四合屯地区义县组火山活动与生物灾难事件耦合关系
|
摘要
四合屯地区是开展中生代火山活动与生物灾难事件耦合研究的典型地区。在区域地层划分和火山活动特征研究的基础上,本文以义县组化石及其围岩和相关的火山活动产物等为重点研究对象,开展了火山地质学、地球化学以及地层古生物学方面的系统研究,从时间、空间和物质组分特征等方面查明了生物灾难事件与火山活动的耦合关系。本文首次确定了化石层内火山物质的来源地并深入探讨了导致生物灾难事件的火山活动类型及其影响范围。提出了根据生物灾难特点、运用化石及其围岩地球化学异常探索古生态环境突变的新学术观点。这项研究将推动“热河生物群起源、辐射及灾难事件发生的地质背景”等重大理论问题的解决,有助于深入认识“火山活动”——这一重大地内事件的环境效应。主要研究进展有:
1. 根据火山活动特征和区域地层对比,将四合屯地区的义县组地层划分为三个岩性段,指出它们分别是早、中、晚三期火山活动的产物。
2. 确认热河生物群化石的主要赋存层位是义县组一段凝灰岩类和二段的湖相沉积岩,具有粗、中、细3 个埋藏相。本文确定了“鹦鹉嘴龙”、“水生生物”以及“鸟类、爬行类等陆生脊椎动物”三种灾难事件类型。
3. 本文分析了化石层内火山活动记录及其同位素年龄,查明了生物灾难事件与火山活动在时间、空间和物质组分特征等方面的耦合关系。首次确定化石层内火山物质的来源,指出后燕子沟火山机构和李八郎沟火山机构分别为义县组一段鹦鹉嘴龙化石层和义县组二段湖相化石层内火山物质的主要来源。
4. 通过地球化学异常分析发现,热河生物群的古生态环境曾出现过氧化-还原环境的剧烈变化以及湖盆盐度和水位的动荡。进一步研究发现,火山活动导致了古生态环境中As、Hg 、S 等有毒、有害元素异常的增高。热河生物群灾难事件的发生层位(如SYP1 的39 层)多是古生态环境的突变层位。
5. 运用元素生物地球化学异常对比,作者进一步确认义县组化石与其围岩在有毒、有害元素异常方面存在的一定的耦合关系:其有毒有害元素含量均呈现一定的高异常。化石自身的Ba、Sr 和ΣREE 含量甚至远远超过了围岩。本文讨论了导致生物灾难事件的火山灾害类型及其影响范围,初步建立了火山活动与生物灾难事件的时空演化模式。全文约十二万字,
Sihetun is a typical area reprsenting the coupling relationship between volcanic activity and biological catastrophic events. Based on the strata classification and the characteristic study of volcanic activities, the fossils of Jehol Biota, the fossil beds of Yixian Formation and the related volcanic rocks are well studied in this paper with theoretic support of volcanology, geochemistry, petrology and palaeontology. The main object is to investigate the coupling relationship between volcanic activity and biological catastrophic events, including its occurring time, place and material characters. For the first time, the spot of volcanic material source of fossil-bearing beds is defined in this paper. On the basis of previous researches,the author put forward a new academic viewpoint of making good use of the character of biological catastrophic events, the geochemistry data of fossils and fossil-bearing beds to realize the mutation of paleo-environment.. The study will be helpful for the resolution of important problems about Jehol Biota, such as the geological background of the source, migration and disaster event. And what’s more, this paper may be a contribution to recognize the environmental effects of volcanic activities, the main inner planet events. The study in this paper covers five aspects.
1. Based on the stratum comparison and characteristic study, the Yixain Formation can be classified into three members that were formed by volcanic activities of three periods respectively.
2. The fossils of Jehol Biota occurred in tuffite or sedimentary beds of the first and second member of Yixian formation. The fossil buried phase of Jeho Biota can be divided into three types, that is, coarse fragment phase, middle fragment phase and fine fragment phase. And there are three types of important biological catastrophic events respectively, that is, psittacosaurus disaster event, the aquatic animal (e.g. bivalves)
disaster event and vertebrate (bird and reptile etc.) disaster event. 3. According to the analysis of volcanic record in fossil beds and the isotopic data, the paper makes a systemic comparison between the fossil beds and the related volcanic rocks. The coupling relationship between volcanic activity and biological catastrophic events, including its occurring time, place and material characters, are well investigated. And for the first time, the spot of volcanic material source of fossil-bearing beds is defined: Houyanzigou edifice and Libalanggou edifice is the volcanic material source of the psittacosaurus beds of the first member and lake-phase fossil beds of the second member of Yixian Formation respectively. 4. The analysis of geo-chemical abnormal indicates that there were mutations of paleo-environment at the aspect of oxidation-reduction system, as well as the saltness and water level of the paleo-lake. A comprehensive research confirms that the volcanic activity resulted in the high level of toxic element abnormal, such as As, Hg and S. The disaster beds of Jehol Biota correspond to the beds with paleo-environmental mutation. 5. The special element comparison of biochemical abnormal indicates that the fossils of Yixian Formation couple with its fossil-bearing beds at the respect of the high level toxic element abnormal. On the other hand, the average content of Ba, Sr and ΣREE in fossils are higher than that in the fossil-bearing beds. The types and the range of volcanic hazard that resulted in the biological catastrophic event are discussed at the end of this paper. As another discussion, the author sets up a sketch model of the evolution of volcanic activity and biological event. The full text is about 120 thousand words.
1. 根据火山活动特征和区域地层对比,将四合屯地区的义县组地层划分为三个岩性段,指出它们分别是早、中、晚三期火山活动的产物。
2. 确认热河生物群化石的主要赋存层位是义县组一段凝灰岩类和二段的湖相沉积岩,具有粗、中、细3 个埋藏相。本文确定了“鹦鹉嘴龙”、“水生生物”以及“鸟类、爬行类等陆生脊椎动物”三种灾难事件类型。
3. 本文分析了化石层内火山活动记录及其同位素年龄,查明了生物灾难事件与火山活动在时间、空间和物质组分特征等方面的耦合关系。首次确定化石层内火山物质的来源,指出后燕子沟火山机构和李八郎沟火山机构分别为义县组一段鹦鹉嘴龙化石层和义县组二段湖相化石层内火山物质的主要来源。
4. 通过地球化学异常分析发现,热河生物群的古生态环境曾出现过氧化-还原环境的剧烈变化以及湖盆盐度和水位的动荡。进一步研究发现,火山活动导致了古生态环境中As、Hg 、S 等有毒、有害元素异常的增高。热河生物群灾难事件的发生层位(如SYP1 的39 层)多是古生态环境的突变层位。
5. 运用元素生物地球化学异常对比,作者进一步确认义县组化石与其围岩在有毒、有害元素异常方面存在的一定的耦合关系:其有毒有害元素含量均呈现一定的高异常。化石自身的Ba、Sr 和ΣREE 含量甚至远远超过了围岩。本文讨论了导致生物灾难事件的火山灾害类型及其影响范围,初步建立了火山活动与生物灾难事件的时空演化模式。全文约十二万字,
Sihetun is a typical area reprsenting the coupling relationship between volcanic activity and biological catastrophic events. Based on the strata classification and the characteristic study of volcanic activities, the fossils of Jehol Biota, the fossil beds of Yixian Formation and the related volcanic rocks are well studied in this paper with theoretic support of volcanology, geochemistry, petrology and palaeontology. The main object is to investigate the coupling relationship between volcanic activity and biological catastrophic events, including its occurring time, place and material characters. For the first time, the spot of volcanic material source of fossil-bearing beds is defined in this paper. On the basis of previous researches,the author put forward a new academic viewpoint of making good use of the character of biological catastrophic events, the geochemistry data of fossils and fossil-bearing beds to realize the mutation of paleo-environment.. The study will be helpful for the resolution of important problems about Jehol Biota, such as the geological background of the source, migration and disaster event. And what’s more, this paper may be a contribution to recognize the environmental effects of volcanic activities, the main inner planet events. The study in this paper covers five aspects.
1. Based on the stratum comparison and characteristic study, the Yixain Formation can be classified into three members that were formed by volcanic activities of three periods respectively.
2. The fossils of Jehol Biota occurred in tuffite or sedimentary beds of the first and second member of Yixian formation. The fossil buried phase of Jeho Biota can be divided into three types, that is, coarse fragment phase, middle fragment phase and fine fragment phase. And there are three types of important biological catastrophic events respectively, that is, psittacosaurus disaster event, the aquatic animal (e.g. bivalves)
disaster event and vertebrate (bird and reptile etc.) disaster event. 3. According to the analysis of volcanic record in fossil beds and the isotopic data, the paper makes a systemic comparison between the fossil beds and the related volcanic rocks. The coupling relationship between volcanic activity and biological catastrophic events, including its occurring time, place and material characters, are well investigated. And for the first time, the spot of volcanic material source of fossil-bearing beds is defined: Houyanzigou edifice and Libalanggou edifice is the volcanic material source of the psittacosaurus beds of the first member and lake-phase fossil beds of the second member of Yixian Formation respectively. 4. The analysis of geo-chemical abnormal indicates that there were mutations of paleo-environment at the aspect of oxidation-reduction system, as well as the saltness and water level of the paleo-lake. A comprehensive research confirms that the volcanic activity resulted in the high level of toxic element abnormal, such as As, Hg and S. The disaster beds of Jehol Biota correspond to the beds with paleo-environmental mutation. 5. The special element comparison of biochemical abnormal indicates that the fossils of Yixian Formation couple with its fossil-bearing beds at the respect of the high level toxic element abnormal. On the other hand, the average content of Ba, Sr and ΣREE in fossils are higher than that in the fossil-bearing beds. The types and the range of volcanic hazard that resulted in the biological catastrophic event are discussed at the end of this paper. As another discussion, the author sets up a sketch model of the evolution of volcanic activity and biological event. The full text is about 120 thousand words.
