中国经济转型期城镇贫困问题研究
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摘要
本文的研究对象是中国转型期城镇贫困问题。论文主要运用实证分析与规范分析相结合、定性分析与定量分析相统一的研究方法,对我国经济转型期城镇贫困问题进行了系统分析。首先,在界定贫困问题的基本范畴基础上,对马克思主义贫困理论及西方经济学贫困理论进行了述评,并提出我国城镇贫困的界定标准及具体内涵。其次,对我国经济转型期城镇贫困现状进行了全面透视,分析了现阶段城镇贫困群体的结构、分布、规模和特征,阐述了城镇贫困群体的生活状况,指出了城镇贫困的负面影响,并深刻分析了中国转型期城镇贫困产生并扩大的经济、社会及个人家庭因素。再次,指出我国城镇反贫困的治理难点,并通过对一些国家的反贫困经验借鉴,具体论述了应如何构建我国城镇反贫困战略与对策体系,提出我国城镇反贫困要实现理论创新、制度创新。
Poverty is a global problem, thus anti-poverty is a great subject which all the countries in the world are confronted with nowadays. China is regarded as a part of anti-poverty power of the world. With careful and hard work, China has obtained great achievements which attract worldwide attention over the past more than 40 years, especially since the eighties of 20th century. The population below the poverty line is sharply reduced to about 29 million in 2003 from more than 250 million in 1978. Especially in dispelling rural poverty, China has set an example for the world, especially for the developing countries which have large amount of population below the poverty line. This gained the high evaluation for China from the international community. However, we should notice that, with the gradually deepening of economic system reform, the factors of production, such as fund, technology, and personnel, etc. had been restructuring. Laid-off and unemployed people had been increasing rapidly which give pressure on employment and made the reemployment rate drop continuously. Regarding poor workers, laid-off and unemployed people and some countryside floating population as the subject, the urban neo-poverty colony is taking shape. So alleviating and suppressing the rapidly prominent urban poverty problem are extremely urgent. Just under such a background, this article carries on
comparatively systematic analysis and research on our country's "poverty problem of cities and towns". It mainly discusses on the explanation of the poverty theories, on the perspective of the current situation of poverty, on the analysis of the reasons that cause poverty, and on strategic countermeasure of solving the poverty problem, and so on. The article is divided into seven chapters altogether, and the main views and contents are as follows: Chapter one gives an explanation of poverty theories. Regarding the basic categories of poverty as the breakthrough point of studying, the text gives a comparison of the understanding to these basic categories of domestic and international scholars and colleagues. Combining my constant study and exploration for many years, this article makes preliminary definition of the meaning, characteristics, measure standard and type division of poverty. In addition, by analyzing Marx’s poverty theory, anti-poverty ideas of the three generations of Chinese leaders and the poverty theories of the western economists, I realize that poverty is both an economic problem and a social concern as well. Its type includes material poverty, ability poverty, system-caused poverty, structural-caused poverty and comprehensive poverty, etc.. The explanation of the above-mentioned contents in this chapter establishes the theoretical foundation for further systematical study of poverty problem of cities and towns in our country. Chapter two shows the perspective of the current poor situation of cities and towns in the transition period. The former standard for three-no-persons (It refers to the persons with no legal certificate, no normal dwelling and no proper source of income) had already lost its
meaning because of the transition of the economic system and adjustment of the social structure, especially the appearance of the neo-poverty colony in cities and towns. So this chapter carries on discerning and definition of the poor colony of our country at the beginning. In my opinion, the poor colony of cities and towns is consisted of not only the traditional three-no-persons, the laid-off and unemployed people, the workers of the enterprises that stop production or half stop production, but also of the peasants who go to cities and towns to work but get no economic income and live extremely poorly, and the university students who come from poor families as well. Perspective through the multi-dimension perspective to the poor colony in cities and towns of our country, we can see that the present population below the poverty line has such characteristics. The distribution is wide, the scale is large and there are a lot of families in definitely poor. If the phenomenon develops and spreads, it will bring serious negative effects to the society. So we must pay great attention to it. Chapter three analyzes the reasons caused poverty in the cities and towns in the transition period. This text thinks that the phenomenon of poverty of our country is prominent day by day and is mainly influenced by three factors: the economy, the society and the labor. Specifically speaking, the accumulation of planned economy is a historical reason which caused the poverty; the defect of the system itself is a social reason; the challenge of market economy is a realistic reason; the low quality of the poor is an individual reason, and so on. The most basic reason of them is the economic transition. The structural adjustment of economic transition didn’t alleviate the original
