光伏并网功率调节系统及其控制的研究
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摘要
随着全球范围内能源紧缺和安全问题的日益突出,可再生能源的利用引起广泛的重视。大规模光伏并网发电是充分利用太阳能的一种有效方式,而光伏并网发电中的功率调节、电能质量、电压稳定和无功补偿问题一直是人们关注的热点问题。光伏并网功率调节系统PVPC(Photovoltaic grid-connected Power Conditioner)利用光伏并网逆变主电路的特点,将光伏并网的发电控制与无功补偿、有源滤波相结合,在有效地进行光伏并网发电的同时,还可以对电网中的无功和谐波进行补偿或抑制,进而提高电网供电质量和能力,并减少线路损耗,该系统的使用可以节省相应设备的投资,拓宽了光伏并网发电的应用范围,具有广阔的发展前景。
文中深入研究PVPC的理论、拓扑结构、太阳电池最大功率点跟踪、谐波及无功电流检测、并网功率的控制和孤岛效应的识别等,研制容量为30KVA的光伏并网功率调节系统样机,在光伏并网逆变器的设计和控制、瞬时无功补偿和谐波抑制、最大功率跟踪和孤岛效应识别等关键技术领域均获得满意成果,很好地实现了光伏并网发电与无功补偿的统一控制。
本文的主要研究内容有:
一、PVPC系统的拓扑结构
深入分析光伏并网逆变器和有源电力滤波器拓扑结构的特点,结合并联型APF控制原理,提出了具有无功补偿功能的三相PVPC拓扑结构,建立PVPC在三相静止坐标系下的数学模型,分析了PVPC的工作机理和动态特性。
设计光伏并网功率调节器的主电路,对交流侧并网滤波电抗器和直流侧储能电容的选择提出了基于工程设计的计算方法,并详细分析了主电路结构参数对系统性能的影响。
二、瞬时无功和谐波电流的检测和控制
根据瞬时无功功率理论,提出了基于DSP数据处理器的瞬时无功和谐波电流的在线检测算法,有效的无功补偿和谐波抑制功能,系统实验表明,无功补偿和谐波抑制的效果良好,反应迅速。
三、系统的最大功率跟踪
光伏阵列的V-I特性与温度和日照强度有关且具有强烈的非线性,其最大功率的跟踪控制一直是光伏系统技术研究的重要内容之一,本文在深入分析了影响最大功率跟踪效果的几种可能原因,研究常规的P&O法和IncCond法之间的本质联系,针对这两种方法都无法避免
According to the characteristics of inverter main circuits normally used in photovoltaic grid-connected systems, a novel control strategy is proposed for a photovoltaic grid-connected power conditioner (PVPC) system, in which a photovoltaic grid-connected generation is integrated with reactive power compensation and active filter. In this way, PVPC can provide not only active power but also reactive power, which simplifies system configuration, improves the power quality of mains with saving the investment of the equipment. The system has broad prospect.The main contents of this paper are as follows:1. A three-phased PVPC topology with reactive power compensation is proposed. And its operation principle and math model are further analyzed. The effect of main circuit parameters on performances of the system is discussed in details.2. According to the instantaneous p-q power theory, the algorithm is presented based on digital signal processor (DSP) instantaneous reactive power and harmonic current detection so that instantaneous reactive power and harmonic current damping are realized effectively.3. A novel algorithm - twice incremental conductance is proposed, which can find the maximum power point (MPP) when solar radiation is changing rapidly. This method ensures the small swing of solar array voltage in the process of searching the MPP.4. The PVPC prototype can also be applied in large -scale photovoltaic grid-connected system, so the topology and the control strategy of grid-connected group-control system are analyzed here, which can be called fixed master/slaver (FMS) and rotating master/slaver (RMS) basing on CAN bus.5. The generalized integral PI control method is put forward in the paper. It can not only realize zero error tracking of the alternating current, but also enhance power factor in all power range and improve the effect of reactive power compensation.
6. The paper describes a novel anti-islanding method of frequency error displacement. Experimental results indicate that it significantly shrinks the response time near resonant load and has strong competence of anti noise.7. The prototype of 30KVA photovoltaic grid-connected power conditioner has been put into use in solar generation demonstration. It has been working in good condition since the prototype was put into use one year before.
