摘要
中国大陆位于欧亚板块的东南部,印度、太平洋、菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块的相互作用及欧亚板内深部动力学作用建造了中国大陆不同类型的活动构造,控制着中国大陆强震的空间展布格局。在前人研究成果的基础上,国家重点基础研究规划项目“大陆强震机理与预测”提出了活动地块科学假说,研究中国大陆强震发生的机理,为大陆强震的预测服务。本文主要以中国大陆活动地块科学假说为理论基础,利用包括地震学、地质学和大地测量学等多种资料综合研究了中国大陆地壳的运动及其应力应变场,将地震活动性研究与现今地壳运动及其应力应变场研究相结合,给出中国大陆地震应变场的基本特征,探讨了中国大陆活动地块对大陆强震的控制作用。然后,围绕中国大陆活动地块运动变形和地震关系,采用数值模型进行模拟研究,为大陆地震机理及其预测研究服务。
首先,根据全球地震的分布及其运动学、动力学特征,全球最活动的构造可以划分为环太平洋构造系,大洋中脊构造系和大陆构造系等三个全球一级构造系。其中,环太平洋构造系以大洋岩石圈向大陆岩石圈俯冲为构造特征;大洋中脊构造系以大洋岩石圈内裂谷-转换断层的组合构造为特征;大陆构造系则以大陆岩石圈的边缘和内部各种断裂的相互作用为特征。应用包含多种震源参数的哈佛CMT地震目录,研究了全球及其三个一级构造系的地震震源破裂类型、地震活动特征、震源深度分布特征等。全球地震按破裂类型分类,主要是以逆冲型地震和走滑型地震为主,反映了全球的主压应力方向以近水平方向为主的构造应力格局,三大构造系的震源机制类型的不同比例差别反映了区域构造动力因素的差别。环太平洋构造系是大洋地壳的收敛地区,逆冲为主的地震破裂显示了该区域以挤压为主的应力状态。大洋中脊是洋壳增生的地区,正断层型的地震破裂显示了洋中脊系的拉张应力状态。而在大陆构造系中,地震破裂的比例则反映了大陆构造系统内部复杂的构造应力状态。从地震活动的水平来看,三大构造系各不相同,地震活动的水平反映了三个系构造活动水平的差别。大洋中脊地区的b值较高,大陆地区的b值较低,可能说明了区域的介质强度与应力水平的差异。从地震发生的深度来看,大陆构造系和大洋中脊地区发生的地震基本上是浅源地震,环太平洋地区的中深源地震占的比例较大。从统计的角度来看,对于浅源中强震而言,不同构造系地震均存在震源深度大于其矩心深度的趋势,地震破裂的传播倾向于向上传播。这些结果给出了全球地震活动的基本面貌,明确了中国大陆强震在全球的地位和总体特征,为中国大陆强震研究提供了有意义的背景和约束。
然后,本文利用球面上的非连续变形分析方法(DDA)和最近十年来
The Chinese mainland is located in the southeastern part of the Eurasian Plate. The effect between the Indian Plate, Pacific Plate, Philippine Sea plates and Eurasian Plate and the deep dynamics in the Eurasian Plate construct the different active tectonics on the Chinese mainland. It also control the spatial pattern of continental strong earthquakes on the Chinese mainland. The hypothesis of active tectonic block was put forward in the project of "the mechanism and prediction of continental strong earthquakes" under the National Key Project of Science and Technology Development Programmer. The hypothesis was developed to study the mechanism of continental strong earthquakes and to predict the continental strong earthquakes on the Chinese mainland. Taking the hypothesis of active tectonic block as the academic basis, we use the different kinds of data to study the motion of active tectonic blocks and the crustal stress and strain fields on the Chinese continental. The data include the seismic data, geological data and geodetic data, et al. We study the present-day crustal movement and crustal stress and strain fields together with seismicity, and present the basic characteristics of the seismic strain field on the Chinese mainland. The domination of the motion and deformation state of active tectonic block to the whole strong earthquake activity level in the Chinese mainland is discussed too. At last, to discuss further the relation between the motion and deformation of active tectonic block and the seismicity, the numerical model of Tibet Plateau are constructed.Firstly, based on the distribution of global earthquakes and their kinematic and dynamic characteristics, the most active global-scale tectonics can be divided into three first-order tectonic system: the circum-Pacific deep subduction tectonic system, which is the region that oceanic lithosphere subduct under continental lithosphere; the mid-oceanic ridge tectonic system, where the joint tectonics of rift valleys and transform faults distribute widely; and the continent-continent shallow underthrusting tectonic system, where the different kinds of continental faults affect each other. We use the Harvard CMT catalogue, which provides various parameters of hypocenter, to discuss the focal faulting types, seismicities, and distribution of focal depths, et al. in different tectonic system. Classed by the focal faulting types, global earthquakes are mainly reverse faults and strike-slip faults. We can infer that the most directions of the principal compressive stress axis are near horizontal. In three global tectonic systems, the difference between focal ruptures indicates difference between the tectonic dynamics in them. The circum-Pacific