poverty, but caused the generous subsequently emerged poverty and enlarged the total scale and degree of poverty in the cities and towns. Analyzing the reasons causing poverty in the transition period in this chapter, it is not merely helpful in understanding the difficulties and obstacles in the anti-poverty career, but also provides references for the government to make correct strategy in poverty alleviation and to choose the effective measures as well. Chapter four is mainly about the difficulties to alleviate the poverty of our cities and towns at present. The problem is very complicated, there are many restrictive factors. The basic difficulties are that: the social environment is closed, the industrial structure is single, the vigor of the enterprises is insufficient, the economy is inefficient; the rate of unemployment keeps high, the reemployment situation is severe; the infrastructure is weak, the factors of production is not disposed well. The urgent problems to be solved are as follows: the anti-poverty force is single, social regulation and control are not enough; the interests of the subject is pluralistic, the anti-poverty forces weaken each other; the funds are dispersed inefficiently, thus makes it difficult to form the resultant of the anti-poverty; the idea of anti-poverty subject is outdated, and the measures of anti-poverty lag behind; the policies are lack of continuity, the phenomenon of utilitarianism is serious. The most difficult overcoming obstacles at present are that: the insufficiency of educational investment which might hardly benefit the poor subject, the lag of public hygiene facility which leads to the low physique of the poor, the sealed living environment which lag the idea of the poor. In economic transition period of our country, the difficulties, problems and obstacles of the anti-poverty are not only the premise of
launching the anti-poverty project in the new period, but also the foundation of making anti-poverty strategies and countermeasures for our cities and towns. Chapter five summarizes lessons from the international anti-poverty experience in the cities and towns. This chapter regards the comparison of developed countries and developing countries as the background it analyzed the system arranging and main methods of some countries in poverty alleviation in the cities and towns. In this text, the anti-poverty experience suitable for reference from other countries poor experience is mainly as follows: First , perfect the social security system, realize the institutionalization and legalization of the social security; Second, give full play to the role of NGO in poverty alleviation to remedy the deficiency of government resources; Third, develop the human resources, improve the quality of the poor subject as soon as possible; Fourth , utilize international support actively , strengthen domestic ability of develop to anti-poverty. The experience brings us the following enlightenment: First, improve the quality of the poor, create conditions for realizing shaking off poverty independently; Second, set up the poverty alleviation mechanism conforming with the conditions of our country; Third, strengthen the supporting of the government in poverty alleviation in the cities and towns; Fourth, improve legislation for the social security; Fifth, utilize various kinds of organizations actively and joint them into one powerful force to alleviate poverty. The international experience and the enlightenment mentioned above provide China with great realistic meanings for
setting up and perfecting the poverty alleviation system in the cities and towns. Chapter six is mainly about the strategic framework of poverty alleviation in the transition period. The draft of the anti-poverty strategy of our cities and towns, firstly, should regard Deng Xiaoping Theory and “Three Represents”important thoughts as the theoretical foundation. On one hand, it is the motive force that promotes the socialism to develop vigorously. On the other hand, it is also the theoretical foundation for carrying all the works of the Party and the country. Secondly, make it as the guide of anti-poverty of our cities and towns in the new period that “insisting People First, implementing the overall, coordinating and sustainable scientific development view”because adhering to the scientific development view is necessary to dispel definitely poverty and realize the strategic object of building a well-off society in an all round way. Moreover, to make and implement the strategy of the anti-poverty, it is an important assurance for realizing the strategic object that following systematic thinking, employment leading, unbalanced increasing and principle of pluralized goal. Finally, suggest the mode selection of anti-poverty in cities and towns. This paper deems the main mode of assisting the poor in our cities and towns: the mode of development pole for anti-poverty, the mode of manpower capital investment, the mode of systematic anti-poverty and the mode of basic social security. It is helpful to promote the anti-poverty of our country that knowing and understanding the framework of anti-poverty strategic in our cities and
towns in transition period. Chapter Seven proposes the main countermeasures to alleviate the poverty in cities and towns. In this chapter, in order to advance the anti-poor strategy of cities and towns of our country, countermeasures are clearly suggested as the following: first, consummate the public policies and strengthen the macro-control. Proclaim policies which are helpful to alleviate the poverty in cities and towns, accelerate implementing the reemployment project, strengthen the intervention of the government in the distributing field. Second, advance theory innovation and perfect the monitoring system for poverty. Set up special research institution for anti-poverty and special monitoring system for poverty, confirm the content, range and target and set up the file of the population below the poverty line. Third, strengthen the construction of the anti-poor subject and improve its quality. Reform the traditional way of poverty alleviation and difficulties overcoming of the government and realize the NGO scale in anti-poverty field, the new leaps of the ability in this field and improve the quality of the poor subject. Fourth, set up an effective mechanism of shaking off poverty and advance the systematic innovation of anti-poverty. This mechanism should mainly rely on shaking off poverty in independence with a complement of encouraging and leading the poor to participate in the career of shaking off poverty. The new pattern of anti-poverty should mainly rely on exploration poverty alleviation with relieving as a complement. Fifth, perfect the social security system and strengthen the social security function of it. Widen the coverage of social insurance, perfect the legal supervision system of the social security system and solve the prominent problem in the social security
