L B, et al. Petroleum system of the United States[C]. USGS Bulletin, 1988, 1870:2~5
74 Magoon L B. Identified petroleum systems within the United States. Magoon L B, et al. The petroleum system-status of research and methods[C]. USGS Bulletin, 1989,1912:2~9
75 Magoon L B. Identified petroleum systems within the United States [A] Magoon L B, et al. The petroleum system-status of research and methods[C]. USGS Bulletin, 1992,2007:2~11
76 Magoon L B, Sanchez R M O. Beyond the petroleum system [J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1995,79:1731~1736
77 Magoon L B, Dow W G. The petroleum system from source to trap[J] AAPG Memoir, 1994, 60
78 Miller, B.M.. Application of exploration play--analysis techniques to the assessment of conventional petroleum resources[J]. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1982, 34:55～64
79 Perrodon A. Petroleum systems models and applications. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 1992,15(3): 319~326
80 Perrodon A, Masse P. Subsidence, sedimentation and petroleum systems. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 1984, 7(1):5~26
81 Philip A.Allen,John R.Allen,Basin analysis:principles and applications,1990,283
82 Rooney M A,Cloypool G E, Chung H M. Modeling thermogenic gas generation using carbon isotope ratios of natural gas hydrocarbons,chemical geology, 1995,126,219~232
83 Sibson, R.H.. Seismic Pumping, a Hydrocarbon Fluid Transport Mechanism[J]. Journal of Geology Science, 1975,13(6):610～624
84 Strecker U, Stridtmann J R, Smithson A Conceptual Tectonostratigraphic Model for Seismic Facies Migration in a Fluvio Lacustrine Extensional Basion AAPG Bulletin,1999,83(1):43～61
85 Tissot, B. R, and D. H. Welte. Petroleum formation and occurrence[M], 2nd ed.: Berlin, Springer-Verlag,1984
86 Ulmishek G. Stratigraphic aspects of petroleum resource assessment. In: Oil and gas assessment methods andapplication. AAPG Studies in Geology 21, 1986, 59～68.
87 Vail P R, Mithum R M, Todd R G, et al Seismic Stratigraphy and Global Changes on Sea Level in: PaytoncE, Ed Seismic Stratigraphy-Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration AAPG Memoir, 1977, 26, 49～212
88 Vail P R, Seismic Stratigraphy Interpretation Using Sequence Stratigraphy Part I: Seismic StratigraphyInterpretation Procedure in Bally A W, Ed Atlas of Seismic Stratigraphy[J]. AAPG, Studies in Geology, 1987, 27, l～10
89 Van Wagoner J C, Mitchum R M, Campion K M, etal Siliciclastic Sequence Stratigraphy in Well, Cores andOutcrops: Concept for High Resolution Correlation of Time and Facies[J]. AAPG Methods in Exploration series, 1990,(7):1～55
90 Waples, D.W.. Time and temperature in petroleum formation: application of Lopatin's method to petroleumexploration [J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1980, 64(10): 916～926
91 White D.A.. Assessing oil and gas play in facies-cycle: Wedges [J]. AAPG, 1980, 64(8):1158～1178
92 White D.A.. Oil and gas play map in exploration and assessment [J]. AAPG, 1988, 72(7):940～949
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