阿尔金构造系晚更新世中晚期以来的构造隆升及其变形机制
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摘要
阿尔金断裂带、库鲁塔格东部的塞里克沙依断裂、塔里木盆地东南缘的车尔臣河隐伏断裂带,以及其间100-200km范围内的一系列北东向、北北东向断裂和断块统称为“阿尔金构造系”。构造系位于青藏块体与新疆块体间,为两个块体的分界构造,总体走向NE60°。构造系的主要构造组分——阿尔金断裂带是一条巨型左旋走滑断裂带,在平面上呈一拉长的S形,其西起西藏郭扎错,走向NE60°,至阿依耐克后,走向转折,平均走向约NE70°,并一直延至宽滩山,经过宽滩山后折向SE98°,延至阿拉善一带,断裂带全长约2000km。构造系内部其它主要断裂有江尕拉萨依断裂带、红柳沟断裂带,三危山-多坝沟断裂带,这些断裂以逆冲为主,兼有走滑特征,而边界断裂则主要以走滑为主,兼具逆冲分量。由于阿尔金构造系特殊的大地构造位置,对它的研究有助于揭示青藏高原北缘的构造变形机制及现今地球动力学特征。因此,一直是地质工作的重点研究地区。前人从大地构造、几何学、运动学、动力学等诸方面对构造系开展了大量的研究工作。在已有的研究中,与阿尔金运动学相关的研究,主要涉及阿尔金断裂带的左旋走滑速率,而很少涉及断裂的逆冲活动,特别是晚更新世中晚期以来逆冲活动的论述较少。同时,阿尔金山构造系隆升研究也主要涉及了晚更新世以前的隆升历史,对晚更新世以后的隆升研究很少。
宽谷阶地和逆断层陡坎是两种较为典型的构造地貌,是构造隆升的地貌响应,蕴涵了丰富的构造隆升信息。通过对阿尔金构造系航卫片的判读和野外调查,可知在阿尔金断裂带存在较为明显逆冲分量,阿尔金山北缘的逆冲断层也有明显的较新逆冲活动形迹,同时,在阿尔金构造系内许多河流有宽谷阶地发育,地貌特征明显。所以,本文以阿尔金构造系中的宽谷阶地和逆断层陡坎作为研究对象,研究构造系的最新隆升速率,并结合构造系的其它运动学特征,探讨构造系现今的构造变形机制。
本文的研究遵循“点—线—面—体”的研究思路。所谓“点”,就是根据卫片判读,选择构造地貌形迹明显,同时易于实地调查的构造点开展研究,通过各点的研究结果,将各点串联,这样就能形成沿构造系走向的一条“线”,揭示不同点之间的隆升的异同。对于逆断层陡坎来说,线的两侧则构成“面”,从而可以得到上升面相对于下降面在区域纵向上的异同,而对于宽谷阶地来说,各点实际上也反映了局部面与面之间的相对抬升活动,各点串成的线,则可以反映构造系在横向上局部面之间的隆升差异(本文选择的宽谷阶地观测点的河流均垂直于构造系发育,构造系内的河流流向绝大部分垂直于构造系走向,至少在穿过断层是这样的),通过上述三个步骤的研究,结合构造系深部探测结果、走滑活动特征,探讨构造系的现今隆升机制,是谓“体”。
本文用于研究构造隆升的观测点15个,共有25个剖面,其中10个宽谷阶地横剖面,15个逆断层陡坎剖面,其他地貌面实测点17个。通过对这些观测点的野外地质调查及室内
Strath terrace and thrust scarp are two typical tectonic geomorphy and the geomorphicresponses to tectonic uplift. They imply abundant information of tectonic uplift. Based on theinterpretation to satellite images and field investigations, I found that there are obvious thrustcomponents in the Altun Fault zone, and the latest thrust movements of thrust faults in thenorthern margin of the Altun Mountains. In the meantime, there are strath terraces with cleargeomorphic characters in a lot of streams of the Altun structural system. Therefore, I regard thestrath terrace and thrust scarp in the Altun structural system as subjects, research the latest upliftrate of the structural system, and combine these data with other kinematic characters to discuss thepresent deformation mechanism of the Altun structural system.
Based on the investigating of field geological of fifteen sites, testing of age samples andcalculation of uplift rates, interoperating of satellite images, analyzing of other data, I can obtainseveral major conclusions as below.