Poverty is a global problem, thus anti-poverty is a great subject which all the countries in the world are confronted with nowadays. China is regarded as a part of anti-poverty power of the world. With careful and hard work, China has obtained great achievements which attract worldwide attention over the past more than 40 years, especially since the eighties of 20th century. The population below the poverty line is sharply reduced to about 29 million in 2003 from more than 250 million in 1978. Especially in dispelling rural poverty, China has set an example for the world, especially for the developing countries which have large amount of population below the poverty line. This gained the high evaluation for China from the international community. However, we should notice that, with the gradually deepening of economic system reform, the factors of production, such as fund, technology, and personnel, etc. had been restructuring. Laid-off and unemployed people had been increasing rapidly which give pressure on employment and made the reemployment rate drop continuously. Regarding poor workers, laid-off and unemployed people and some countryside floating population as the subject, the urban neo-poverty colony is taking shape. So alleviating and suppressing the rapidly prominent urban poverty problem are extremely urgent. Just under such a background, this article carries on
comparatively systematic analysis and research on our country's "poverty problem of cities and towns". It mainly discusses on the explanation of the poverty theories, on the perspective of the current situation of poverty, on the analysis of the reasons that cause poverty, and on strategic countermeasure of solving the poverty problem, and so on. The article is divided into seven chapters altogether, and the main views and contents are as follows: Chapter one gives an explanation of poverty theories. Regarding the basic categories of poverty as the breakthrough point of studying, the text gives a comparison of the understanding to these basic categories of domestic and international scholars and colleagues. Combining my constant study and exploration for many years, this article makes preliminary definition of the meaning, characteristics, measure standard and type division of poverty. In addition, by analyzing Marx’s poverty theory, anti-poverty ideas of the three generations of Chinese leaders and the poverty theories of the western economists, I realize that poverty is both an economic problem and a social concern as well. Its type includes material poverty, ability poverty, system-caused poverty, structural-caused poverty and comprehensive poverty, etc.. The explanation of the above-mentioned contents in this chapter establishes the theoretical foundation for further systematical study of poverty problem of cities and towns in our country. Chapter two shows the perspective of the current poor situation of cities and towns in the transition period. The former standard for three-no-persons (It refers to the persons with no legal certificate, no normal dwelling and no proper source of income) had already lost its
meaning because of the transition of the economic system and adjustment of the social structure, especially the appearance of the neo-poverty colony in cities and towns. So this chapter carries on discerning and definition of the poor colony of our country at the beginning. In my opinion, the poor colony of cities and towns is consisted of not only the traditional three-no-persons, the laid-off and unemployed people, the workers of the enterprises that stop production or half stop production, but also of the peasants who go to cities and towns to work but get no economic income and live extremely poorly, and the university students who come from poor families as well. Perspective through the multi-dimension perspective to the poor colony in cities and towns of our country, we can see that the present population below the poverty line has such characteristics. The distribution is wide, the scale is large and there are a lot of families in definitely poor. If the phenomenon develops and spreads, it will bring serious negative effects to the society. So we must pay great attention to it. Chapter three analyzes the reasons caused poverty in the cities and towns in the transition period. This text thinks that the phenomenon of poverty of our country is prominent day by day and is mainly influenced by three factors: the economy, the society and the labor. Specifically speaking, the accumulation of planned economy is a historical reason which caused the poverty; the defect of the system itself is a social reason; the challenge of market economy is a realistic reason; the low quality of the poor is an individual reason, and so on. The most basic reason of them is the economic transition. The structural adjustment of economic transition didn’t alleviate the original
poverty, but caused the generous subsequently emerged poverty and enlarged the total scale and degree of poverty in the cities and towns. Analyzing the reasons causing poverty in the transition period in this chapter, it is not merely helpful in understanding the difficulties and obstacles in the anti-poverty career, but also provides references for the government to make correct strategy in poverty alleviation and to choose the effective measures as well. Chapter four is mainly about the difficulties to alleviate the poverty of our cities and towns at present. The problem is very complicated, there are many restrictive factors. The basic difficulties are that: the social environment is closed, the industrial structure is single, the vigor of the enterprises is insufficient, the economy is inefficient; the rate of unemployment keeps high, the reemployment situation is severe; the infrastructure is weak, the factors of production is not disposed well. The urgent problems to be solved are as follows: the anti-poverty force is single, social regulation and control are not enough; the interests of the subject is pluralistic, the anti-poverty forces weaken each other; the funds are dispersed inefficiently, thus makes it difficult to form the resultant of the anti-poverty; the idea of anti-poverty subject is outdated, and the measures of anti-poverty lag behind; the policies are lack of continuity, the phenomenon of utilitarianism is serious. The most difficult overcoming obstacles at present are that: the insufficiency of educational investment which might hardly benefit the poor subject, the lag of public hygiene facility which leads to the low physique of the poor, the sealed living environment which lag the idea of the poor. In economic transition period of our country, the difficulties, problems and obstacles of the anti-poverty are not only the premise of