文中深入研究PVPC的理论、拓扑结构、太阳电池最大功率点跟踪、谐波及无功电流检测、并网功率的控制和孤岛效应的识别等,研制容量为30KVA的光伏并网功率调节系统样机,在光伏并网逆变器的设计和控制、瞬时无功补偿和谐波抑制、最大功率跟踪和孤岛效应识别等关键技术领域均获得满意成果,很好地实现了光伏并网发电与无功补偿的统一控制。
本文的主要研究内容有:
一、PVPC系统的拓扑结构
深入分析光伏并网逆变器和有源电力滤波器拓扑结构的特点,结合并联型APF控制原理,提出了具有无功补偿功能的三相PVPC拓扑结构,建立PVPC在三相静止坐标系下的数学模型,分析了PVPC的工作机理和动态特性。
设计光伏并网功率调节器的主电路,对交流侧并网滤波电抗器和直流侧储能电容的选择提出了基于工程设计的计算方法,并详细分析了主电路结构参数对系统性能的影响。
二、瞬时无功和谐波电流的检测和控制
根据瞬时无功功率理论,提出了基于DSP数据处理器的瞬时无功和谐波电流的在线检测算法,有效的无功补偿和谐波抑制功能,系统实验表明,无功补偿和谐波抑制的效果良好,反应迅速。
三、系统的最大功率跟踪
光伏阵列的V-I特性与温度和日照强度有关且具有强烈的非线性,其最大功率的跟踪控制一直是光伏系统技术研究的重要内容之一,本文在深入分析了影响最大功率跟踪效果的几种可能原因,研究常规的P&O法和IncCond法之间的本质联系,针对这两种方法都无法避免
According to the characteristics of inverter main circuits normally used in photovoltaic grid-connected systems, a novel control strategy is proposed for a photovoltaic grid-connected power conditioner (PVPC) system, in which a photovoltaic grid-connected generation is integrated with reactive power compensation and active filter. In this way, PVPC can provide not only active power but also reactive power, which simplifies system configuration, improves the power quality of mains with saving the investment of the equipment. The system has broad prospect.The main contents of this paper are as follows:1. A three-phased PVPC topology with reactive power compensation is proposed. And its operation principle and math model are further analyzed. The effect of main circuit parameters on performances of the system is discussed in details.2. According to the instantaneous p-q power theory, the algorithm is presented based on digital signal processor (DSP) instantaneous reactive power and harmonic current detection so that instantaneous reactive power and harmonic current damping are realized effectively.3. A novel algorithm - twice incremental conductance is proposed, which can find the maximum power point (MPP) when solar radiation is changing rapidly. This method ensures the small swing of solar array voltage in the process of searching the MPP.4. The PVPC prototype can also be applied in large -scale photovoltaic grid-connected system, so the topology and the control strategy of grid-connected group-control system are analyzed here, which can be called fixed master/slaver (FMS) and rotating master/slaver (RMS) basing on CAN bus.5. The generalized integral PI control method is put forward in the paper. It can not only realize zero error tracking of the alternating current, but also enhance power factor in all power range and improve the effect of reactive power compensation.
6. The paper describes a novel anti-islanding method of frequency error displacement. Experimental results indicate that it significantly shrinks the response time near resonant load and has strong competence of anti noise.7. The prototype of 30KVA photovoltaic grid-connected power conditioner has been put into use in solar generation demonstration. It has been working in good condition since the prototype was put into use one year before.
引文
[1] 中国资源综合利用协会可再生能源专业委员会.中国光伏发电的技术现状及展望.可再生能源,2002.3
[2] M. A. Green, Third Generation Photovoltaics: Comparative Evaluation of Advanced Solar Conversion Options, 29th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf. May.2002
[3] W. D. Kellogg, M. H. Nehrir, G. Venkataramanan, and V. Gerez Generation unit sizing and cost analysis for stand-alone wind, photovoltaic, and hybrid wind/PV systems [J]. IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, 1998, 13: 70～75
[4] 丁薛祥.清洁能源与新能源——新世纪上海可持续发展的保证.能源技术,2001.1
[5] 林安中,王斯成.国内外太阳电池和光伏发电的进展与前景.太阳能学报,1999(特刊),P68～74
[6] Macdonald D, Cuevas A. Understanding carder trapping in multicrystalline silicon [J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2001, 65:509-516
[7] Muramatsu S, Uematsu T, Ohtsuka H, et al. Effect of hydrogen radical annealing on SiN passivated solar cells[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2001, 65:599-606
[8] Myrzik, J. M. A., Novel inverter topologies for single-phase stand-alone or grid-connected photovoltaic systems, Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 2001. Proceedings., 2001 4th IEEE International Conference on, Volume: 1,22-25 Oct. 2001, Pages: 103-108 vol. 1
[9] Xuanyuan Wang; Kazerani, M., A modular photovoltaic grid-connected inverter based on phase-shifted-carrier technique, Industry Applications Conference, 2002. 37th IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the, Volume: 4,13-18 Oct. 2002, vol.4, pp:2520～2525
[10] 严陆光等.太阳能与风力发电的现状与展望.电网技术,1995.5
[11] Hudson, R. M., Behnke, M. R, West, R., Gonzalez, S., Ginn, J., Design considerations for three-phase grid connected photovoltaic inverters, Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002. Conference Record of the Twenty-Ninth IEEE, 19-24 May 2002 , Pages: 1396～1401