引文
1. 辽宁地质矿产勘查局编著. 辽宁省岩石地层[M]. 北京:地质出版社, 1997.20-90
2. 王五力,郑少林,张立君辽宁西部中生代地层古生物[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1989. 18-65.
3. 汪筱林王元青金帆等辽西北票四合屯脊椎动物化石组合及其地质背景[J]. Palaeo world , 1999,11:310-326
4. Hou Lian-hai, Zhou Zhong-he, Matin L D. A breaded bird from Jurassic of China[J]. Nature, 1995, 377: 616-619.
5. Ji Qiang, Chiappe L M, Ji Su-an. A new Mesozoic confuciusornithid bird from China[J]. J.Vert. Plaeontol, 1999, 19(1): 1-7.
6. Xu Xing, Wang Xiao-lin, Wang Xiang-cheng et al. A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian formation China[J]. Nature, 1999,401:262-266.
7. 陈丕基金帆主编. 热河生物群[M]. 北京:中国科学技术出版社,1999.
8. 张弥曼,陈丕基,王元青等. 热河生物群[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社2001.
9. 侯连海,周忠和,张福成等.中国辽西中生代鸟类[M]. 辽宁科学技术出版社,2002.
10. 季强.论热河生物群[J].地质论评,2002,48(3):290～296.
11. ZHONGHE ZHOU, PAUL M. BARRETT & JASON HILTON. An exceptionally preserved Lower Cretaceous ecosystem [J]. Nature,2003,421:807-814.
12. 陈义贤、陈文寄、周新华1997 辽西及邻区中生代火山岩[M]. 地震出版社28-101
13. 王来春黄志安潘玉启1999,阜新——义县盆地义县旋回岩浆演化规律及成因探讨辽宁地质16(4): 278-287
14. 张招崇,李兆鼐,王富宝1994 辽西义县盆地火山岩的基本特征及其成因探讨现代地质8(4)::421-450.
15. 陈树旺张立东郭胜哲2001 辽西义县组基性、中基性火山岩内沉凝灰岩层的发现及其意义辽宁地质18(1):51-57.
16. 李伍平,陆凤香,周瑶琪. 辽西早白垩世义县组火山岩的地质特征及其构造背景[J]. 岩石学报,2002,18(2):194~204.
17. 陈树旺,张立东等. 四合屯-大康堡地区义县组火山-沉积岩地质特征[J].地球学报,2002,23(3):217-222.
18. 贾斌、王五力、张立东、陈树旺等,辽西中生代义县旋回强烈火山作用对生物生存环境的双重影响[J],地球学报,2004, 125(4):429-436.
19. 汪筱林王元青徐星等. 辽西四合屯脊椎动物集群死亡事件:火山爆发的灾变记录[J]. 地质论评, 1999, 45 增刊: 458-467.
20. 郭正府汪筱林火山活动与辽西四合屯脊椎动物集群死亡关系的初步研究[J]. 岩石学报, 2002,18(1):117-125.
21. 陈树旺,张立东等四合屯及其周边地区义县组火山活动对生物灾难事件的影响[J]. 地学前缘,2002,9(3):103-107.
22. 张立军,巩恩普.辽宁北票四合屯地区早白垩世早期鸟类集群死亡原因探析.地质论评。2003,49(4):348-354.
23. 丁秋红,张立东,郭胜哲等. 辽西北票地区义县组古气候环境标志及其意义. 地质通报,2003,22(3):186-191.
24. 陈树旺. 辽西低山丘陵区自然资源状况分析与可持续利用构想. 中国人口资源与环境,2002,62(12):94-96.
25. 丁秋红.辽宁西部义县组木材化石的研究[J]. 古生物学报,2000, 39(增刊): 209-219.
26. 王思恩.热河生物群的沉积环境—冀北、辽西叶肢介群落古生态与古环境重建[J]. 地质学报,1999,73(4):289-301.
27. 柴育成, 陆则慰. 2002 年度地球科学基金部评审工作[J]. 中国科学基金,2002,16(6):370-371.
28. 陶奎元. 火山学与环境[J]. 火山地质与矿产,1997,18(1):1-12.
29. 刘嘉麒. 中国火山[M] 北京科学出版社1999.
30. 李铁锋, 潘懋. 火山喷发及其环境效应[J]. 地质论评, 1999, 45 增刊: 63-71.
31. 邓晋福,罗照华,赵海玲等. 岩浆作用、深部壳幔过程与资源-环境效应[J]. 地质论评, 1999, 45 增刊: 21-25.
32. 郭正府, 刘嘉麒. 火山活动与气候变化研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展,2002,17(4):595-604.
33. 殷鸿福, 黄思骥,张克信等.华南二叠纪-三叠纪之交的火山活动及其对生物灭绝的影响[J].地质学报,1989,63(2):169-181.
34. WIGNALL P B. Large igneous province and mass extinctions[J]. Earth Science Reviews , 2001,53:1-33.
35. Y. G. Jin, Y. Wang, W. Wang, Q. H. Shang, C. Q. Cao, and D. H. Erwin. Pattern of Marine Mass Extinction Near the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China[J]. Science, 2000, 289: 432-436.
36. 李玉成, 周忠泽. 华南二叠纪末缺氧海水中的有毒气体与生物集群绝灭[J]. 地质地球化学,2002,30(1):57-63.
37. Clark D L., Wang C Y, Orth C J, et al> Conodont surval and low iridium abundance across the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China [J]. Science, 1986,233:984-986.
38. Jin Y G, Wang Y, Wang W, et al. Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China [J]. Science, 2000,289(21):432-436.
39. Goudie A. Environmental changes [M]. Oxford: Clarendon press. 1992.
40. Zhou L, Kyte F T. The Permian-Triassic boundary event: A geochemical study of three Chinese sections [J]. Earth planet Sci. Lett., 1988,90:411-421.
41. Holser W T, Schonlaub H-P, Attrep M, et al. A unique geochemical record at the Permian/Triassic boundary [J]. Nature, 1989,337:39-44.
42. 杨遵仪,吴顺宝,殷鸿福,等. 华南二叠-三叠纪过渡时期地质事件[M].北京:地质出版社,1991.
43. Yin H F, Wu S B, Din M H, et al. The Meishan section-candidate of the Global Stratoype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic boundary [J]. Albertiana, 1994,14:15-30.
44. Yin H F, Zhang K X. Eventostratigraphy of the Permian-Triassic boundary at Meishan section, south China [A]. Yin H F. The palaeozoic-Mesozoic boundary Candidates of Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic boundary [M]. Wuhan: China Univ. of Geo. Press, 1996.84-96.
45. Renne P R, Zhang Z, Richards M A, et al. Synchrony and causal relations between Permian-Triassic boundary crises and Siberian flood volcanism [J]. Science, 1995,269:1413-1416.
46. Alice B W, Redmayne D W and Browitt C W. Seismic monitoring of lake Nyos, Cameroon, following the gas release disaster of August, 1986, Geohazards. Chapman & Hall, 1989. 64~80.
47. Kenneth A. McGee, Michael P. Doukas, Richard Kessler etc.. Impacts of Volcanic Gases on Climate, the Environment, and People [M]. U.S. Geological Survey Open Report, 1997, 97-262.
48. Shinji TAKARADA, Mitsuhiro YOSHIMOTO, Jun'ichi KITAGAWA etc. Volcanic ash falls from the 2000 Usu eruptions and situation at the source area. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan[M]. 2001,52(4/5).
49. Sigvaldason, G. E. Volcanic and tectonic processes coinciding with glaciataion and crustal rebound: an early Holocene rhyolitic eruption in the Dyngjufj?ll volcanic centre and the formation of the Askja caldera, north Iceland [M]. Bull Volcano, 2002,64(224):192-205.
50. 王五力张立君郑少林等义县——北票地区义县阶标准地层剖面及其生物地层学新研究[J]. 地质学报,2004,78(4):433-448.
51. 和政军,董国义,李亚平等. 辽宁北票地区义县组含鸟化石层沉积环境初探[J].辽宁地质,1997,3(55):174～184.
52. 李佩贤,程政武,庞其清. 辽西北票孔子鸟的层位及年代[J]. 地质学报,2001,75(1):1～13.
53. 张立东、郭胜哲、张长捷、贾斌、陈树旺等,辽宁西部义县组湖相枕状熔岩的发现及其意义,地球学报,2002,23(6): 491～494.