tectonic system is the subduction zone of oceanic crust. The reverse faults illuminate the compressive stress state. The mid-oceanic ridge is accreting boundaries. The normal-fault ruptures indicate the tensive stress state in mid-oceanic regions. At the same time, focal types in continental tectonic system indicate the complicated tectonic stress state in it. Seismicities among three tectonic systems are also different. It shows the difference of tectonic activity, b-value in mid-oceanic ridge is large, and is relatively small in continental region. It shows the difference of material property and stress state. Considering the focal depth,earthquakes occur in continent and mid-oceanic ridge are mainly shallow ones. In circum-Pacific regions, more middle and deep earthquakes occur. Statistics results show that the focal depth of shallow earthquakes are usually large than their centroid depth. It indicate that the initial rupture easily occur in the deeper crust, and the ruptures mainly propagate upwards. These results provide meaningful constraint for the study of Chinese mainland.Secondly, we use the method of the Discontinue Deformation Analysis (DDA) on a spherical surface and the GPS survey results observed from 1999 to 2001 to calculate the movements and deformations of each active tectonic block. DDA not only present the displacement-deformation function that consider both the unitive motion of blocks and the continue deformation in blocks, but also consider the interaction between blocks in a mud-block system. It describe both the unitive motion and continue deformation of active tectonic blocks in the Chinese mainland, and it describe the pattern of kinematics and dynamics in the Chinese mainland better. The calculation results show that the movement and deformation of each active tectonic block on the Chinese mainland is different. Especially, the difference between blocks in western China and in eastern China is large. The movement and deformation of blocks in western China is stronger than that in eastern China, and the movement and deformation of blocks in one active tectonic block region are concordant to a certain extent at the same time. For example, the different motion and deformation of blocks in eastern China is small; the movement directions of blocks in Tibetan Plateau are dextra-rotating from south to north step to step. Then, for the boundaries of blocks all consist of active tectonic zones, and the results of boundaries' movement, calculated by using DDA on the GPS survey data, correspond to results of the geological survey. Since the active fault zones are centralized zones of tectonic activity, tectonic deformation, stress and strain etc, most earthquakes with M > 7.0 since 1988 on the Chinese continent occurred in the boundaries zone with larger slip rates or the
boundaries zone with larger different maximum shear strain rate.Thirdly, taking the primary researches on the delineation, the motion and the interaction of active tectonic blocks on the Chinese mainland into consideration, and considering the homogeneity of seismicity in space, time, and magnitude in variation block regions, the dynamic evolution of geological tectonics and their correlation, and the differences of strain energy accumulation and release in deep crust, deformation process and geo-dynamics etc., the China continent is divided into 6 seismic sub-regions based on the division results of block regions. The seismic sub-regions are Northeastern China, North China, South China, Xiyu, Tibetan Plateau and Yunnan-Burma sub-regions. They are corresponding to the Chinese part of block regions, respectively. Based on the division, the mean stress and strain state of each sub-regions are calculated by using focal mechanism solutions of major earthquakes and historical strong earthquake data, combined with composite plane solution of small earthquakes. The results show the the major earthquake data are enough for studying of mean tectonic stress state in the crust of a large region. When the focal mechanism data are insufficient, considering the historical strong earthquakes, combine with composite fault plane solution of small earthquakes, the results of stress and strain in crust are more accurate and reliable. The maximum shear strain rates and earthquake strain release rate show the difference of crustal motion between east China and west