地震记录评价方法研究及系统开发
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摘要
随着地震勘探不断发展,地震资料采集工作逐步向地表、地下地质情况异常复杂的低信噪比地区延伸,许多传统的技术手段没有得到相应提高,制约了勘探总体水平的发展, 其表现之一就是没有完善的质量控制系统。为控制野外施工质量,有必要丌发功能完善的地震资料定量分析质量控制系统。
提高地震勘探水平最基本的就是提高单炮记录质量,定量化评价与控制野外单炮采集质量已是目前刻不容缓需要解决的课题。本论文从提高地震记录现场评价速度方面入手, 从去噪原理到算法实现,从初至时间拾取到包络轮廓计算机自动识别,从现场评价系统研发到实践与应用,对如何有效滤波、初至时间准确拾取、快速算法实现、软件系统丌发等方面,进行了深入研究。
在如何有效滤波方面,主要对去噪原理与算法进行对比研究。提高数掘信噪比,是数据处理的首要任务,但精确处理会降低运算速度,现场处理主要是对地震汜录的初步评价, 追求高的信噪比与提高现场评价速度相互矛盾。本系统适当牺牲信噪比,以此来提高处理速度,满足现场评价需求。
在地震波初至走时拾取研究上,寻找既保证准确性,又能提高运算速度的方法,以适应现场评价需求。以自仿射分形理论为依据,通过对地震道时问序列Hausdorff 维数的计算,自动识别地震波初至走时,分维值的改进算法不仅可以大大减少计算量,而且计算结果不依赖于插值的精度,提高计算结果的可靠性和稳定性。
现场评价系统在软件研发上,充分考虑人机交互功能,对地震勘探中可能发生的各种因素进行分析,评价项目具有可选择性,评价标准具有可修改性,确定地震记录I、lI、废品三级标准,进行原始记录质量评价,输出如频谱、主频、中心频率、能量、信噪比、分辨率曲线等各种形式的图和包括初至数据、工作不正常道、Excel 班报文件文件,满足野外现场对地震记录评价在速度上的需求。
在本课题研究过程中,有以下几个创新点:
1、研发了现场评价系统。
2、通过有效滤波,优化算法,极大提高处理速度,快速评价地震记录,实现地震记录自动评价的即时性,以便在生产中的广泛应用。
3、突破了地区的限制,可分段、分不同的地区,对监视记录实现计算机自动化评价, 来减少人为因素,使评价结果公正、公平,提高工作效率、降低成本;
4、评价项选用灵活多样,单项、多项、组合灵活多变。
5、评价标准制定方便,固定项标准、不固定项计算机自动计算。
With the developing of seismic surveying, the seismic data acquisition gradually extend to the areas which have complicated geologic conditions both on the surface and in the subterranean, usually in this kind of area the data's S/N ratio is very low. Because many traditional techniques are not being improved accordingly, the whole survey level was limited, one of the problems is that there is not a completed QC systems.Now it's necessary to develop a completed QC system that can analyze the seismic data quantitatively.
Improving seismic surveying level, the fundamental thing is to improve the mass of single shot record. Qualitative evaluation and controlling the mass of single shot acquisition in field are the urgent topics at present. The paper's objection is to improve the locale evaluation speed of seismic data, including from removing noise principle to operator realization, from picking first break to envelope contour computer automatic identification, from system of locale evaluation development to practice and application, investigating how to filter with effect, first break picking accurate, fast operator realization, software system developing and so on.
To filter with effect, several principles and operators of removing noises are compared and studied. The primary task of data processing is to improve S/N ratio of data, however, accurate processing will reduce operation speed. Locale processing is mainly to give a preliminary evaluation of field seismic data. Consequently, there is a confliction between pursing high S/N ratio and improving locale evaluation speed. The system sacrifices some S/N ratio properly for improving the processing speed to satisfy the requirement of locale evaluation.
On the study of seismic first break, in order to fit the requirements of locale evaluation, it is needed to find a method that can assure accuracy and improve the speed of computation. This method according to the theory of simulate reflect fractal, auto detect seismic first arrivals by computing the Hausdorff dimensions of seismic time sequence. The improved arithmetic of fractal dimension not only reduces much computation, but also improves reliability and stability of the results, and the results independent of the accuracy of interpolate.
