井间地震波速与衰减联合层析成像方法研究
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摘要
提高井间地震波层析成像的分辨率及解释精度,是一个永恒的课题。地震波速与衰减联合层析成像,是利用地震波初至旅行时间、初至峰值振幅粘滞衰减进行井间介质的波速和Q 值图像重建。开展波速、衰减因子等多参量成像方法研究,以最大可能提高勘探分辨率为目标,以期更加有效地利用井间地震资料,充分发挥该技术的能动性。
根据目前地震层析成像技术的现状和发展方向,结合工程勘探、环境保护、文物调查、防灾减灾等地质工程勘察的实际需要,论文研究了井间地震初至波、速度及衰减因子图像重建方法,本文主要内容包括:
1. 射线追踪方法研究:地震波射线追踪的研究是走时层析成像的基础。当前实用性较强的射线追踪方法,包括波前法,最短路径法,走时插值法,程函方程有限差分法等。在对各种射线追踪方法进行理论及数值实验对比分析的基础上,提出了有序波前重建射线追踪方法,并开展并行射线追踪算法研究,研制了计算任意复杂介质初至波射线追踪软件。
2. 成像反演方法研究:高精度的反演算法是提高井间地震波层析成像分辨率的关键技术之一,因此,研究了非线性问题的线性化,波速图像重建的微分系数矩阵,衰减成像系数矩阵,以及优化算法求解的有关方法技术,提出了采用适应射线覆盖密度的成像网格,以及给定精度要求的细密射线追踪网格的一种新的走时成像方法—交错网格法,编制了相应软件,进行了实验研究及工程实践;
3. 层析成像中的约束问题讨论:有效利用已知的地质信息(如测井资料等)而加入强制约束条件,以及在反演算法中加入不等式约束条件(自然约束条件)后求解最小二乘问题,均能有效提高成像分辨率。提出了相干井拟三维层析成像技术。实验研究与工程实践均证明了约束走时层析成像比常规反演算法成像精度高。
4. 非均匀粘弹性介质中地震波动方程正演模拟研究:采用虚谱法进行非均匀粘滞弹性介质中地震波正演模拟,由运动微分方程、自由边界条件及吸收边界条件,导出二维非均匀粘弹介质中波传播的计算公式,实现微机上虚谱法对地震波场进行模拟,用以验证井间地震波走时层析成像结果,为井间地震波衰减成像、波形反演等提供依据。
5. 衰减层析成像研究:衰减层析成像研究,不仅可以完善井间地震波成像方法,而且可以扩大成像信息量,增强对研究区域地质结构与物性分布的认识,提高成像结果的分辨率和可靠性。讨论了利用地震波初至峰值振幅重建二维衰减特性分布图像的层析成像方法,研究了地震波透射损失等引起的振幅变化的消除方法,以及速度分布对Q 值图像重建的影响,并进行了数值模拟实验及工程实践。
6. 实用井间地震波层析成像软件系统研究:在井间地震波速与衰减联合层析成像方法研究的基础上,研制了具有较高分辨率的实用地震波层析成像软件系统。
To improve the resolution and interpretative precision of crosswellseismic tomography is an evergreen topic. Combining velocity andattenuation tomography is to rebuild crosswell medium velocity and Q valueimages using seismic first arrival travel time and first peak value amplitude’sattenuation. The motive of developing multi-parameters tomographycombining velocity and attenuation is to improve explorational resolution toexpect efficacious utilize of crosswell seismic data and fully exert thetechnological capability.
According to status quo and developing orientation of seismictomography techniques at present, considering actual demand of geo-projectsincluding engineering prospecting, environmental protecting, culture relicinvestigating, defending disaster and so on, some methods concentrated oncrosswell seismic first arrival and rebuilding velocity and attenuation imagesis studied in this paper. The main researching contexts are as follows:
◇Ray tracing methods study. Seismic ray tracing methods study is basis of travel time tomography. More practical ray tracing methods currently include the wavefront method, the shortest path method, the travel time epenthesis method, the eikonal equation finite difference method, etc. The ray tracing using Ordinal Wavefront Construction Method(OWCM) is put forward based on the current ray tracing methods via comparison and analysis in theory and numerical value, and import of parallel arithmetic improves tracing efficiency and ray tracing software package to calculate the first arrival in any complex medium.