China, and the crustal motion in west China are stronger than in east China. Comparing the maximum shear strain rates with earthquake strain release rate in seismic sub-regions, the maximal shear strain rates are linear correlated with seismicity level. Comparing the stress and strain state with strain states derived from GPS survey in each seismic sub-region, the two kinds of results are coherent. It shows the domination of the motion and deformation state to the whole strong earthquake activity level in Chinese mainland. It shows the interrelation between motion and deformation of active tectonic block and seismicity.Then, the problem that how to calculate the seismic strain field using different seismic parameters and complete historical earthquake catalogue is discussed in the paper. The statistic relationship between magnitude of surface wave Ms and scale seismic moment M0 in different region of China is presented using Harvard CMT catalogue and present-day earthquake catalogue of China. The statistical relations of Ms and M0 in different region of China are different. It may show the difference of seismicity between different active block regions. Then, we use the statistical relations of Ms and M0 and
the complete historical earthquake catalogue on the Chinese continental to deduce the distribution of seismic maximum shear strain rate field. The seismic strain filed (seismic maximum shear strain rate filed) is coincident with the GPS strain field. The distribution of strain field show that the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions are the regions with a high-value of maximal shear strain rate. The distribution pattern indicates the domination of the northward motion of Indian Plate to crustal movement and seismicity on the Chinese continent. The strain rates in the Pamirs and Assam are the largest. It indicate that the two regions are the region with the most intense deformation and seismicity. The distribution of seismic apparent strain on the Chinese continent is also studied using the broadband seismic radiate energy catalogue, which released by NEIC, and the Harvard CMT catalogue. The apparent stains of earthquakes which located on the surrounding regions of Tibetan Plateau are higher, and the distribution of apparent strain relates with the intensity of crustal deformation.Through the above studies, we get the basic pattern of strain field on the Chinese continent, and discuss simply the relation between crustal movement and deformation and strong earthquakes. For The crustal motion and deformation in and near the Tibetan Plateau region are the most intensive around Chinese mainland, we choose the Tibetan Plateau active tectonic block region as the research region, and use the numerical method to simulate its kinematic characteristics. Taking the researches on active tectonic blocks and their boundary zones into consideration, an 2-dimension elastic finite element model of the Tibetan Plateau is constructed to explore hazards of the actual crustal motion and deformation on the Tibetan Plateau. The FEM model include the geological units in various grades, such as active tectonic blocks, active tectonic boundary zones and active fault zones, etc. The GPS survey results observed from 1999 to 2001 are used as boundary constraining condition to model the movement and deformation in the accumulating and releasing processes of crustal elastic strain energy. The simulation results show that the eastward movement of crust around longitude 90°E is the fastest. It indicate that the eastward movement of crust in Tibetan Plateau may be form 90°E. In the spatial span without great earthquake, the crust of Tibet Plateau move unitively, and the profile of interior deformation on the Tibet Plateau is continuous. The strain distribution on this Plateau is different among blocks and boundary zones. The deformation within block region is relatively small and its distribution is symmetric; the deformation on active boundary zones is large and its distribution is asymmetric relatively. Such a characteristic
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