launching the anti-poverty project in the new period, but also the foundation of making anti-poverty strategies and countermeasures for our cities and towns. Chapter five summarizes lessons from the international anti-poverty experience in the cities and towns. This chapter regards the comparison of developed countries and developing countries as the background it analyzed the system arranging and main methods of some countries in poverty alleviation in the cities and towns. In this text, the anti-poverty experience suitable for reference from other countries poor experience is mainly as follows: First , perfect the social security system, realize the institutionalization and legalization of the social security; Second, give full play to the role of NGO in poverty alleviation to remedy the deficiency of government resources; Third, develop the human resources, improve the quality of the poor subject as soon as possible; Fourth , utilize international support actively , strengthen domestic ability of develop to anti-poverty. The experience brings us the following enlightenment: First, improve the quality of the poor, create conditions for realizing shaking off poverty independently; Second, set up the poverty alleviation mechanism conforming with the conditions of our country; Third, strengthen the supporting of the government in poverty alleviation in the cities and towns; Fourth, improve legislation for the social security; Fifth, utilize various kinds of organizations actively and joint them into one powerful force to alleviate poverty. The international experience and the enlightenment mentioned above provide China with great realistic meanings for
setting up and perfecting the poverty alleviation system in the cities and towns. Chapter six is mainly about the strategic framework of poverty alleviation in the transition period. The draft of the anti-poverty strategy of our cities and towns, firstly, should regard Deng Xiaoping Theory and “Three Represents”important thoughts as the theoretical foundation. On one hand, it is the motive force that promotes the socialism to develop vigorously. On the other hand, it is also the theoretical foundation for carrying all the works of the Party and the country. Secondly, make it as the guide of anti-poverty of our cities and towns in the new period that “insisting People First, implementing the overall, coordinating and sustainable scientific development view”because adhering to the scientific development view is necessary to dispel definitely poverty and realize the strategic object of building a well-off society in an all round way. Moreover, to make and implement the strategy of the anti-poverty, it is an important assurance for realizing the strategic object that following systematic thinking, employment leading, unbalanced increasing and principle of pluralized goal. Finally, suggest the mode selection of anti-poverty in cities and towns. This paper deems the main mode of assisting the poor in our cities and towns: the mode of development pole for anti-poverty, the mode of manpower capital investment, the mode of systematic anti-poverty and the mode of basic social security. It is helpful to promote the anti-poverty of our country that knowing and understanding the framework of anti-poverty strategic in our cities and
towns in transition period. Chapter Seven proposes the main countermeasures to alleviate the poverty in cities and towns. In this chapter, in order to advance the anti-poor strategy of cities and towns of our country, countermeasures are clearly suggested as the following: first, consummate the public policies and strengthen the macro-control. Proclaim policies which are helpful to alleviate the poverty in cities and towns, accelerate implementing the reemployment project, strengthen the intervention of the government in the distributing field. Second, advance theory innovation and perfect the monitoring system for poverty. Set up special research institution for anti-poverty and special monitoring system for poverty, confirm the content, range and target and set up the file of the population below the poverty line. Third, strengthen the construction of the anti-poor subject and improve its quality. Reform the traditional way of poverty alleviation and difficulties overcoming of the government and realize the NGO scale in anti-poverty field, the new leaps of the ability in this field and improve the quality of the poor subject. Fourth, set up an effective mechanism of shaking off poverty and advance the systematic innovation of anti-poverty. This mechanism should mainly rely on shaking off poverty in independence with a complement of encouraging and leading the poor to participate in the career of shaking off poverty. The new pattern of anti-poverty should mainly rely on exploration poverty alleviation with relieving as a complement. Fifth, perfect the social security system and strengthen the social security function of it. Widen the coverage of social insurance, perfect the legal supervision system of the social security system and solve the prominent problem in the social security
引文
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