[12] Andrew Shannon, A 240Vac Unity Power Factor grid connented rectifier/inverter utilizing the three phase motor drive, the Bachelor degree paper of School of information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, 2002, I0
[13] Volker Quaschning, Rolf Hanitsch, Increased Energy Yield of 50% at Flat Roof and Field Installations with Optimized Module Structures. 2nd World Conference and Exhibition on Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion. Vienna. Austria. 6-10 July 1998
[14] M. Rukonuzzaman, M. Nakaoka. Adaptive neural network based harmonic current compensation in active power filter. Proceedings. IJCNN 101,2001,Vol.3, pp: 2281～2286
[15] 钱照明,董伯藩,何湘宁.电力电子技术及其应用的最新发展.中国电机工程学报,1998.3
[16] Kosuke Kurokawa, Daisuke Uchida, Kenji Otani and Tadatoshi Sugiura, "Realistic PV Performance Values Obtained By A Number Of Grid-Connected Systems In Japan" 8 th Intern. Conf. on Solar Energy in High Latitudes, Edmonton, Canada, Aug.1999
[17] 王兆安,杨君,刘进军.谐波抑制和无功功率补偿.机械工业出版社,1999
[18] C. Qiao, K. Smedley. Three-phase Active Power Filters with Unigied Constant-frequency Integration Control. IPEMC 2000, pp689～705
[19] V. M. Cardenas, C. Nunez, N. Vazquez. Analysis and Evaluation of Control Techniques for Active Power Filters: Sliding Mode Control and Proporational-Integral Control, IEEE IAS, 1999
[20] 何大愚.柔性交流输电技术和用户电力技术的新进展.电力系统自动化,1999.6
[21] Narain G. Hingoranl & L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS-Concepts and technology of flexible AC transmission systems, IEEE Press, 1999
[2] M. A. Green, Third Generation Photovoltaics: Comparative Evaluation of Advanced Solar Conversion Options, 29th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf. May.2002
[3] W. D. Kellogg, M. H. Nehrir, G. Venkataramanan, and V. Gerez Generation unit sizing and cost analysis for stand-alone wind, photovoltaic, and hybrid wind/PV systems [J]. IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, 1998, 13: 70～75
[4] 丁薛祥.清洁能源与新能源——新世纪上海可持续发展的保证.能源技术,2001.1
[5] 林安中,王斯成.国内外太阳电池和光伏发电的进展与前景.太阳能学报,1999(特刊),P68～74
[6] Macdonald D, Cuevas A. Understanding carder trapping in multicrystalline silicon [J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2001, 65:509-516
[7] Muramatsu S, Uematsu T, Ohtsuka H, et al. Effect of hydrogen radical annealing on SiN passivated solar cells[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2001, 65:599-606
[8] Myrzik, J. M. A., Novel inverter topologies for single-phase stand-alone or grid-connected photovoltaic systems, Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 2001. Proceedings., 2001 4th IEEE International Conference on, Volume: 1,22-25 Oct. 2001, Pages: 103-108 vol. 1
[9] Xuanyuan Wang; Kazerani, M., A modular photovoltaic grid-connected inverter based on phase-shifted-carrier technique, Industry Applications Conference, 2002. 37th IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the, Volume: 4,13-18 Oct. 2002, vol.4, pp:2520～2525
[10] 严陆光等.太阳能与风力发电的现状与展望.电网技术,1995.5
[11] Hudson, R. M., Behnke, M. R, West, R., Gonzalez, S., Ginn, J., Design considerations for three-phase grid connected photovoltaic inverters, Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002. Conference Record of the Twenty-Ninth IEEE, 19-24 May 2002 , Pages: 1396～1401
[12] Andrew Shannon, A 240Vac Unity Power Factor grid connented rectifier/inverter utilizing the three phase motor drive, the Bachelor degree paper of School of information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, 2002, I0
[13] Volker Quaschning, Rolf Hanitsch, Increased Energy Yield of 50% at Flat Roof and Field Installations with Optimized Module Structures. 2nd World Conference and Exhibition on Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion. Vienna. Austria. 6-10 July 1998
[14] M. Rukonuzzaman, M. Nakaoka. Adaptive neural network based harmonic current compensation in active power filter. Proceedings. IJCNN 101,2001,Vol.3, pp: 2281～2286
[15] 钱照明,董伯藩,何湘宁.电力电子技术及其应用的最新发展.中国电机工程学报,1998.3
[16] Kosuke Kurokawa, Daisuke Uchida, Kenji Otani and Tadatoshi Sugiura, "Realistic PV Performance Values Obtained By A Number Of Grid-Connected Systems In Japan" 8 th Intern. Conf. on Solar Energy in High Latitudes, Edmonton, Canada, Aug.1999
[17] 王兆安,杨君,刘进军.谐波抑制和无功功率补偿.机械工业出版社,1999
[18] C. Qiao, K. Smedley. Three-phase Active Power Filters with Unigied Constant-frequency Integration Control. IPEMC 2000, pp689～705
[19] V. M. Cardenas, C. Nunez, N. Vazquez. Analysis and Evaluation of Control Techniques for Active Power Filters: Sliding Mode Control and Proporational-Integral Control, IEEE IAS, 1999
[20] 何大愚.柔性交流输电技术和用户电力技术的新进展.电力系统自动化,1999.6
[21] Narain G. Hingoranl & L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS-Concepts and technology of flexible AC transmission systems, IEEE Press, 1999
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