54. Kirillova G.L. 2000. CRETACEOUS OF EAST RUSSIA: SEDIMENTATION, GEODYNAMICS, BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE. Vladivostok: Dalnauka. (in Russian with English abstract).
55. Kirillova G.L. 2003. Cretaceous tectonics and geological environments in East Russia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21:967-977.
56. 郑亚东,Davis G A,王琮等。燕山带中生代主要构造事件与板块构造背景问题〔J〕.地质学报,2000,74(4):289-302.
57. 室井渡.满州地质见学旅行[M].阜新、凌源方面.1940,28—29.
58. 顾知微. 中国的侏罗系和白垩系.第一届全国地层会议学术论文汇编. 科学出版社,1962.
59. 斯行健、周至炎. 中国中生代陆相地层.第一届全国地层会议学术论文汇编. 科学出版社,1962.
60. 郭胜哲、张立东等,辽宁西部义县组研究新进展[J],中国地质,2001,28(8):1-8.
61. 曹从周1982 辽西地区侏罗记火山岩特征沈阳地质矿产研究所所刊3:47-65.
62. 邢德和,陈树旺,孙春林等.四合屯-义县地区火山活动的旋回性特征.地质与资源,2004,12(4):193-199.
63. Yabe H, Endo S. Strobilus of Schizolepis from the Lycoptera beds of Jehol[J]. Tokyo: Proc. Imp., Acad., 1935,10(10):658-660.
64. Yabe H, Endo S. Potamogeton remains from the Lower Cretaceous? Lycoptera bed of Jehol[J].Tokyo: Proc Jap, Aced, 1935,1 l (7): 274 -276.
65. Miki S. Mesozoic flora of Lycoptera beds in South Manchuria[J]. Bull Mukogawa Woman's Univ, 1964,12:S13 ~ S22.
66. 曹正尧,吴舜卿,张平安,李杰儒.辽西义县组单子叶植物化石的发现[J].科学通报,1997,(16):1764—1766.
67. 郭双兴,吴向午.辽宁西部晚侏罗世晚期义县组的似麻黄属植物[J] ..古生物学报,2000,39(1):81-91.
68. 段淑英.最古早老的被子植物-具三心皮的生殖器官化石的发现[J]. 中国科学(D 辑), 1997,42(6):519-523.
69. 曹正尧. 辽西早白垩世义县组Rufforfia 和Nageiopsis 的发现及其地层意义[J]. 古生物学报,2001,40(2):214-218.
70. 吴舜卿.辽西热河植物群初步研究[J]. 见陈丕基,金帆主编:热河生物群. Palaeoworld 11(专辑),安徽:中国科学技术大学出版社, 1999,7～57.
71. 孙革,郑少林,梅盛吴.辽宁枝(新属)Lioningocladus gen.nov. 在辽西义县组下部(晚侏罗世)的发现[J],古生物学报,2000,39(增刊):200-208.
72. 孙革,郑少林,迪尔切,D.等.辽西早期被子植物及其伴生植物群[M].上海:上海教育出版社, 2001,7-112.
73. Sun G, Dilcher D L, Zheng S L, Zhou Z K. In search of the first flower: a Jurassic angiosperm, Archaefrnctws, from Northeast China[J]. Science, 1998,282 (5394): 1692～1695.
74. 朱为庆.辽西义县组古气候初探[J].植物学通报.2000,17(专辑):292-294.
75. 郑少林,郑月娟,邢德和. 辽西晚侏罗世义县期植物群性质、时代及气候. 地层学杂志,2003,27(3):233-241.
76. Bailey I. W., Sinnot E W. The climatic distribution of certain types of angiosperm leaves [J]. Am J Bot, 1916, 3:24-39.
77. Krassilov V A. Paleoecology of terrestrial plants[M]. Vladivostok: Far-East Cent Acad Sci, USSR, 1972,1 ~ 208.
78. Axelrod D. I., Bailey H. P. Palaeotemperature analysis of Tertiary flora[A]. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 1969, 6 (3): 193-195.
79. Wolf J A. Temperature parameters of the humid to mesic forests of eastern Asia and their relation to forests of other regions of the Northern Hemisphere and Australasia[J]. US Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1979,1106: 1-37.
80. 潘华璋,朱祥根. 辽宁北票四合屯地区义县组底部的腹足类化石[A]. 陈丕基金帆主编. 热河生物群[M]. 北京:中国科学技术出版社,1999. 1281-82.
81. 季强等著.中国辽西中生代热河生物群[M]. 北京:地质出版社. 2004. 244-281.
82. 汪筱林王元青金帆等辽西北票四合屯脊椎动物化石组合及其地质背景[J]. Palaeo world , 1999,11:310-326.
83. Gerlach, T.M.. Present-day CO2 emissions from volcanoes[J]. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 1992,72(23): 254-255.
84. Sutton,A.J., Elias,T.. Volcanic gases create air pollution on the Island of Hawai’i[J]. U.S.Geological Survey Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 1993,24(4):178-196.
85. Wood, C.A., 1992, Climatic effects if the 1783 Laki eruption in Harington, C.R., ed., The Year Without a Summer? World Climate in 1816: Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, p. 58-77.
86. Wood, C.A., 1984, Amazing and portentous summer of 1783: Eos, v. 65, p. 409.
87. Zreda-Gostynska, G., Kyle, P.R., Finnegan, D. 1993. Chlorine, fluorine, and sulfur emissions from Mount Erebus, Antarctica and estimated contributions to the Antarctic atmosphere: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, p. 1959-1962.
88. Xu X, Wang X L, Wu X C. A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature, 1999. 401:262～266.
89. 郭正府、刘嘉麒、汪筱林. 辽西中生代火山喷发对古气候和古脊椎动物生存环境的影响中国科学(D 辑)2003,23(1):59-71.
90. 王中刚等. 稀土元素地球化学.北京:科学出版社1989(292-320).
91. 陈德潜,陈刚. 实用稀土元素地球化学. 北京:冶金工业出版社. 1990(178-185).
92. 黄志安,潘玉启,杨雅君等。1/25 万锦州市幅(K51C003001)区域地质调查报告. 辽宁省地质矿产调查院大连分院2003。(内部出版)
93. 董万德,何振清,王忠江等。1/25 万建平县幅(K51 C003004)区域地质调查报告. 辽宁省地质矿产调查院大连分院。2003。(内部出版)
94. 罗清华,陈丕基,邹东羽等。中华龙鸟与孔子鸟类的时代—辽宁义县组火山凝灰岩激光Ar40/Ar39 年龄测定[J]。地球化学,1999,28(4):405-409。
95. 王松山,王元青,胡华光等。辽西四合屯脊椎动物生存时代:锆石U-Pb 年龄证据〔J〕,科学通报,2001,46(4):330-333。
96. 王松山,胡华光,李佩贤等。再论辽西四合屯脊椎动物生存时代:Ar-Ar 年龄证据[J]。岩石学报,2001, 17(4): 663-668。
97. 李佩贤,程政武,庞其清。辽西北票孔子鸟Confuciusornis 的层位及时代[J]。地质学报,2001 ,1:1-13
98. Swisher C.C, 汪筱林,周忠和等。义县组同位素年代新证据及土城子组40Ar/39Ar 年龄测定[J]。科学通报,2001,46(23):2009-2012
99. 任东,郭子光,卢立伍等。辽宁西部上侏罗统义县组研究新进展[J]。地质论评,1997,43(5):449-460。
100. 孙知明,许坤,马醒华等。辽西朝阳地区含鸟化石层附近侏罗-白垩系磁性地层研究[J]。地质学报,2002,76(3):317-324。
101. 王东方,高荣繁,王集源等。辽宁地区白垩系底界和第三纪底界古地磁测定[J]。辽宁地质学报,1982,1:116-121
102. 朱日祥,邵济安,潘永信等。辽西白垩纪火山岩古地磁测定与陆内旋转运动[J]。科学通报,2002,47(17):1335-1340。
103. 陈文,刘新宇,张思红。连续激光阶段升温40Ar/39Ar 地质年代测定方法研究〔J〕。地质论评,2002a。第48 卷,增刊:127-134。
104. CHEN Wen, ZHANG Yan, JI Qiang, WANG Songshan, ZHANG Jianxin. Magmatism and deformation times of the Xidatan rock series, East Kunlun Mountains[J]。.Science in China, Series B, 2002b.Volume 45(Supplement) :20-27.
105. Smith P E,Evensen N M, York D, et al. Dates and rates in ancient lakes:40Ar—39Ar evidence for an early Cretaceous age for the Jehol Group, northeast China[J]. Can J Earth Sci,1995,32:1426-1431.
106. 彭艳东,张立东,陈文等.辽宁义县组火山岩40Ar/39Ar、K-Ar 法年龄测定. 地球化学。2003., 32(5):427-435.
107. Zhu Rixiang, Shao Ji/an, Pan Yiongxin. Paleomagnetic data from Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks of western Liaoning: Evidence for intracontinental rotation. Chinese Science Bull, 2002.47(21): 1832-1837.
108. 中国科学院地球化学所编.高等地球化学[M]. 北京:科学出版社.1998.293-300.