1) In the Altun structure system, the thrust fault can be divided into three segments, thewestern segment, middle segment and eastern segment. The western segment is toward west fromthe debouchment of the Cheerchenhe River. The characters of the segment are that there are thrustcomponents on the major fault of Altun and there are a few of thrust faults in the system.The middle segment is located from the debouchment of Cheerchenhe River to Qingyazi. Themajor fault forms the boundary between the Qaidam Basin and the Tarim Basin, the thrust faultsspread on the northern margin of the Altun Mountain, and there are thrust components on themajor fault of Altun.
The eastern segment is towards east from Qingyazi. There are thrust components on thenorthern marginal fault of Altun. There are thrust faults with different scales between theSanweishan fault and the major fault of Altun. There are latest thrust faults with small scales onthe alluvial fan of pediment, which have intermittent, non-linear and convex shapes and extendtoward north.
On the whole Altun structure system, there are thrust components in strike-slip faults andmost thrust faults have strike-slip components.
2) Based on analyzing and contrasting the ninety-eight ages of stream terraces, combinedwith regional paleoclimate data, nine forming periods of stream terraces are determined: Ⅰ.2-4kaBP;Ⅱ.4-8ka BP,concentrated about 6ka BP;Ⅲ.9-14ka BP,concentrated between 11-13ka BP;Ⅳ.16-23ka BP,concentrated about 18ka BP;Ⅴ.25-32ka BP,concentrated between 27-29ka BP;
Ⅵ.35-42ka BP;Ⅶ.45-53ka BP;Ⅷ.65-78ka BP;Ⅸ:103ka BP.The ages of terrace surface indicate synchronism of the terraces formation, especially on theyoung terraces. In the meantime, the terraces formation is related with the changes of regionalpalaeoclimate. The major terraces formed in the periods when the paleoclimate changed from cooland dry to warm and humid, controlled by the changes of regional palaeoclimate. The formation ofstrath terrace also indicates the same characters.3) Based on the surveying of geomorphy, testing of ages and calculating of uplift rates onstrath terraces of eight investigated sites, the uplift rates of every site are obtained.On the western segment of the Altun structural system, the uplift rate is 6.67±0.50mm/yr inNaoqi since18.98±1.42ka BP, 1.75±0.09 mm/yr in Tuohepayi since 18.31±0.99ka BP.On the middle segment of the Altun structural system, the uplift rate is 0.64±0.05mm/yr atthe debouchment of the Milan River since 10.70±0.81ka BP.On the eastern segment of the Altun structural system, the uplift rates are between 4.21±0.64mm/yr to 2.15±0.16mm/yr since 40.5±3.16ka BP in Tuanjiexiang, the averaging rate is3.38±0.24mm/yr;The uplift rates are between 1.26±0.23mm/yr to1.2±0.03mm/yr since11.44±0.86ka BP in Changcaogou, the averaging rate is 1.23±0.11mm/yr;The uplift rates arebetween 4.89±0.59 mm/yr and 4.46±0.19 mm/yr 4.21±0 since 16.07±0.27ka BP in Yandantu,the averaging rate near the front of the mountain is 4.68±0.31mm/yr since 12.83±0.97ka BP, theaveraging rate near the margin of the platform is 4.54±0.08mm/yr, the averaging rate is4.61±0.16mm/yr since 16.07±0.27ka BP in the Yandantu area;The uplift rate is 1.05±0.08mm/yrsince 53.26±4.05ka BP in Erjiatai;The uplift rates range from 1.09±0.48 mm/yr to 0.40±0.03mm/yr since 103.47±9.42ka BP in the area around the debouchment of Shulehe River, theaveraging rate is 0.75±13 mm/yr. In the middle part of Yingzuizhan, the uplift rate is 0.79±0.06mm/yr since 23.71±1.73 ka BP.The uplift movements indicated by strath basically took place during the time when thepalaeoclimate changed from warm and humid to cool and dry. Among the eldest ages of the treadsabove for all sites, the youngest is 10.70±0.81ka BP of debouchment of the Milan River. Therefore,the uplift rates or averaging rates at these sites can be regarded as the distribution of uplift rates inthe Altun structural system since 10.70±0.81ka BP, representing the distribution of uplift ratessince Holocene. And there is a tendency that the rates dwindle from west to east in the wholesystem, and the same in the every segment.4) Based on the surveying of geomorphy, testing of ages and calculating of thrust rates onthrust scarps of nine investigated sites on the middle and eastern segments of Altun StructuralSystem, the thrust rates of all sites are obtained.On the middle segment, the thrust rates are 0.33±0.04 mm/yr and 0.09±0.01 mm/yrrespectively since 16.09±1.24ka BP in Jianggalasayi;the rate is 1.42±0.11 mm/yr since31.96±2.40ka BP in Jianggalasayi;0.57±0.05mm/yr since 72.36±5.28ka BP in Liuchengzi;and0.15±0.04mm/yr since 74.51±5.41ka BP in Akesaigou.