On the software developing of field evaluation system, it consider adequately on the function of man-machine interact, analyze various factors that may be found in seismic surveying, the items of evaluations have options, the evaluation standard have revisability, it can divide seismic records into three grades, as first, second and waster, then evaluate the quality of original records, output various pictures such as frequency compose, major frequency, focus frequency, energy, S/N ratio and resolving power curve, and also can output files that content first arrival datum, abnormal traces and Excel note, all of this can satisfy the needs of field seismic evaluate on speed. The study has some innovative points:
1. The field evaluation system has been developed.
2. We can evaluate seismic data timely and automatically by filtering seismic data, optimizing arithmetic. So it has extensive application in realities.
3. The computers can evaluate seismic record automatically, so we can reduce factitious factors, make the results fair, improve the efficiency of fieldwork and reduce cost.
提高地震勘探水平最基本的就是提高单炮记录质量,定量化评价与控制野外单炮采集质量已是目前刻不容缓需要解决的课题。本论文从提高地震记录现场评价速度方面入手, 从去噪原理到算法实现,从初至时间拾取到包络轮廓计算机自动识别,从现场评价系统研发到实践与应用,对如何有效滤波、初至时间准确拾取、快速算法实现、软件系统丌发等方面,进行了深入研究。
在如何有效滤波方面,主要对去噪原理与算法进行对比研究。提高数掘信噪比,是数据处理的首要任务,但精确处理会降低运算速度,现场处理主要是对地震汜录的初步评价, 追求高的信噪比与提高现场评价速度相互矛盾。本系统适当牺牲信噪比,以此来提高处理速度,满足现场评价需求。
在地震波初至走时拾取研究上,寻找既保证准确性,又能提高运算速度的方法,以适应现场评价需求。以自仿射分形理论为依据,通过对地震道时问序列Hausdorff 维数的计算,自动识别地震波初至走时,分维值的改进算法不仅可以大大减少计算量,而且计算结果不依赖于插值的精度,提高计算结果的可靠性和稳定性。
现场评价系统在软件研发上,充分考虑人机交互功能,对地震勘探中可能发生的各种因素进行分析,评价项目具有可选择性,评价标准具有可修改性,确定地震记录I、lI、废品三级标准,进行原始记录质量评价,输出如频谱、主频、中心频率、能量、信噪比、分辨率曲线等各种形式的图和包括初至数据、工作不正常道、Excel 班报文件文件,满足野外现场对地震记录评价在速度上的需求。
在本课题研究过程中,有以下几个创新点:
1、研发了现场评价系统。
2、通过有效滤波,优化算法,极大提高处理速度,快速评价地震记录,实现地震记录自动评价的即时性,以便在生产中的广泛应用。
3、突破了地区的限制,可分段、分不同的地区,对监视记录实现计算机自动化评价, 来减少人为因素,使评价结果公正、公平,提高工作效率、降低成本;
4、评价项选用灵活多样,单项、多项、组合灵活多变。
5、评价标准制定方便,固定项标准、不固定项计算机自动计算。
With the developing of seismic surveying, the seismic data acquisition gradually extend to the areas which have complicated geologic conditions both on the surface and in the subterranean, usually in this kind of area the data's S/N ratio is very low. Because many traditional techniques are not being improved accordingly, the whole survey level was limited, one of the problems is that there is not a completed QC systems.Now it's necessary to develop a completed QC system that can analyze the seismic data quantitatively.
Improving seismic surveying level, the fundamental thing is to improve the mass of single shot record. Qualitative evaluation and controlling the mass of single shot acquisition in field are the urgent topics at present. The paper's objection is to improve the locale evaluation speed of seismic data, including from removing noise principle to operator realization, from picking first break to envelope contour computer automatic identification, from system of locale evaluation development to practice and application, investigating how to filter with effect, first break picking accurate, fast operator realization, software system developing and so on.
To filter with effect, several principles and operators of removing noises are compared and studied. The primary task of data processing is to improve S/N ratio of data, however, accurate processing will reduce operation speed. Locale processing is mainly to give a preliminary evaluation of field seismic data. Consequently, there is a confliction between pursing high S/N ratio and improving locale evaluation speed. The system sacrifices some S/N ratio properly for improving the processing speed to satisfy the requirement of locale evaluation.
On the study of seismic first break, in order to fit the requirements of locale evaluation, it is needed to find a method that can assure accuracy and improve the speed of computation. This method according to the theory of simulate reflect fractal, auto detect seismic first arrivals by computing the Hausdorff dimensions of seismic time sequence. The improved arithmetic of fractal dimension not only reduces much computation, but also improves reliability and stability of the results, and the results independent of the accuracy of interpolate.