109. 魏菊英. 地球化学[M]. 北京:科学技术出版社. 25-58.
110. Hugh R. Rollison 著.1992.(杨学明,杨晓勇,陈双喜译). 2000.岩石地球化学[M]. 合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社.106-110.
111. 匡少平,徐仲,张书圣等. 运用地球化学方法研究中、新生代环境气候演替——兼论四川盆地侏罗纪气候变化[J]. 青岛化工学院学报(自然科学版),2002,3(1):4～9.
112. 余素华,郑洪汉. 宁夏中卫长流水剖面沉积物中稀土元素及其环境意义[J].沉积学报, 1999,17(1):150～155.
113. 曹军骥,张小曳,王丹等. 晚新生代风尘沉积的稀土元素地球化学特征及其古气候意义[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,2001,21(1):97～101.
114. 武汉地质学院地球化学教研室编.地球化学. 北京:地质出版社, 1979,40～41.
115. 张立东、郭胜哲、陈树旺等,辽宁省四合屯-上园地区含珍稀化石沉积层的特点和形成环境,中国地质,2001,28(6):10-20.
116. 丁秋红、张立东、郭胜哲、陈树旺等.辽西北票地区义县组古气候环境标志及其意义[J], 地质通报, 2003,22(3):186-191。
117. Kenneth A McGee, Michael P Doukas, Richard Kessler et al. Impacts of Volcanic Gases on Climate, the Environment, and People [M]. U.S. Geological Survey Open Report. 1997.97～262.
118. Lin N F. Iatrology Environmental Geochemistry.Changchun: Jilin Science&Technology Publishing House, 1991.1～50.
119. Shinji TAKARADA, Mitsuhiro YOSHIMOTO, Jun’ichi KITAGAWA etc. Volcanic ash falls from the 2000 Usu eruptions and situation at the source area. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan [M]. 2001.52 (4-5).
120. Sigvaldason, G. E. Volcanic and tectonic processes coinciding with glaciataion and crustal rebound: an early Holocene rhyolitic eruption in the Dyngjuf?ll volcanic centre and the formation of the Askja caldera, north Iceland [M]. Bull Volcano, 2002. 64(224): 192～205.
121. Gerlach, T.M.. Present-day CO2 emissions from volcanoes[J]. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 1992,72(23): 254-255.
122. Sutton,A.J., Elias,T.. Volcanic gases create air pollution on the Island of Hawai’i[J]. U.S.Geological Survey Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 1993,24(4):178-196.
123. 刘英俊等. 元素地球化学[M]. 北京:科学出版社.
124. H.J.M 鲍恩著,崔仙舟译. 元素的环境化学[M]. 北京:科学出版社1986.
125. 商翎等编著. 元素生态地球化学[M] .沈阳:辽宁大学出版社,19971～300。
126. 李奎等. 恐龙骨骼化石与其它脊椎动物骨骼的微量元素的对比研究[J]. 地质地球化学.1999,27(2):70-75.
127. 王中刚等. 稀土元素地球化学[M] . 北京:科学出版社.1989(292-320).
128. Wood, C.A., Climatic effects if the 1783 Laki eruption in Harington, C.R., ed., The Year Without a Summer? World Climate in 1816: Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, 1992,p. 58-77.
129. Lamb, H.H., Volcanic dust in the atmosphere; with a chronology and assessment of its meteorological significance: Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., 1970, A266, 425-533.
130. Mossop, S.C., Volcanic dust collected at an altitude of 20 km: Nature, 1964, v. 203, p. 824-827.
131. Naughton, J.J., Lewis, V.A., and Thomas, D.M., Fume compositions found at various stages of activity at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research, 1975,v. 80, p. 2963-2966
132. Thorarinsson, S., On the damage caused by volcanic eruptions, with special reference to tephra and gases, in Volcanic activity and human ecology, (eds P.D. Sheets and D.K., Grayson), Academic press, London, 1979,p. 125-160.
133. McGee, K.A., Sutton, A.J., and Sato, Motoaki, Use of satellite telemetry for monitoring active volcanoes, with a case study of a gas-emission event at Kilauea Volcano, December 1982, in Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.H., eds., Volcanism in Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1987, 1350, p. 821-825.
134. McGee, K.A., and Sutton, A.J., Eruptive activity at Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA, 1984-1988: a gas geochemistry perspective: Bulletin of Volcanology, 1994, v. 56, n. 6-7, p. 435-446.
135. McGee, K.A. , Gerlach, T.M., Kessler, R., and Doukas, M.P., Geochemical evidence for a magmatic CO2 degassing event at Mammoth Mountain, California, September-December 1997: Journal of Geophysical Research, 2000,v. 105, n. B4, p. 8447-8456.
136. McGee, K.A., and Gerlach, T.M., Annual cycle of magmatic CO2 in a tree kill soil at Mammoth Mountain: Implications for soil acidification: Geology, 1998, 26(5):463-466.
137. Gerlach, T.M., Doukas, M.P., McGee, K.A., and Kessler, R. Soil efflux and totatl emission rates of magmatic CO2 at the Horseshoe Lake tree kill, Mammoth Mountain, California, 1995-1999[M]. Chemical Geology, 1996.
138. Gerlach, T.M., Present-day CO2 emissions from volcanoes: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union (EOS), 1991, 72: 249, and 254-255.
139. Gerlach, T.M., Etna's Greenhouse Pump: Nature, 1991,351, p. 352-353.
140. Gerlach, T.M., Natural Sources of Greenhouse gases: CO2 emissions from volcanoes. Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, 1990, vol. 14, part I, pp. 639-641,
141. Wood, C.A., Amazing and portentous summer of 1783: Eos, 1984, 65, p. 409.
142. Zreda-Gostynska, G., Kyle, P.R., Finnegan, D. Chlorine, fluorine, and sulfur emissions from Mount Erebus, Antarctica and estimated contributions to the Antarctic atmosphere: Geophysical Research Letters, 1993.20, p. 1959-1962.
143. Zreda-Gostynska, G., Kyle, P.R., Finnegan, D. Chlorine, fluorine, and sulfur emissions from Mount Erebus, Antarctica and estimated contributions to the Antarctic atmosphere: Geophysical Research Letters, 1993. 20, p. 1959-1962.
144. Buat-Menard, P., and Arnold, M., The heavy metal chemistry of atmospheric particulate matter emitted by Mount Etna volcano: Geophysical Research Letters, 1978,5, p. 245.
145. Bluth, G.J.S., Doiron, S.D., Schnetzler, C.C., Krueger, A.J., and Walter, L.S., Global tracking of the SO2 clouds from the June, 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruptions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 1992, 19, p. 151-154.
146. Cadle, R.D., A comparison of volcanic with other fluxes of atmospheric trace gas constituents: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 1980, 18, p. 746-752.
147. Carroll, M.R., and Holloway, J.R., editors, Volatiles in magmas: Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy, 1994,v. 30, 517 p.
148. Cradle, R.D., Wartburg, A.F., and Grahek, F.E., The proportion of sulfate to sulfur dioxide in Kilauea volcano fume: Geochimica et Cosmochemica Acta, 1971,v. 35, p. 503-507.
149. Deshler, T., Hofmann, D.J., Johnson, B.J., and Rozier, W.R., Balloonborne measurements of the Pinatubo aerosol size distribution and volatility at Laramie, Wyoming during the summer of 1991: Geophysical Research letters, 1992,v. 19, p. 199-202.
150. Doukas, M.P., A Compilation of Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Dioxide Emission-Rate Data from Cook Inlet Volcanoes (Redoubt, Spurr, Iliamna, and Augustine), Alaska During the Period from 1990 to 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-55.
151. Finnegan, D.L., Miller, T.L., and Zoller, W.H., Iridium and other trace-metal enrichments from Hawaiian volcanoes, in Global Catastrophes in Earth History; An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality, edited by V.L. Sharpton and P.D. Ward, 1990,p. 111-116,
152. Greenland, L.P., Composition of gases from the 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa: in Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.H., (eds.), Volcanism in Hawaii, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, 1987,v. 1, p. 781-790.
153. Hammer, C.U., Past volcanism and climate revealed by Greenland ice cores: Jour. Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 1981,v. 11, p. 3-10.
154. Handler, P., The effects of volcanic aerosols on global climate: Jour. Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 37, 1989,p. 233-249.
155. Handler, P., Possible association of stratospheric aerosols and El Nino type events: Geophys. Res. Lett., 1984, v. 11, p. 1121-1124.
156. Hansen, J. E., Lacis, A., Ruedy, R., and Sato, M., Potential climate impact of Mount Pinatubo eruption: Geophys. Res. Lett., 1992v. 19, p. 215-218.
157. Krueger, A.J., Sighting of El Chichon sulfur dioxide clouds with the Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer: Science, 1983,v. 220p. 1377-1379.
158. Krueger, A.J., Walter, L.S., Bhartia, P.K., Schnetzler, C.C., Krotkov, N.A., Sprod, I., and Bluth, G.J.S., Volcanic sulfur dioxide measurements from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Instruments. Jour. Geophys. Res., 1995,100: 14057 -14076.