On the eastern segment, the thrust rate is 0.91±0.18mm/yr since 18.52±1.01ka BP inTuanjiexiang;0.57±0.04mm/yr since 47.43±3.51ka BP in Dalebayi;0.37±0.07mm/yr since35.38±2.58ka BP in Bangeba;0.13±0.01mm/yr since 65.41±4.71ka BP in west of Shulehe;and0.05±0.01mm/yr since 8.99±0.68ka BP in Hongliugou.In all ages of treads related with thrust scarps above, the youngest is 8.99±0.68ka BP at theHongliugou site. Therefore, these rates represent the distribution of thrust rates in the Altunstructural system since 8.99±0.68ka BP, namely since early Holocene.5) In general, in the area where strath terrace and thrust scarp coexist, the height of strathabove channel and the uplift rate are bigger than or equal to those of thrust scarp and thrust rate,respectively.6) It is a boundary structure and a sinistral transpression zone for the Altun structural systembetween the Qing-zang Massif and Xinjiang Massif. All of data, including GPS, inversion of stressfield, surface and deep structures, indicate oblique slip convergence between the bilateral massifsof the Altun structural system. The boundary structures of this system are sinistral strike-slip faults.The northwestern boundary is the Cheerchenhe River Concealed faults and the Sailikesayi fault,and the southeastern boundary is the major fault of Altun. The southwestern segment of thissystem generates structural conversion with Aqike Structure. The northeastern segment generatesstructure conversion with Danhenanshan and Qilianshan Fold Systems. There are thrustcomponents in the strike-slip faults and there are strike-slip components in most thrust faults.7) In the Altun structural system, the surface structure appears as a combination of strike-slipfaults and thrust faults. The lithosphere has lateral discontinuity and vertical lamination.Deformation partitioning exists in the Altun structural system. In the meantime, the major fault ofAltun extends downwards to the upper mantle and forms a shear zone with 40km width, otherthrust faults end on the major fault at depth. Therefore the deformation partitioning in the systemaccords with the oblique slip partitioning model. However the system's deformation is notpartitioned into single deformation domains of simple shear (strike-slip) or pure shear (contract).There are thrust components in the strike-slip faults and there are strike-slip components in mostthrust faults. The deformation partitioning of the Altun structural system is an incompletedeformation partitioning.8) In the background of the India plate underthrusting and pushing towards north, the obliqueconvergence between the Qingzang massif and Xinjiang massif is the major driving force of thepresent deformation in the Altun structure system. When the southeastern lateral Qingzang massifof the structural system moves, the northwestern lateral Xinjiang massif also does.
宽谷阶地和逆断层陡坎是两种较为典型的构造地貌,是构造隆升的地貌响应,蕴涵了丰富的构造隆升信息。通过对阿尔金构造系航卫片的判读和野外调查,可知在阿尔金断裂带存在较为明显逆冲分量,阿尔金山北缘的逆冲断层也有明显的较新逆冲活动形迹,同时,在阿尔金构造系内许多河流有宽谷阶地发育,地貌特征明显。所以,本文以阿尔金构造系中的宽谷阶地和逆断层陡坎作为研究对象,研究构造系的最新隆升速率,并结合构造系的其它运动学特征,探讨构造系现今的构造变形机制。
本文的研究遵循“点—线—面—体”的研究思路。所谓“点”,就是根据卫片判读,选择构造地貌形迹明显,同时易于实地调查的构造点开展研究,通过各点的研究结果,将各点串联,这样就能形成沿构造系走向的一条“线”,揭示不同点之间的隆升的异同。对于逆断层陡坎来说,线的两侧则构成“面”,从而可以得到上升面相对于下降面在区域纵向上的异同,而对于宽谷阶地来说,各点实际上也反映了局部面与面之间的相对抬升活动,各点串成的线,则可以反映构造系在横向上局部面之间的隆升差异(本文选择的宽谷阶地观测点的河流均垂直于构造系发育,构造系内的河流流向绝大部分垂直于构造系走向,至少在穿过断层是这样的),通过上述三个步骤的研究,结合构造系深部探测结果、走滑活动特征,探讨构造系的现今隆升机制,是谓“体”。
本文用于研究构造隆升的观测点15个,共有25个剖面,其中10个宽谷阶地横剖面,15个逆断层陡坎剖面,其他地貌面实测点17个。通过对这些观测点的野外地质调查及室内
Strath terrace and thrust scarp are two typical tectonic geomorphy and the geomorphicresponses to tectonic uplift. They imply abundant information of tectonic uplift. Based on theinterpretation to satellite images and field investigations, I found that there are obvious thrustcomponents in the Altun Fault zone, and the latest thrust movements of thrust faults in thenorthern margin of the Altun Mountains. In the meantime, there are strath terraces with cleargeomorphic characters in a lot of streams of the Altun structural system. Therefore, I regard thestrath terrace and thrust scarp in the Altun structural system as subjects, research the latest upliftrate of the structural system, and combine these data with other kinematic characters to discuss thepresent deformation mechanism of the Altun structural system.