On the software developing of field evaluation system, it consider adequately on the function of man-machine interact, analyze various factors that may be found in seismic surveying, the items of evaluations have options, the evaluation standard have revisability, it can divide seismic records into three grades, as first, second and waster, then evaluate the quality of original records, output various pictures such as frequency compose, major frequency, focus frequency, energy, S/N ratio and resolving power curve, and also can output files that content first arrival datum, abnormal traces and Excel note, all of this can satisfy the needs of field seismic evaluate on speed. The study has some innovative points:
1. The field evaluation system has been developed.
2. We can evaluate seismic data timely and automatically by filtering seismic data, optimizing arithmetic. So it has extensive application in realities.
3. The computers can evaluate seismic record automatically, so we can reduce factitious factors, make the results fair, improve the efficiency of fieldwork and reduce cost.
引文
[1] 谭浩强著. C 程序设计(第二版).清华大学出版社.1999
[2] 严蔚敏,吴伟民编著.数据结构(C 语言版).清华大学出版社.1996
[3] 燃料化学工业部石油地球物理勘探局计算中心站,北京大学数学力学系,成都地质学院物探系,华东石油学院勘探系编. 地震勘探数字技术. 科学出版社,1974
[4] 李鸣祉编著. 地震勘探资料数字技术. 中国矿业大学出版社,1989
[5] 地震资料数字处理(普及讲座).江汗石油管理局地调处科技情报室.一九七四年八月
[6] 国家计委地质局150 工程地震数字处理短训班. 地震勘探数字处理讲义(二分册). 1974年4 月
[7] 程乾生著. 信号数字处理的数学原理(第二版). 石油工业出版社. 1993 年
[8] 张贤达现代信号处理(第二版) 清华出版社Springer 2002 年
[9] 梁晋文等.误差理论与数据处理,计量出版社,1989
[10] Simon Haykin 著Adaptive Filter Theory 电子工业出版社2002 年
[11] Turcotte D. Fractals and Chaos in Geology and Geophysics. London: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992
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[13] Walden A T, Hosken J W J,An inve stigation of the spectral properties of primary relfection coefficients Geophys. Prosp.,1985,33(3):400-435
[14] 谢文录,谢维信.时间序列中得分形分析和参数提取.信号处理,1997,13(1):97-104
[15] 刘连升. 约束初至拾取与初至波剩余静校正. 石油地球物理勘探,1998,33(5):604-610
[16] Boschetti F,Dentith M D and List R D. A Fractal-based algorithm for detecting first arrivals on seism ictraces. Society of Exploration Geophysicists,1996,(4):1095-1102
[17] 窦之林译. 确定线性特征分形维数的方法综述,世界石油科学,1999,85(6):29-26,63
[18] MandelBrot B B. The Eractal Geometry of Nature,1982
[19] 孙家广等编著.计算机图形学.北京:清华大学出版社,1996
[20] 林龙震编著.AUTOCAD R12 窗口设计技巧与ADS 程序设计参考.北京.清华大学出版社,1994
[21] 王松等编著.Borland C++实用技术入门精解.北京.电子科技大学出版社,1995
[22] 王华忠,徐蔚亚,马在田等.DMO 和叠前时间偏移方法的比较研究.反射地震学论文集.同济大学出版社,2000
[23] Fowler P J. A comparative overview of prestack time migration methods. Geophys,67th,Expanded Abstracts,1997
[24] Berkovitch A ,Gelchinsky B and Keydar S. Basic formulae for multifocusing stack.Geophys,56th,Extended Abstracts,1994
[25] Margrave G F and Bancroft J C.The theoretical basis for prestack migration by equivalent offset.Geophys,66th,Expanded Abstract,1996
[26] 夏义平,梁慧社,张功成.平衡剖面正演化模拟在塔里木盆地地震勘探解释中的应用,中国海上油气(地质),1995
[27] 贾丽华,曾庆才等.塔中沙漠地区深层地震资料处理方法.物探与化探,2002,26(3):232-235
[28] R.E. 谢里夫、L.P.吉尔达特编,初英、李承楚等译.勘探地震学,1999
[29] 谭绍泉,刘光林,刘泰生.面元叠加地震采集技术.石油物探,2003,42(2).160-169
[30] 俞寿朋.高分辨率地震勘探.石油工业出版社,1996
[31] 陆基孟.地震勘探原理.石油工业出版社,1996
[32] 杨德宽,郑泽继.对深层地震勘探中随机噪音的一点认识.石油物探.2000,39(3):50-61,72
[33] 佩顿C.E,徐怀大等译.地震地层学.石油工业出版社.1980
[34] Baan.M,高少武.深层地震反射数据相干能量识别和重建.石油物探译丛,2001
[35] 刘文霞.分频处理技术在辽河深层地震资料处理中的应用.石油物探,2001,40(2):116-120
[36] 李振春等.基于最优Born 近似的叠前深度偏移方法.石油大学学报(自然科学版),2002,26(5):32-36
[37] 李振春等.共中心点道集偏移速度分析.石油物探,2001,39(1).20-26
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[47] Telford,W.M., Geldart,L.P.,Sheriff,R.E. and Keys,D.A.,Applied Geophysics,Cambridge University Press,1976.