159. Labitzke, K., and McCormick, M.P., Stratospheric temperature increases due to Pinatubo aerosols: Geophys. Res. Lett., 1992,v. 19, p. 207-210.
160. Lacis, A. A., Hansen, J. E., and Sato, M., Climate forcing by stratospheric aerosols: Geophys. Res. Lett., 1992v. 19, p. 1607-1610.
161. Lough, J.M., and Fritts, H.C., An assessment of the possible effects of volcanic eruptions on North American climate using tree-ring data, AD 1602-1900: Climatic Change, 1987, v. 10, p. 219-239.
162. Moore, J.G., and Schilling, J.G., vesicles, water, and sulfur in Reykjanes Ridge basalts: Contr. Miner. Pet., 1973,v. 41, p. 105-118.
163. Naughton, J.J., Finlayson, J.B., and Lewis, V.A., Some results from recent chemical studies at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin Volcanologique, 1975,v. 39, p. 64-69.
164. Prather, M., McElroy, M.B., and Wolfsy, S.C., Reductions in ozone at high concentrations of stratospheric halogens: Nature, 1984, v. 312, p. 227-231.
165. Quiroz, R. S., The isolation of stratospheric temperature change due to the El Chichón volcanic eruption from nonvolcanic signals: J. Geophys. Res., 1983,v. 88, p. 6773\2556780.
166. Rampino, M.R., and S. Self, Climate-Volcanism Feedback and the Toba Eruption of ~74,000 Years Ago: Quaternary Research, 1993,v. 40, p. 269-280.
167. Seftor, C.J., Hsu, N.C., Herman, J.R., Bhartia, P.K., Torres, O., Rose, W.I., Schneider, D.J., and Krotkov, N., Detection of volcanic ash clouds from Nimbus-7/TOMS reflectivity data, Journal of Geophysical Research, 1997,v. 102, p. 16749-16759.
168. Taylor, P.S., and Stoiber, R.E., Soluble material on ash from Central American volcanoes: Geological Society of America Bulletin: 1973, v. 84, p. 1031-1042.
169. Andreae M.O., Ocean-atmosphere interaction in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle: Marine Chemistry, 1990, 30: 1-29.
170. 马寅生, 吴满路, 曾庆利. 2002. 燕山及邻区中新生代挤压与伸展作用. 地质学报,23(2):115-122
171. 郭洪中,张招崇。辽宁西部中生代火山岩的基本特征〔J〕。岩石矿物学杂志,1992,3:193-204。
172. 臧尧龄,刘志英,姜应星等.中国东北部火山岩带多重岩系迭加性及其成因和演化。李兆乃,王碧香主编:火山岩火山作用及有关矿产(中国地质学会论文集第1 集) 北京: 地质出版社1993. 85-91
173. 张长厚.初论板内造山的带〔J〕。.地学前缘,1999.6(4):213-306
174. 张长厚,王根厚,王国胜等。辽西地区燕山板内造山带东段中生代逆冲推覆构造〔J〕。地质学报,2002,76(1):64-76
175. 郑亚东,Davis G A,王琮等。燕山带中生代主要构造事件与板块构造背景问题〔J〕.地质学报,2000,74(4):289-302
176. 杨庚、柴育成,吴正文。燕山造山带东段-辽西地区薄皮逆冲推覆构造〔J〕地质学报,第75 卷、第3 期
177. 马寅生,崔盛芹,曾庆利等。燕山地区燕山期的挤压与伸展作用〔J〕地质通报,2002,21(4-5):218-223
178. 邓晋福,莫宣学,赵海玲等.中国大陆根-柱构造[M],北京:地质出版社,1996
179. 邓晋福,苏尚国,赵海玲等.华北地区燕山期岩石圈减薄的深部过程[J],地学前缘,2003,10(3):41-50.
180. Chen Shuwang, Jinchengzhu, Zhangyunping, Zhang Lidong, Guo Shengzhe. Discussion on the Structural-Volcanic Activities and Biological Events During Early Cretaceous in Sihetun Area, Liaoning Province, China [J]. GEOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN,2004,23(3):52-61.
181. 丁秋红、张立东、郭胜哲、陈树旺等.辽西北票地区义县组古气候环境标志及其意义[J], 地质通报, 2003,22(3):186-191。
182. Andres, R.J., and Kasgnoc, A.D., Global Emissions Inventory Activity, Global Emissions Inventory Activity[J]. Time-Averaged Inventory of Volcanic Sulfur Emissions. 1997.
183. Barnes, Ivan, Irwin, W.P., and White, D.E., Global distribution of carbon dioxide discrages, and major zones of seismicity [J]. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation 1978. 78-79.
184. Bates, T.S., Lamb, B.K., Guenther, A., Dignon, J., Stoiber, R.E., Sulfur emissions to the atmosphere from natural sources [J]. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 1992, 14:315-337.
185. Buat-Menard, P., and Arnold, M., The heavy metal chemistry of atmospheric particulate matter emitted by Mount Etna volcano [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1978, 5: 245.
186. Cadle, R.D., A comparison of volcanic with other fluxes of atmospheric trace gas constituents [J]. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 1980, 18:746-752.
2. 王五力,郑少林,张立君辽宁西部中生代地层古生物[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1989. 18-65.
3. 汪筱林王元青金帆等辽西北票四合屯脊椎动物化石组合及其地质背景[J]. Palaeo world , 1999,11:310-326
4. Hou Lian-hai, Zhou Zhong-he, Matin L D. A breaded bird from Jurassic of China[J]. Nature, 1995, 377: 616-619.
5. Ji Qiang, Chiappe L M, Ji Su-an. A new Mesozoic confuciusornithid bird from China[J]. J.Vert. Plaeontol, 1999, 19(1): 1-7.
6. Xu Xing, Wang Xiao-lin, Wang Xiang-cheng et al. A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian formation China[J]. Nature, 1999,401:262-266.
7. 陈丕基金帆主编. 热河生物群[M]. 北京:中国科学技术出版社,1999.
8. 张弥曼,陈丕基,王元青等. 热河生物群[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社2001.
9. 侯连海,周忠和,张福成等.中国辽西中生代鸟类[M]. 辽宁科学技术出版社,2002.
10. 季强.论热河生物群[J].地质论评,2002,48(3):290～296.
11. ZHONGHE ZHOU, PAUL M. BARRETT & JASON HILTON. An exceptionally preserved Lower Cretaceous ecosystem [J]. Nature,2003,421:807-814.
12. 陈义贤、陈文寄、周新华1997 辽西及邻区中生代火山岩[M]. 地震出版社28-101
13. 王来春黄志安潘玉启1999,阜新——义县盆地义县旋回岩浆演化规律及成因探讨辽宁地质16(4): 278-287
14. 张招崇,李兆鼐,王富宝1994 辽西义县盆地火山岩的基本特征及其成因探讨现代地质8(4)::421-450.
15. 陈树旺张立东郭胜哲2001 辽西义县组基性、中基性火山岩内沉凝灰岩层的发现及其意义辽宁地质18(1):51-57.
16. 李伍平,陆凤香,周瑶琪. 辽西早白垩世义县组火山岩的地质特征及其构造背景[J]. 岩石学报,2002,18(2):194~204.
17. 陈树旺,张立东等. 四合屯-大康堡地区义县组火山-沉积岩地质特征[J].地球学报,2002,23(3):217-222.
18. 贾斌、王五力、张立东、陈树旺等,辽西中生代义县旋回强烈火山作用对生物生存环境的双重影响[J],地球学报,2004, 125(4):429-436.
19. 汪筱林王元青徐星等. 辽西四合屯脊椎动物集群死亡事件:火山爆发的灾变记录[J]. 地质论评, 1999, 45 增刊: 458-467.
20. 郭正府汪筱林火山活动与辽西四合屯脊椎动物集群死亡关系的初步研究[J]. 岩石学报, 2002,18(1):117-125.
21. 陈树旺,张立东等四合屯及其周边地区义县组火山活动对生物灾难事件的影响[J]. 地学前缘,2002,9(3):103-107.
22. 张立军,巩恩普.辽宁北票四合屯地区早白垩世早期鸟类集群死亡原因探析.地质论评。2003,49(4):348-354.
23. 丁秋红,张立东,郭胜哲等. 辽西北票地区义县组古气候环境标志及其意义. 地质通报,2003,22(3):186-191.
24. 陈树旺. 辽西低山丘陵区自然资源状况分析与可持续利用构想. 中国人口资源与环境,2002,62(12):94-96.
25. 丁秋红.辽宁西部义县组木材化石的研究[J]. 古生物学报,2000, 39(增刊): 209-219.
26. 王思恩.热河生物群的沉积环境—冀北、辽西叶肢介群落古生态与古环境重建[J]. 地质学报,1999,73(4):289-301.
27. 柴育成, 陆则慰. 2002 年度地球科学基金部评审工作[J]. 中国科学基金,2002,16(6):370-371.
28. 陶奎元. 火山学与环境[J]. 火山地质与矿产,1997,18(1):1-12.
29. 刘嘉麒. 中国火山[M] 北京科学出版社1999.
30. 李铁锋, 潘懋. 火山喷发及其环境效应[J]. 地质论评, 1999, 45 增刊: 63-71.