Based on the investigating of field geological of fifteen sites, testing of age samples andcalculation of uplift rates, interoperating of satellite images, analyzing of other data, I can obtainseveral major conclusions as below.
1) In the Altun structure system, the thrust fault can be divided into three segments, thewestern segment, middle segment and eastern segment. The western segment is toward west fromthe debouchment of the Cheerchenhe River. The characters of the segment are that there are thrustcomponents on the major fault of Altun and there are a few of thrust faults in the system.The middle segment is located from the debouchment of Cheerchenhe River to Qingyazi. Themajor fault forms the boundary between the Qaidam Basin and the Tarim Basin, the thrust faultsspread on the northern margin of the Altun Mountain, and there are thrust components on themajor fault of Altun.
The eastern segment is towards east from Qingyazi. There are thrust components on thenorthern marginal fault of Altun. There are thrust faults with different scales between theSanweishan fault and the major fault of Altun. There are latest thrust faults with small scales onthe alluvial fan of pediment, which have intermittent, non-linear and convex shapes and extendtoward north.
On the whole Altun structure system, there are thrust components in strike-slip faults andmost thrust faults have strike-slip components.
2) Based on analyzing and contrasting the ninety-eight ages of stream terraces, combinedwith regional paleoclimate data, nine forming periods of stream terraces are determined: Ⅰ.2-4kaBP;Ⅱ.4-8ka BP,concentrated about 6ka BP;Ⅲ.9-14ka BP,concentrated between 11-13ka BP;Ⅳ.16-23ka BP,concentrated about 18ka BP;Ⅴ.25-32ka BP,concentrated between 27-29ka BP;
Ⅵ.35-42ka BP;Ⅶ.45-53ka BP;Ⅷ.65-78ka BP;Ⅸ:103ka BP.The ages of terrace surface indicate synchronism of the terraces formation, especially on theyoung terraces. In the meantime, the terraces formation is related with the changes of regionalpalaeoclimate. The major terraces formed in the periods when the paleoclimate changed from cooland dry to warm and humid, controlled by the changes of regional palaeoclimate. The formation ofstrath terrace also indicates the same characters.3) Based on the surveying of geomorphy, testing of ages and calculating of uplift rates onstrath terraces of eight investigated sites, the uplift rates of every site are obtained.On the western segment of the Altun structural system, the uplift rate is 6.67±0.50mm/yr inNaoqi since18.98±1.42ka BP, 1.75±0.09 mm/yr in Tuohepayi since 18.31±0.99ka BP.On the middle segment of the Altun structural system, the uplift rate is 0.64±0.05mm/yr atthe debouchment of the Milan River since 10.70±0.81ka BP.On the eastern segment of the Altun structural system, the uplift rates are between 4.21±0.64mm/yr to 2.15±0.16mm/yr since 40.5±3.16ka BP in Tuanjiexiang, the averaging rate is3.38±0.24mm/yr;The uplift rates are between 1.26±0.23mm/yr to1.2±0.03mm/yr since11.44±0.86ka BP in Changcaogou, the averaging rate is 1.23±0.11mm/yr;The uplift rates arebetween 4.89±0.59 mm/yr and 4.46±0.19 mm/yr 4.21±0 since 16.07±0.27ka BP in Yandantu,the averaging rate near the front of the mountain is 4.68±0.31mm/yr since 12.83±0.97ka BP, theaveraging rate near the margin of the platform is 4.54±0.08mm/yr, the averaging rate is4.61±0.16mm/yr since 16.07±0.27ka BP in the Yandantu area;The uplift rate is 1.05±0.08mm/yrsince 53.26±4.05ka BP in Erjiatai;The uplift rates range from 1.09±0.48 mm/yr to 0.40±0.03mm/yr since 103.47±9.42ka BP in the area around the debouchment of Shulehe River, theaveraging rate is 0.75±13 mm/yr. In the middle part of Yingzuizhan, the uplift rate is 0.79±0.06mm/yr since 23.71±1.73 ka BP.The uplift movements indicated by strath basically took place during the time when thepalaeoclimate changed from warm and humid to cool and dry. Among the eldest