[2] 严蔚敏,吴伟民编著.数据结构(C 语言版).清华大学出版社.1996
[3] 燃料化学工业部石油地球物理勘探局计算中心站,北京大学数学力学系,成都地质学院物探系,华东石油学院勘探系编. 地震勘探数字技术. 科学出版社,1974
[4] 李鸣祉编著. 地震勘探资料数字技术. 中国矿业大学出版社,1989
[5] 地震资料数字处理(普及讲座).江汗石油管理局地调处科技情报室.一九七四年八月
[6] 国家计委地质局150 工程地震数字处理短训班. 地震勘探数字处理讲义(二分册). 1974年4 月
[7] 程乾生著. 信号数字处理的数学原理(第二版). 石油工业出版社. 1993 年
[8] 张贤达现代信号处理(第二版) 清华出版社Springer 2002 年
[9] 梁晋文等.误差理论与数据处理,计量出版社,1989
[10] Simon Haykin 著Adaptive Filter Theory 电子工业出版社2002 年
[11] Turcotte D. Fractals and Chaos in Geology and Geophysics. London: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992
[12] 敖力布,林鸿溢. 分形学导论. 呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1996.1-19
[13] Walden A T, Hosken J W J,An inve stigation of the spectral properties of primary relfection coefficients Geophys. Prosp.,1985,33(3):400-435
[14] 谢文录,谢维信.时间序列中得分形分析和参数提取.信号处理,1997,13(1):97-104
[15] 刘连升. 约束初至拾取与初至波剩余静校正. 石油地球物理勘探,1998,33(5):604-610
[16] Boschetti F,Dentith M D and List R D. A Fractal-based algorithm for detecting first arrivals on seism ictraces. Society of Exploration Geophysicists,1996,(4):1095-1102
[17] 窦之林译. 确定线性特征分形维数的方法综述,世界石油科学,1999,85(6):29-26,63
[18] MandelBrot B B. The Eractal Geometry of Nature,1982
[19] 孙家广等编著.计算机图形学.北京:清华大学出版社,1996
[20] 林龙震编著.AUTOCAD R12 窗口设计技巧与ADS 程序设计参考.北京.清华大学出版社,1994
[21] 王松等编著.Borland C++实用技术入门精解.北京.电子科技大学出版社,1995
[22] 王华忠,徐蔚亚,马在田等.DMO 和叠前时间偏移方法的比较研究.反射地震学论文集.同济大学出版社,2000
[23] Fowler P J. A comparative overview of prestack time migration methods. Geophys,67th,Expanded Abstracts,1997
[24] Berkovitch A ,Gelchinsky B and Keydar S. Basic formulae for multifocusing stack.Geophys,56th,Extended Abstracts,1994
[25] Margrave G F and Bancroft J C.The theoretical basis for prestack migration by equivalent offset.Geophys,66th,Expanded Abstract,1996
[26] 夏义平,梁慧社,张功成.平衡剖面正演化模拟在塔里木盆地地震勘探解释中的应用,中国海上油气(地质),1995
[27] 贾丽华,曾庆才等.塔中沙漠地区深层地震资料处理方法.物探与化探,2002,26(3):232-235
[28] R.E. 谢里夫、L.P.吉尔达特编,初英、李承楚等译.勘探地震学,1999
[29] 谭绍泉,刘光林,刘泰生.面元叠加地震采集技术.石油物探,2003,42(2).160-169
[30] 俞寿朋.高分辨率地震勘探.石油工业出版社,1996
[31] 陆基孟.地震勘探原理.石油工业出版社,1996
[32] 杨德宽,郑泽继.对深层地震勘探中随机噪音的一点认识.石油物探.2000,39(3):50-61,72
[33] 佩顿C.E,徐怀大等译.地震地层学.石油工业出版社.1980
[34] Baan.M,高少武.深层地震反射数据相干能量识别和重建.石油物探译丛,2001
[35] 刘文霞.分频处理技术在辽河深层地震资料处理中的应用.石油物探,2001,40(2):116-120
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