31. 邓晋福,罗照华,赵海玲等. 岩浆作用、深部壳幔过程与资源-环境效应[J]. 地质论评, 1999, 45 增刊: 21-25.
32. 郭正府, 刘嘉麒. 火山活动与气候变化研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展,2002,17(4):595-604.
33. 殷鸿福, 黄思骥,张克信等.华南二叠纪-三叠纪之交的火山活动及其对生物灭绝的影响[J].地质学报,1989,63(2):169-181.
34. WIGNALL P B. Large igneous province and mass extinctions[J]. Earth Science Reviews , 2001,53:1-33.
35. Y. G. Jin, Y. Wang, W. Wang, Q. H. Shang, C. Q. Cao, and D. H. Erwin. Pattern of Marine Mass Extinction Near the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China[J]. Science, 2000, 289: 432-436.
36. 李玉成, 周忠泽. 华南二叠纪末缺氧海水中的有毒气体与生物集群绝灭[J]. 地质地球化学,2002,30(1):57-63.
37. Clark D L., Wang C Y, Orth C J, et al> Conodont surval and low iridium abundance across the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China [J]. Science, 1986,233:984-986.
38. Jin Y G, Wang Y, Wang W, et al. Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China [J]. Science, 2000,289(21):432-436.
39. Goudie A. Environmental changes [M]. Oxford: Clarendon press. 1992.
40. Zhou L, Kyte F T. The Permian-Triassic boundary event: A geochemical study of three Chinese sections [J]. Earth planet Sci. Lett., 1988,90:411-421.
41. Holser W T, Schonlaub H-P, Attrep M, et al. A unique geochemical record at the Permian/Triassic boundary [J]. Nature, 1989,337:39-44.
42. 杨遵仪,吴顺宝,殷鸿福,等. 华南二叠-三叠纪过渡时期地质事件[M].北京:地质出版社,1991.
43. Yin H F, Wu S B, Din M H, et al. The Meishan section-candidate of the Global Stratoype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic boundary [J]. Albertiana, 1994,14:15-30.
44. Yin H F, Zhang K X. Eventostratigraphy of the Permian-Triassic boundary at Meishan section, south China [A]. Yin H F. The palaeozoic-Mesozoic boundary Candidates of Global Stratotype Section and Point of the Permian-Triassic boundary [M]. Wuhan: China Univ. of Geo. Press, 1996.84-96.
45. Renne P R, Zhang Z, Richards M A, et al. Synchrony and causal relations between Permian-Triassic boundary crises and Siberian flood volcanism [J]. Science, 1995,269:1413-1416.
46. Alice B W, Redmayne D W and Browitt C W. Seismic monitoring of lake Nyos, Cameroon, following the gas release disaster of August, 1986, Geohazards. Chapman & Hall, 1989. 64~80.
47. Kenneth A. McGee, Michael P. Doukas, Richard Kessler etc.. Impacts of Volcanic Gases on Climate, the Environment, and People [M]. U.S. Geological Survey Open Report, 1997, 97-262.
48. Shinji TAKARADA, Mitsuhiro YOSHIMOTO, Jun'ichi KITAGAWA etc. Volcanic ash falls from the 2000 Usu eruptions and situation at the source area. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan[M]. 2001,52(4/5).
49. Sigvaldason, G. E. Volcanic and tectonic processes coinciding with glaciataion and crustal rebound: an early Holocene rhyolitic eruption in the Dyngjufj?ll volcanic centre and the formation of the Askja caldera, north Iceland [M]. Bull Volcano, 2002,64(224):192-205.
50. 王五力张立君郑少林等义县——北票地区义县阶标准地层剖面及其生物地层学新研究[J]. 地质学报,2004,78(4):433-448.
51. 和政军,董国义,李亚平等. 辽宁北票地区义县组含鸟化石层沉积环境初探[J].辽宁地质,1997,3(55):174～184.
52. 李佩贤,程政武,庞其清. 辽西北票孔子鸟的层位及年代[J]. 地质学报,2001,75(1):1～13.
53. 张立东、郭胜哲、张长捷、贾斌、陈树旺等,辽宁西部义县组湖相枕状熔岩的发现及其意义,地球学报,2002,23(6): 491～494.
54. Kirillova G.L. 2000. CRETACEOUS OF EAST RUSSIA: SEDIMENTATION, GEODYNAMICS, BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE. Vladivostok: Dalnauka. (in Russian with English abstract).
55. Kirillova G.L. 2003. Cretaceous tectonics and geological environments in East Russia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21:967-977.
56. 郑亚东,Davis G A,王琮等。燕山带中生代主要构造事件与板块构造背景问题〔J〕.地质学报,2000,74(4):289-302.
57. 室井渡.满州地质见学旅行[M].阜新、凌源方面.1940,28—29.
58. 顾知微. 中国的侏罗系和白垩系.第一届全国地层会议学术论文汇编. 科学出版社,1962.
59. 斯行健、周至炎. 中国中生代陆相地层.第一届全国地层会议学术论文汇编. 科学出版社,1962.
60. 郭胜哲、张立东等,辽宁西部义县组研究新进展[J],中国地质,2001,28(8):1-8.
61. 曹从周1982 辽西地区侏罗记火山岩特征沈阳地质矿产研究所所刊3:47-65.
62. 邢德和,陈树旺,孙春林等.四合屯-义县地区火山活动的旋回性特征.地质与资源,2004,12(4):193-199.
63. Yabe H, Endo S. Strobilus of Schizolepis from the Lycoptera beds of Jehol[J]. Tokyo: Proc. Imp., Acad., 1935,10(10):658-660.
64. Yabe H, Endo S. Potamogeton remains from the Lower Cretaceous? Lycoptera bed of Jehol[J].Tokyo: Proc Jap, Aced, 1935,1 l (7): 274 -276.
65. Miki S. Mesozoic flora of Lycoptera beds in South Manchuria[J]. Bull Mukogawa Woman's Univ, 1964,12:S13 ~ S22.
66. 曹正尧,吴舜卿,张平安,李杰儒.辽西义县组单子叶植物化石的发现[J].科学通报,1997,(16):1764—1766.
67. 郭双兴,吴向午.辽宁西部晚侏罗世晚期义县组的似麻黄属植物[J] ..古生物学报,2000,39(1):81-91.
68. 段淑英.最古早老的被子植物-具三心皮的生殖器官化石的发现[J]. 中国科学(D 辑), 1997,42(6):519-523.
69. 曹正尧. 辽西早白垩世义县组Rufforfia 和Nageiopsis 的发现及其地层意义[J]. 古生物学报,2001,40(2):214-218.
70. 吴舜卿.辽西热河植物群初步研究[J]. 见陈丕基,金帆主编:热河生物群. Palaeoworld 11(专辑),安徽:中国科学技术大学出版社, 1999,7～57.
71. 孙革,郑少林,梅盛吴.辽宁枝(新属)Lioningocladus gen.nov. 在辽西义县组下部(晚侏罗世)的发现[J],古生物学报,2000,39(增刊):200-208.
72. 孙革,郑少林,迪尔切,D.等.辽西早期被子植物及其伴生植物群[M].上海:上海教育出版社, 2001,7-112.
73. Sun G, Dilcher D L, Zheng S L, Zhou Z K. In search of the first flower: a Jurassic angiosperm, Archaefrnctws, from Northeast China[J]. Science, 1998,282 (5394): 1692～1695.
74. 朱为庆.辽西义县组古气候初探[J].植物学通报.2000,17(专辑):292-294.
75. 郑少林,郑月娟,邢德和. 辽西晚侏罗世义县期植物群性质、时代及气候. 地层学杂志,2003,27(3):233-241.
76. Bailey I. W., Sinnot E W. The climatic distribution of certain types of angiosperm leaves [J]. Am J Bot, 1916, 3:24-39.
77. Krassilov V A. Paleoecology of terrestrial plants[M]. Vladivostok: Far-East Cent Acad Sci, USSR, 1972,1 ~ 208.
78. Axelrod D. I., Bailey H. P. Palaeotemperature analysis of Tertiary flora[A]. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 1969, 6 (3): 193-195.
79. Wolf J A. Temperature parameters of the humid to mesic forests of eastern Asia and their relation to forests of other regions of the Northern Hemisphere and Australasia[J]. US Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1979,1106: 1-37.
80. 潘华璋,朱祥根. 辽宁北票四合屯地区义县组底部的腹足类化石[A]. 陈丕基金帆主编. 热河生物群[M]. 北京:中国科学技术出版社,1999. 1281-82.
81. 季强等著.中国辽西中生代热河生物群[M]. 北京:地质出版社. 2004. 244-281.
82. 汪筱林王元青金帆等辽西北票四合屯脊椎动物化石组合及其地质背景[J]. Palaeo world , 1999,11:310-326.
83. Gerlach, T.M.. Present-day CO2 emissions from volcanoes[J]. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 1992,72(23): 254-255.
84. Sutton,A.J., Elias,T.. Volcanic gases create air pollution on the Island of Hawai’i[J]. U.S.Geological Survey Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 1993,24(4):178-196.