◇Tomographic inversion study. High precision inversion arithmetic is one of key techniques on improving crosswell seismic tomographic resolution. Therefore, relational methods and techniques with linearization of non linearity questiones, differential coefficient matrix of rebuilding velocity image, coefficient matrix of attenuation image and optimize arithmetic are restudied. A new method of seismic wave travel time tomography, The Interlaced Gridding Method(TGM) is put forward in this paper. It’s to use both high density gridding to trace ray and sparser gridding suiting actual rays to image, and to adopt task parallel computation to improve
velocity. it’s testified more precision by numerical experiment and engineering practice.◇Tomographic restricted question discussion. It’s effective to improve tomographic resolution using both compulsive condition of importing known geo-information and nature condition of importing inequations to inversion to computing least square question. A new seismic restricted tomography, Pseudo 3D Concerned Well Tomography, is put forward and testified more precision than routine inversions by numerical experiment and engineering practice.◇Non homogeneous viscoelastic seismic wave modeling. It’s studied via pseudo-spectral method. To deduce the computing formula of 2D viscoelastic wave equation from athletics differential equation, free boundary conditions and absorb boundary conditions, and realize seismic modeling using pseudo-spectral method in computer validate the result of tomography and provide dependence for crosswell seismic attenuation tomography and wave from inversion.◇Attenuation tomographic study. It could not only improve crosswell seismic tomography but also expend image information and boost up understand on geo-structure and physical characters distributing in studied area and improve image resolution and reliability. The tomography of rebuilding 2D attenuation character distributing image using seismic wave peak amplitude is discussed. The eliminated method of attenuation variety resulted from seismic wave transmission loss etc. and the effect on rebuilding Q value image from velocity distributing and numeric experiment and engineering practice are studied.◇Practical crosswell seismic wave tomographic sofrtware system study. Based on study on crosswell seismic tomography combining velocity and attenuation, A higher resolution software package is developed.
根据目前地震层析成像技术的现状和发展方向,结合工程勘探、环境保护、文物调查、防灾减灾等地质工程勘察的实际需要,论文研究了井间地震初至波、速度及衰减因子图像重建方法,本文主要内容包括:
1. 射线追踪方法研究:地震波射线追踪的研究是走时层析成像的基础。当前实用性较强的射线追踪方法,包括波前法,最短路径法,走时插值法,程函方程有限差分法等。在对各种射线追踪方法进行理论及数值实验对比分析的基础上,提出了有序波前重建射线追踪方法,并开展并行射线追踪算法研究,研制了计算任意复杂介质初至波射线追踪软件。
2. 成像反演方法研究:高精度的反演算法是提高井间地震波层析成像分辨率的关键技术之一,因此,研究了非线性问题的线性化,波速图像重建的微分系数矩阵,衰减成像系数矩阵,以及优化算法求解的有关方法技术,提出了采用适应射线覆盖密度的成像网格,以及给定精度要求的细密射线追踪网格的一种新的走时成像方法—交错网格法,编制了相应软件,进行了实验研究及工程实践;
3. 层析成像中的约束问题讨论:有效利用已知的地质信息(如测井资料等)而加入强制约束条件,以及在反演算法中加入不等式约束条件(自然约束条件)后求解最小二乘问题,均能有效提高成像分辨率。提出了相干井拟三维层析成像技术。实验研究与工程实践均证明了约束走时层析成像比常规反演算法成像精度高。
4. 非均匀粘弹性介质中地震波动方程正演模拟研究:采用虚谱法进行非均匀粘滞弹性介质中地震波正演模拟,由运动微分方程、自由边界条件及吸收边界条件,导出二维非均匀粘弹介质中波传播的计算公式,实现微机上虚谱法对地震波场进行模拟,用以验证井间地震波走时层析成像结果,为井间地震波衰减成像、波形反演等提供依据。
5. 衰减层析成像研究:衰减层析成像研究,不仅可以完善井间地震波成像方法,而且可以扩大成像信息量,增强对研究区域地质结构与物性分布的认识,提高成像结果的分辨率和可靠性。讨论了利用地震波初至峰值振幅重建二维衰减特性分布图像的层析成像方法,研究了地震波透射损失等引起的振幅变化的消除方法,以及速度分布对Q 值图像重建的影响,并进行了数值模拟实验及工程实践。
6. 实用井间地震波层析成像软件系统研究:在井间地震波速与衰减联合层析成像方法研究的基础上,研制了具有较高分辨率的实用地震波层析成像软件系统。
To improve the resolution and interpretative precision of crosswellseismic tomography is an evergreen topic. Combining velocity andattenuation tomography is to rebuild crosswell medium velocity and Q valueimages using seismic first arrival travel time and first peak value amplitude’sattenuation. The motive of developing multi-parameters tomographycombining velocity and attenuation is to improve explorational resolution toexpect efficacious utilize of crosswell seismic data and fully exert thetechnological capability.