ages of the treadsabove for all sites, the youngest is 10.70±0.81ka BP of debouchment of the Milan River. Therefore,the uplift rates or averaging rates at these sites can be regarded as the distribution of uplift rates inthe Altun structural system since 10.70±0.81ka BP, representing the distribution of uplift ratessince Holocene. And there is a tendency that the rates dwindle from west to east in the wholesystem, and the same in the every segment.4) Based on the surveying of geomorphy, testing of ages and calculating of thrust rates onthrust scarps of nine investigated sites on the middle and eastern segments of Altun StructuralSystem, the thrust rates of all sites are obtained.On the middle segment, the thrust rates are 0.33±0.04 mm/yr and 0.09±0.01 mm/yrrespectively since 16.09±1.24ka BP in Jianggalasayi;the rate is 1.42±0.11 mm/yr since31.96±2.40ka BP in Jianggalasayi;0.57±0.05mm/yr since 72.36±5.28ka BP in Liuchengzi;and0.15±0.04mm/yr since 74.51±5.41ka BP in Akesaigou.
On the eastern segment, the thrust rate is 0.91±0.18mm/yr since 18.52±1.01ka BP inTuanjiexiang;0.57±0.04mm/yr since 47.43±3.51ka BP in Dalebayi;0.37±0.07mm/yr since35.38±2.58ka BP in Bangeba;0.13±0.01mm/yr since 65.41±4.71ka BP in west of Shulehe;and0.05±0.01mm/yr since 8.99±0.68ka BP in Hongliugou.In all ages of treads related with thrust scarps above, the youngest is 8.99±0.68ka BP at theHongliugou site. Therefore, these rates represent the distribution of thrust rates in the Altunstructural system since 8.99±0.68ka BP, namely since early Holocene.5) In general, in the area where strath terrace and thrust scarp coexist, the height of strathabove channel and the uplift rate are bigger than or equal to those of thrust scarp and thrust rate,respectively.6) It is a boundary structure and a sinistral transpression zone for the Altun structural systembetween the Qing-zang Massif and Xinjiang Massif. All of data, including GPS, inversion of stressfield, surface and deep structures, indicate oblique slip convergence between the bilateral massifsof the Altun structural system. The boundary structures of this system are sinistral strike-slip faults.The northwestern boundary is the Cheerchenhe River Concealed faults and the Sailikesayi fault,and the southeastern boundary is the major fault of Altun. The southwestern segment of thissystem generates structural conversion with Aqike Structure. The northeastern segment generatesstructure conversion with Danhenanshan and Qilianshan Fold Systems. There are thrustcomponents in the strike-slip faults and there are strike-slip components in most thrust faults.7) In the Altun structural system, the surface structure appears as a combination of strike-slipfaults and thrust faults. The lithosphere has lateral discontinuity and vertical lamination.Deformation partitioning exists in the Altun structural system. In the meantime, the major fault ofAltun extends downwards to the upper mantle and forms a shear zone with 40km width, otherthrust faults end on the major fault at depth. Therefore the deformation partitioning in the systemaccords with the oblique slip partitioning model. However the system's deformation is notpartitioned into single deformation domains of simple shear (strike-slip) or pure shear (contract).There are thrust components in the strike-slip faults and there are strike-slip components in mostthrust faults. The deformation partitioning of the Altun structural system is an incompletedeformation partitioning.8) In the background of the India plate underthrusting and pushing towards north, the obliqueconvergence between the Qingzang massif and Xinjiang massif is the major driving force of thepresent deformation in the Altun structure system. When the southeastern lateral Qingzang massifof the structural system moves, the northwestern lateral Xinjiang massif also does.
引文
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