85. Wood, C.A., 1992, Climatic effects if the 1783 Laki eruption in Harington, C.R., ed., The Year Without a Summer? World Climate in 1816: Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, p. 58-77.
86. Wood, C.A., 1984, Amazing and portentous summer of 1783: Eos, v. 65, p. 409.
87. Zreda-Gostynska, G., Kyle, P.R., Finnegan, D. 1993. Chlorine, fluorine, and sulfur emissions from Mount Erebus, Antarctica and estimated contributions to the Antarctic atmosphere: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, p. 1959-1962.
88. Xu X, Wang X L, Wu X C. A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature, 1999. 401:262～266.
89. 郭正府、刘嘉麒、汪筱林. 辽西中生代火山喷发对古气候和古脊椎动物生存环境的影响中国科学(D 辑)2003,23(1):59-71.
90. 王中刚等. 稀土元素地球化学.北京:科学出版社1989(292-320).
91. 陈德潜,陈刚. 实用稀土元素地球化学. 北京:冶金工业出版社. 1990(178-185).
92. 黄志安,潘玉启,杨雅君等。1/25 万锦州市幅(K51C003001)区域地质调查报告. 辽宁省地质矿产调查院大连分院2003。(内部出版)
93. 董万德,何振清,王忠江等。1/25 万建平县幅(K51 C003004)区域地质调查报告. 辽宁省地质矿产调查院大连分院。2003。(内部出版)
94. 罗清华,陈丕基,邹东羽等。中华龙鸟与孔子鸟类的时代—辽宁义县组火山凝灰岩激光Ar40/Ar39 年龄测定[J]。地球化学,1999,28(4):405-409。
95. 王松山,王元青,胡华光等。辽西四合屯脊椎动物生存时代:锆石U-Pb 年龄证据〔J〕,科学通报,2001,46(4):330-333。
96. 王松山,胡华光,李佩贤等。再论辽西四合屯脊椎动物生存时代:Ar-Ar 年龄证据[J]。岩石学报,2001, 17(4): 663-668。
97. 李佩贤,程政武,庞其清。辽西北票孔子鸟Confuciusornis 的层位及时代[J]。地质学报,2001 ,1:1-13
98. Swisher C.C, 汪筱林,周忠和等。义县组同位素年代新证据及土城子组40Ar/39Ar 年龄测定[J]。科学通报,2001,46(23):2009-2012
99. 任东,郭子光,卢立伍等。辽宁西部上侏罗统义县组研究新进展[J]。地质论评,1997,43(5):449-460。
100. 孙知明,许坤,马醒华等。辽西朝阳地区含鸟化石层附近侏罗-白垩系磁性地层研究[J]。地质学报,2002,76(3):317-324。
101. 王东方,高荣繁,王集源等。辽宁地区白垩系底界和第三纪底界古地磁测定[J]。辽宁地质学报,1982,1:116-121
102. 朱日祥,邵济安,潘永信等。辽西白垩纪火山岩古地磁测定与陆内旋转运动[J]。科学通报,2002,47(17):1335-1340。
103. 陈文,刘新宇,张思红。连续激光阶段升温40Ar/39Ar 地质年代测定方法研究〔J〕。地质论评,2002a。第48 卷,增刊:127-134。
104. CHEN Wen, ZHANG Yan, JI Qiang, WANG Songshan, ZHANG Jianxin. Magmatism and deformation times of the Xidatan rock series, East Kunlun Mountains[J]。.Science in China, Series B, 2002b.Volume 45(Supplement) :20-27.
105. Smith P E,Evensen N M, York D, et al. Dates and rates in ancient lakes:40Ar—39Ar evidence for an early Cretaceous age for the Jehol Group, northeast China[J]. Can J Earth Sci,1995,32:1426-1431.
106. 彭艳东,张立东,陈文等.辽宁义县组火山岩40Ar/39Ar、K-Ar 法年龄测定. 地球化学。2003., 32(5):427-435.
107. Zhu Rixiang, Shao Ji/an, Pan Yiongxin. Paleomagnetic data from Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks of western Liaoning: Evidence for intracontinental rotation. Chinese Science Bull, 2002.47(21): 1832-1837.
108. 中国科学院地球化学所编.高等地球化学[M]. 北京:科学出版社.1998.293-300.
109. 魏菊英. 地球化学[M]. 北京:科学技术出版社. 25-58.
110. Hugh R. Rollison 著.1992.(杨学明,杨晓勇,陈双喜译). 2000.岩石地球化学[M]. 合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社.106-110.
111. 匡少平,徐仲,张书圣等. 运用地球化学方法研究中、新生代环境气候演替——兼论四川盆地侏罗纪气候变化[J]. 青岛化工学院学报(自然科学版),2002,3(1):4～9.
112. 余素华,郑洪汉. 宁夏中卫长流水剖面沉积物中稀土元素及其环境意义[J].沉积学报, 1999,17(1):150～155.
113. 曹军骥,张小曳,王丹等. 晚新生代风尘沉积的稀土元素地球化学特征及其古气候意义[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,2001,21(1):97～101.
114. 武汉地质学院地球化学教研室编.地球化学. 北京:地质出版社, 1979,40～41.
115. 张立东、郭胜哲、陈树旺等,辽宁省四合屯-上园地区含珍稀化石沉积层的特点和形成环境,中国地质,2001,28(6):10-20.
116. 丁秋红、张立东、郭胜哲、陈树旺等.辽西北票地区义县组古气候环境标志及其意义[J], 地质通报, 2003,22(3):186-191。
117. Kenneth A McGee, Michael P Doukas, Richard Kessler et al. Impacts of Volcanic Gases on Climate, the Environment, and People [M]. U.S. Geological Survey Open Report. 1997.97～262.
118. Lin N F. Iatrology Environmental Geochemistry.Changchun: Jilin Science&Technology Publishing House, 1991.1～50.
119. Shinji TAKARADA, Mitsuhiro YOSHIMOTO, Jun’ichi KITAGAWA etc. Volcanic ash falls from the 2000 Usu eruptions and situation at the source area. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan [M]. 2001.52 (4-5).
120. Sigvaldason, G. E. Volcanic and tectonic processes coinciding with glaciataion and crustal rebound: an early Holocene rhyolitic eruption in the Dyngjuf?ll volcanic centre and the formation of the Askja caldera, north Iceland [M]. Bull Volcano, 2002. 64(224): 192～205.
121. Gerlach, T.M.. Present-day CO2 emissions from volcanoes[J]. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 1992,72(23): 254-255.
122. Sutton,A.J., Elias,T.. Volcanic gases create air pollution on the Island of Hawai’i[J]. U.S.Geological Survey Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 1993,24(4):178-196.
123. 刘英俊等. 元素地球化学[M]. 北京:科学出版社.
124. H.J.M 鲍恩著,崔仙舟译. 元素的环境化学[M]. 北京:科学出版社1986.
125. 商翎等编著. 元素生态地球化学[M] .沈阳:辽宁大学出版社,19971～300。
126. 李奎等. 恐龙骨骼化石与其它脊椎动物骨骼的微量元素的对比研究[J]. 地质地球化学.1999,27(2):70-75.
127. 王中刚等. 稀土元素地球化学[M] . 北京:科学出版社.1989(292-320).
128. Wood, C.A., Climatic effects if the 1783 Laki eruption in Harington, C.R., ed., The Year Without a Summer? World Climate in 1816: Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, 1992,p. 58-77.
129. Lamb, H.H., Volcanic dust in the atmosphere; with a chronology and assessment of its meteorological significance: Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., 1970, A266, 425-533.
130. Mossop, S.C., Volcanic dust collected at an altitude of 20 km: Nature, 1964, v. 203, p. 824-827.
131. Naughton, J.J., Lewis, V.A., and Thomas, D.M., Fume compositions found at various stages of activity at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research, 1975,v. 80, p. 2963-2966
132. Thorarinsson, S., On the damage caused by volcanic eruptions, with special reference to tephra and gases, in Volcanic activity and human ecology, (eds P.D. Sheets and D.K., Grayson), Academic press, London, 1979,p. 125-160.
133. McGee, K.A., Sutton, A.J., and Sato, Motoaki, Use of satellite telemetry for monitoring active volcanoes, with a case study of a gas-emission event at Kilauea Volcano, December 1982, in Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.H., eds., Volcanism in Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1987, 1350, p. 821-825.
134. McGee, K.A., and Sutton, A.J., Eruptive activity at Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA, 1984-1988: a gas geochemistry perspective: Bulletin of Volcanology, 1994, v. 56, n. 6-7, p. 435-446.
135. McGee, K.A. , Gerlach, T.M., Kessler, R., and Doukas, M.P., Geochemical evidence for a magmatic CO2 degassing event at Mammoth Mountain, California, September-December 1997: Journal of Geophysical Research, 2000,v. 105, n. B4, p. 8447-8456.
136. McGee, K.A., and Gerlach, T.M., Annual cycle of magmatic CO2 in a tree kill soil at Mammoth Mountain: Implications for soil acidification: Geology, 1998, 26(5):463-466.
137. Gerlach, T.M., Doukas, M.P., McGee, K.A., and Kessler, R. Soil efflux and totatl emission rates of magmatic CO2 at the Horseshoe Lake tree kill, Mammoth Mountain, California, 1995-1999[M]. Chemical Geology, 1996.