According to status quo and developing orientation of seismictomography techniques at present, considering actual demand of geo-projectsincluding engineering prospecting, environmental protecting, culture relicinvestigating, defending disaster and so on, some methods concentrated oncrosswell seismic first arrival and rebuilding velocity and attenuation imagesis studied in this paper. The main researching contexts are as follows:
◇Ray tracing methods study. Seismic ray tracing methods study is basis of travel time tomography. More practical ray tracing methods currently include the wavefront method, the shortest path method, the travel time epenthesis method, the eikonal equation finite difference method, etc. The ray tracing using Ordinal Wavefront Construction Method(OWCM) is put forward based on the current ray tracing methods via comparison and analysis in theory and numerical value, and import of parallel arithmetic improves tracing efficiency and ray tracing software package to calculate the first arrival in any complex medium.
◇Tomographic inversion study. High precision inversion arithmetic is one of key techniques on improving crosswell seismic tomographic resolution. Therefore, relational methods and techniques with linearization of non linearity questiones, differential coefficient matrix of rebuilding velocity image, coefficient matrix of attenuation image and optimize arithmetic are restudied. A new method of seismic wave travel time tomography, The Interlaced Gridding Method(TGM) is put forward in this paper. It’s to use both high density gridding to trace ray and sparser gridding suiting actual rays to image, and to adopt task parallel computation to improve
velocity. it’s testified more precision by numerical experiment and engineering practice.◇Tomographic restricted question discussion. It’s effective to improve tomographic resolution using both compulsive condition of importing known geo-information and nature condition of importing inequations to inversion to computing least square question. A new seismic restricted tomography, Pseudo 3D Concerned Well Tomography, is put forward and testified more precision than routine inversions by numerical experiment and engineering practice.◇Non homogeneous viscoelastic seismic wave modeling. It’s studied via pseudo-spectral method. To deduce the computing formula of 2D viscoelastic wave equation from athletics differential equation, free boundary conditions and absorb boundary conditions, and realize seismic modeling using pseudo-spectral method in computer validate the result of tomography and provide dependence for crosswell seismic attenuation tomography and wave from inversion.◇Attenuation tomographic study. It could not only improve crosswell seismic tomography but also expend image information and boost up understand on geo-structure and physical characters distributing in studied area and improve image resolution and reliability. The tomography of rebuilding 2D attenuation character distributing image using seismic wave peak amplitude is discussed. The eliminated method of attenuation variety resulted from seismic wave transmission loss etc. and the effect on rebuilding Q value image from velocity distributing and numeric experiment and engineering practice are studied.◇Practical crosswell seismic wave tomographic sofrtware system study. Based on study on crosswell seismic tomography combining velocity and attenuation, A higher resolution software package is developed.
引文
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