138. Gerlach, T.M., Present-day CO2 emissions from volcanoes: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union (EOS), 1991, 72: 249, and 254-255.
139. Gerlach, T.M., Etna's Greenhouse Pump: Nature, 1991,351, p. 352-353.
140. Gerlach, T.M., Natural Sources of Greenhouse gases: CO2 emissions from volcanoes. Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, 1990, vol. 14, part I, pp. 639-641,
141. Wood, C.A., Amazing and portentous summer of 1783: Eos, 1984, 65, p. 409.
142. Zreda-Gostynska, G., Kyle, P.R., Finnegan, D. Chlorine, fluorine, and sulfur emissions from Mount Erebus, Antarctica and estimated contributions to the Antarctic atmosphere: Geophysical Research Letters, 1993.20, p. 1959-1962.
143. Zreda-Gostynska, G., Kyle, P.R., Finnegan, D. Chlorine, fluorine, and sulfur emissions from Mount Erebus, Antarctica and estimated contributions to the Antarctic atmosphere: Geophysical Research Letters, 1993. 20, p. 1959-1962.
144. Buat-Menard, P., and Arnold, M., The heavy metal chemistry of atmospheric particulate matter emitted by Mount Etna volcano: Geophysical Research Letters, 1978,5, p. 245.
145. Bluth, G.J.S., Doiron, S.D., Schnetzler, C.C., Krueger, A.J., and Walter, L.S., Global tracking of the SO2 clouds from the June, 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruptions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 1992, 19, p. 151-154.
146. Cadle, R.D., A comparison of volcanic with other fluxes of atmospheric trace gas constituents: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 1980, 18, p. 746-752.
147. Carroll, M.R., and Holloway, J.R., editors, Volatiles in magmas: Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy, 1994,v. 30, 517 p.
148. Cradle, R.D., Wartburg, A.F., and Grahek, F.E., The proportion of sulfate to sulfur dioxide in Kilauea volcano fume: Geochimica et Cosmochemica Acta, 1971,v. 35, p. 503-507.
149. Deshler, T., Hofmann, D.J., Johnson, B.J., and Rozier, W.R., Balloonborne measurements of the Pinatubo aerosol size distribution and volatility at Laramie, Wyoming during the summer of 1991: Geophysical Research letters, 1992,v. 19, p. 199-202.
150. Doukas, M.P., A Compilation of Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Dioxide Emission-Rate Data from Cook Inlet Volcanoes (Redoubt, Spurr, Iliamna, and Augustine), Alaska During the Period from 1990 to 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-55.
151. Finnegan, D.L., Miller, T.L., and Zoller, W.H., Iridium and other trace-metal enrichments from Hawaiian volcanoes, in Global Catastrophes in Earth History; An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality, edited by V.L. Sharpton and P.D. Ward, 1990,p. 111-116,
152. Greenland, L.P., Composition of gases from the 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa: in Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.H., (eds.), Volcanism in Hawaii, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, 1987,v. 1, p. 781-790.
153. Hammer, C.U., Past volcanism and climate revealed by Greenland ice cores: Jour. Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 1981,v. 11, p. 3-10.
154. Handler, P., The effects of volcanic aerosols on global climate: Jour. Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 37, 1989,p. 233-249.
155. Handler, P., Possible association of stratospheric aerosols and El Nino type events: Geophys. Res. Lett., 1984, v. 11, p. 1121-1124.
156. Hansen, J. E., Lacis, A., Ruedy, R., and Sato, M., Potential climate impact of Mount Pinatubo eruption: Geophys. Res. Lett., 1992v. 19, p. 215-218.
157. Krueger, A.J., Sighting of El Chichon sulfur dioxide clouds with the Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer: Science, 1983,v. 220p. 1377-1379.
158. Krueger, A.J., Walter, L.S., Bhartia, P.K., Schnetzler, C.C., Krotkov, N.A., Sprod, I., and Bluth, G.J.S., Volcanic sulfur dioxide measurements from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Instruments. Jour. Geophys. Res., 1995,100: 14057 -14076.
159. Labitzke, K., and McCormick, M.P., Stratospheric temperature increases due to Pinatubo aerosols: Geophys. Res. Lett., 1992,v. 19, p. 207-210.
160. Lacis, A. A., Hansen, J. E., and Sato, M., Climate forcing by stratospheric aerosols: Geophys. Res. Lett., 1992v. 19, p. 1607-1610.
161. Lough, J.M., and Fritts, H.C., An assessment of the possible effects of volcanic eruptions on North American climate using tree-ring data, AD 1602-1900: Climatic Change, 1987, v. 10, p. 219-239.
162. Moore, J.G., and Schilling, J.G., vesicles, water, and sulfur in Reykjanes Ridge basalts: Contr. Miner. Pet., 1973,v. 41, p. 105-118.
163. Naughton, J.J., Finlayson, J.B., and Lewis, V.A., Some results from recent chemical studies at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin Volcanologique, 1975,v. 39, p. 64-69.
164. Prather, M., McElroy, M.B., and Wolfsy, S.C., Reductions in ozone at high concentrations of stratospheric halogens: Nature, 1984, v. 312, p. 227-231.
165. Quiroz, R. S., The isolation of stratospheric temperature change due to the El Chichón volcanic eruption from nonvolcanic signals: J. Geophys. Res., 1983,v. 88, p. 6773\2556780.
166. Rampino, M.R., and S. Self, Climate-Volcanism Feedback and the Toba Eruption of ~74,000 Years Ago: Quaternary Research, 1993,v. 40, p. 269-280.
167. Seftor, C.J., Hsu, N.C., Herman, J.R., Bhartia, P.K., Torres, O., Rose, W.I., Schneider, D.J., and Krotkov, N., Detection of volcanic ash clouds from Nimbus-7/TOMS reflectivity data, Journal of Geophysical Research, 1997,v. 102, p. 16749-16759.
168. Taylor, P.S., and Stoiber, R.E., Soluble material on ash from Central American volcanoes: Geological Society of America Bulletin: 1973, v. 84, p. 1031-1042.
169. Andreae M.O., Ocean-atmosphere interaction in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle: Marine Chemistry, 1990, 30: 1-29.
170. 马寅生, 吴满路, 曾庆利. 2002. 燕山及邻区中新生代挤压与伸展作用. 地质学报,23(2):115-122
171. 郭洪中,张招崇。辽宁西部中生代火山岩的基本特征〔J〕。岩石矿物学杂志,1992,3:193-204。
172. 臧尧龄,刘志英,姜应星等.中国东北部火山岩带多重岩系迭加性及其成因和演化。李兆乃,王碧香主编:火山岩火山作用及有关矿产(中国地质学会论文集第1 集) 北京: 地质出版社1993. 85-91
173. 张长厚.初论板内造山的带〔J〕。.地学前缘,1999.6(4):213-306
174. 张长厚,王根厚,王国胜等。辽西地区燕山板内造山带东段中生代逆冲推覆构造〔J〕。地质学报,2002,76(1):64-76
175. 郑亚东,Davis G A,王琮等。燕山带中生代主要构造事件与板块构造背景问题〔J〕.地质学报,2000,74(4):289-302
176. 杨庚、柴育成,吴正文。燕山造山带东段-辽西地区薄皮逆冲推覆构造〔J〕地质学报,第75 卷、第3 期
177. 马寅生,崔盛芹,曾庆利等。燕山地区燕山期的挤压与伸展作用〔J〕地质通报,2002,21(4-5):218-223
178. 邓晋福,莫宣学,赵海玲等.中国大陆根-柱构造[M],北京:地质出版社,1996
179. 邓晋福,苏尚国,赵海玲等.华北地区燕山期岩石圈减薄的深部过程[J],地学前缘,2003,10(3):41-50.
180. Chen Shuwang, Jinchengzhu, Zhangyunping, Zhang Lidong, Guo Shengzhe. Discussion on the Structural-Volcanic Activities and Biological Events During Early Cretaceous in Sihetun Area, Liaoning Province, China [J]. GEOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN,2004,23(3):52-61.
181. 丁秋红、张立东、郭胜哲、陈树旺等.辽西北票地区义县组古气候环境标志及其意义[J], 地质通报, 2003,22(3):186-191。
182. Andres, R.J., and Kasgnoc, A.D., Global Emissions Inventory Activity, Global Emissions Inventory Activity[J]. Time-Averaged Inventory of Volcanic Sulfur Emissions. 1997.
183. Barnes, Ivan, Irwin, W.P., and White, D.E., Global distribution of carbon dioxide discrages, and major zones of seismicity [J]. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation 1978. 78-79.
184. Bates, T.S., Lamb, B.K., Guenther, A., Dignon, J., Stoiber, R.E., Sulfur emissions to the atmosphere from natural sources [J]. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 1992, 14:315-337.
185. Buat-Menard, P., and Arnold, M., The heavy metal chemistry of atmospheric particulate matter emitted by Mount Etna volcano [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1978, 5: 245.
186. Cadle, R.D., A comparison of volcanic with other fluxes of atmospheric trace gas constituents [J]. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 1980, 18:746-752.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |