乌兰布和沙漠土壤水分动态和白刺群落特征研究
|
摘要
本文对乌兰布和沙漠土壤水分动态规律及白刺群落特征进行了研究。主要研究结果如下:
1 降雨是影响沙地土壤水分动态的决定性因素,流动沙丘沙土含水量的变化与降雨季节和降雨量有密切关系。0cm～100cm都受降雨的影响,0cm～60cm受降雨影响较大,为沙土水分的活跃层,而60cm以下较小。垂直变化分干沙层(0cm～20cm)、水分强烈变化层(20cm～60cm)和水分稳定层(>60cm)。沙土水分月变化呈4～5月沙土含水量处于全年最低水平,随着雨季的到来,在6～9月出现高峰值。流动沙地0cm～100cm层贮水量与降雨量呈直线关系:y=16.962+0.147x(y=0cm～100cm沙土贮水量(mm),x=每次取样前的降雨量之和(mm),r=0.9397),表明生长季内降雨量的14.7%被贮存在沙土中,其余的降雨则通过蒸散而流失。
2 流动沙丘不同部位沙土含水量的大小顺序为迎风坡>非典型部位>背风坡。流动沙丘迎风坡各坡位沙土含水量的大小呈下部>中部>上部。
3 0cm～100cm层的贮水量,沙土在16mm～32mm之间,粘土在70mm～220mm之间。
4 沙土含水量与对应水势的关系可用y=-14.577+14.539×(1-EXP(-1.960x))(x=土壤含水量(%),y=土壤水势(MPa),r=0.96)表示,粘土含水量与其水势的关系可用y=-8.772+8.612×(1-EXP(-0.1999x))(x=土壤含水量(%),y=土壤水势(MPa),r=0.892)表示。
5 把白刺地上部分区分为新枝、老枝Ⅰ、老枝Ⅱ和枯枝四种样枝类型,新枝总生物量(y)与最大枝高(Hm)、最大地径(Dm)的关系可用方程y=a(Dm~2Hm)^b表示,老枝Ⅰ和老枝Ⅱ的总生物量(y)与最大枝高(Hm)的关系可用方程y=aHm^b表示。枝生物量(y)与白刺总生物量(x)之间的关系可模拟为y=aEXP(-bx^k),叶生物量、叶面积(y)与总生物量(x)关系可模拟为y=a+b(1-EXP(-kx))。
6 根据白刺群落发展的特点,在乌兰布和沙漠,当白刺灌丛新枝叶生物量稳定值所占比例大于52.2%时,白刺灌丛处于发生发展状态,反之白刺灌丛开始退化。
7 依据白刺灌丛的地上生物量、叶面积指数等特征把白刺灌丛分为4种类型。从类型Ⅰ到类型Ⅳ新枝生物量占总生物量的比例依次减小,类型Ⅲ具有较大的生物量和叶面积指数,是该区白刺灌丛的最佳类型。
Through studying the soil water dynamic in the sands and characteristic of Nitraria tangutorum community in Wulanbuhe Desert is studied. The results are showed below.1 The rainfall is the main factor to affect the soil water dynamic in the sands. The changes of the sand water content are closely related with rainy season and rainfall. The variety of the sand water content is in 0 cm— 60 cm layer, the active soil moisture layer, is greater than in 60 cm depth below. There exist three distinctive layers of soil moisture from the top to the bottom: the surface dry sand layer, the variety layer and stable layer of the soil moisture. The sand water content in April and May is the lowest during the whole year while it is the highest in the rainy season from June to September. The sand water storage is linear with the rainfall (y=16.962+0.147x(y is the sand water storage of the layers from 0 cm to 100 cm(mm), x is the sum of rainfall before every sampling(mm))and it is showed that 14.7% of the rainfall from April to September can be absorbed by soil, in the moving dune, the rest part all evaporates.2 The sand water content in the different slope direction is different and the order is the windward slope> the atypical slope direction >the lee slope in the moving dune. The sand water content in the different slope position is different and the order is the bottom of slope>the middle slope >the top of slope on the windward slope in Wulanbuhe Desert.3 The amount of the soil water storage in the layer from 0 cm to 100 cm is 16mm~ 32mm in the sand soil while it is 70mm~220mm in the clay.4 The relationship between the water content of sands and water potential can be expressed by equation y= -14.577 +14.539X(l-EXP(-1.960x)) (x is the water content of sand, y is water potential). The relationship between the water content of clay and water potential can be expressed by equation y= -8.772 + 8.612×(l-EXP(-0.1999x)) (x is the water content of clay, y is water potential).5 In Wulanbuhe Desert, the aboveground part of Nitraria tangutorum can be divided into four types, the new branch, the old branch I, the old branch II and the withered twig. It can be expressed by equation y=a (Dm~2Hm) ^b in the relationship among the total biomass (y), the maximum branch height (Hm) and the maximum ground diameter (Dm) of new branch. The relationship between the total biomass (y) and Hm of old branch I and old branch II can be expressed by y=aHm^b. The relationship between the total biomass and the branch biomass can be expressed by y=aEXP (-bx^k), (y is the branch
biomass, x is the total biomass). The relationship between the total biomass and the leaf biomass or the leaf area can be expressed by y=a+b (1-EXP (-kx)), (y is the leaf biomass or the leaf area, x is the total biomass).6 On the development of the Nitraria tangutorum shrubs, in Wulanbuhe Desert, the Nitraria tangutorum shrubs is in a developing state during the proportion of the biomass of new branch in the total biomass is more 52%, or it is in a degenerating state.7 Nitraria tangutorum shrubs can be divided into four types based on the biomass of aboveground part of Nitraria tangutorum, leaves area index and other characteristics. The proportion of the biomass of new branch in the total biomass decreases from type I to IV, and type III has the greatest biomass and leaves area index, and it is the best for Nitraria tangutorum shrub.
1 降雨是影响沙地土壤水分动态的决定性因素,流动沙丘沙土含水量的变化与降雨季节和降雨量有密切关系。0cm～100cm都受降雨的影响,0cm～60cm受降雨影响较大,为沙土水分的活跃层,而60cm以下较小。垂直变化分干沙层(0cm～20cm)、水分强烈变化层(20cm～60cm)和水分稳定层(>60cm)。沙土水分月变化呈4～5月沙土含水量处于全年最低水平,随着雨季的到来,在6～9月出现高峰值。流动沙地0cm～100cm层贮水量与降雨量呈直线关系:y=16.962+0.147x(y=0cm～100cm沙土贮水量(mm),x=每次取样前的降雨量之和(mm),r=0.9397),表明生长季内降雨量的14.7%被贮存在沙土中,其余的降雨则通过蒸散而流失。
2 流动沙丘不同部位沙土含水量的大小顺序为迎风坡>非典型部位>背风坡。流动沙丘迎风坡各坡位沙土含水量的大小呈下部>中部>上部。
3 0cm～100cm层的贮水量,沙土在16mm～32mm之间,粘土在70mm～220mm之间。
4 沙土含水量与对应水势的关系可用y=-14.577+14.539×(1-EXP(-1.960x))(x=土壤含水量(%),y=土壤水势(MPa),r=0.96)表示,粘土含水量与其水势的关系可用y=-8.772+8.612×(1-EXP(-0.1999x))(x=土壤含水量(%),y=土壤水势(MPa),r=0.892)表示。
5 把白刺地上部分区分为新枝、老枝Ⅰ、老枝Ⅱ和枯枝四种样枝类型,新枝总生物量(y)与最大枝高(Hm)、最大地径(Dm)的关系可用方程y=a(Dm~2Hm)^b表示,老枝Ⅰ和老枝Ⅱ的总生物量(y)与最大枝高(Hm)的关系可用方程y=aHm^b表示。枝生物量(y)与白刺总生物量(x)之间的关系可模拟为y=aEXP(-bx^k),叶生物量、叶面积(y)与总生物量(x)关系可模拟为y=a+b(1-EXP(-kx))。
6 根据白刺群落发展的特点,在乌兰布和沙漠,当白刺灌丛新枝叶生物量稳定值所占比例大于52.2%时,白刺灌丛处于发生发展状态,反之白刺灌丛开始退化。
7 依据白刺灌丛的地上生物量、叶面积指数等特征把白刺灌丛分为4种类型。从类型Ⅰ到类型Ⅳ新枝生物量占总生物量的比例依次减小,类型Ⅲ具有较大的生物量和叶面积指数,是该区白刺灌丛的最佳类型。
Through studying the soil water dynamic in the sands and characteristic of Nitraria tangutorum community in Wulanbuhe Desert is studied. The results are showed below.1 The rainfall is the main factor to affect the soil water dynamic in the sands. The changes of the sand water content are closely related with rainy season and rainfall. The variety of the sand water content is in 0 cm— 60 cm layer, the active soil moisture layer, is greater than in 60 cm depth below. There exist three distinctive layers of soil moisture from the top to the bottom: the surface dry sand layer, the variety layer and stable layer of the soil moisture. The sand water content in April and May is the lowest during the whole year while it is the highest in the rainy season from June to September. The sand water storage is linear with the rainfall (y=16.962+0.147x(y is the sand water storage of the layers from 0 cm to 100 cm(mm), x is the sum of rainfall before every sampling(mm))and it is showed that 14.7% of the rainfall from April to September can be absorbed by soil, in the moving dune, the rest part all evaporates.2 The sand water content in the different slope direction is different and the order is the windward slope> the atypical slope direction >the lee slope in the moving dune. The sand water content in the different slope position is different and the order is the bottom of slope>the middle slope >the top of slope on the windward slope in Wulanbuhe Desert.3 The amount of the soil water storage in the layer from 0 cm to 100 cm is 16mm~ 32mm in the sand soil while it is 70mm~220mm in the clay.4 The relationship between the water content of sands and water potential can be expressed by equation y= -14.577 +14.539X(l-EXP(-1.960x)) (x is the water content of sand, y is water potential). The relationship between the water content of clay and water potential can be expressed by equation y= -8.772 + 8.612×(l-EXP(-0.1999x)) (x is the water content of clay, y is water potential).5 In Wulanbuhe Desert, the aboveground part of Nitraria tangutorum can be divided into four types, the new branch, the old branch I, the old branch II and the withered twig. It can be expressed by equation y=a (Dm~2Hm) ^b in the relationship among the total biomass (y), the maximum branch height (Hm) and the maximum ground diameter (Dm) of new branch. The relationship between the total biomass (y) and Hm of old branch I and old branch II can be expressed by y=aHm^b. The relationship between the total biomass and the branch biomass can be expressed by y=aEXP (-bx^k), (y is the branch
biomass, x is the total biomass). The relationship between the total biomass and the leaf biomass or the leaf area can be expressed by y=a+b (1-EXP (-kx)), (y is the leaf biomass or the leaf area, x is the total biomass).6 On the development of the Nitraria tangutorum shrubs, in Wulanbuhe Desert, the Nitraria tangutorum shrubs is in a developing state during the proportion of the biomass of new branch in the total biomass is more 52%, or it is in a degenerating state.7 Nitraria tangutorum shrubs can be divided into four types based on the biomass of aboveground part of Nitraria tangutorum, leaves area index and other characteristics. The proportion of the biomass of new branch in the total biomass decreases from type I to IV, and type III has the greatest biomass and leaves area index, and it is the best for Nitraria tangutorum shrub.
引文
1 朱震达,王涛,等.从若干典型地区的研究对近十余年来中国土地沙漠化演变趋势的分析 [J],地理学报,1990,45(4):16～24
2 董光荣,陈惠忠,等.150ka以来中国北方沙漠、沙地演变和气候变化[J],中国科学,1995,25(12):1303～1312
3 李孝泽,董光荣.浑善达克沙地形成时代与成因初步研究[J],中国沙漠,1998,18(1):16～21
4 王涛,朱震达.我国沙漠化研究的若干问题[J],中国沙漠,2003,23(3):209～214
5 吴正.中国北方地区沙漠化的现状与趋势之窥见[J],中国沙漠,1993,13(1):21～26
6 朱震达.中国脆弱带与土地荒漠化[J],中国沙漠,1991,11(4):11～22
7 立玉中,程延年,等.北方地区干旱规律及抗旱综合技术[M],北京:中国农业科学出版社,2003
8 朱震达,吴正,刘恕.中国沙漠概论[M],北京:科学出版社,1980.
9 朱震达.中国脆弱带与土地荒漠化[J],中国沙漠,1991,11(4):11～22
10 朱震达.面向经济建设是沙漠科研发展的必由之路[J],中国沙漠,1991,11(3):17～19.
11 冯起,高前兆.沙地水分的研究进展[J],中国沙漠,1993,13(2):9～13.
12 张国盛.干旱、半干旱地区乔灌木树种耐旱性及林地水分动态研究进展[J],中国沙漠,2000,20(4):363～368
13 朱震达,刘恕.中国北方的沙漠化过程及其治理区划[M],北京:中国林业出版社,1981
14 格拉西莫夫IP(苏).干旱地区开发及抗荒漠化的综合途径[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1991
15 李福星,高前兆.干肃省河西走廊干旱地区沙漠化灾害灾情分析及其减灾对策[J],中国沙漠,1991,11(1):16～21
16 郭连生主编.荒漠化防治理论与实践[M],呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社,1998
17 慈龙骏,吴波.中国荒漠化气候类型划分与中国荒漠化潜在发生范围的确定[J],中国沙漠,1997,17(2):107～112
18 郄建荣.我国土地荒漠化沙化呈现恶化之势[N],法制日报,2002,1,30
19 王涛,赵哈林,肖洪浪.中国沙漠化研究进展[J],中国沙漠,1999,19(4):300～311
20 董光荣,吴波,慈龙骏,等.我国荒漠化现状、成因与防治对策[J],中国沙漠,1999,19(4):318～332
21 CCICCD. China country paper to combating desertification [M], Beijing, China. Forestry Publishing House, 1996
22 孙保平.荒漠化防治工程学[M],北京:中国林业出版社,2000
23 吴鸿宾.内蒙古主要气象灾害分析[M],北京:气象出版社,1987
24 陈炳浩.乌兰布和沙漠环境生态问题与治理对策[A],见:盛炜彤.森林环境持续3发展学术 讨论会文集[M],北京:中国林业出版社,1994,26～33
25 陈炳浩,郝玉光,陈永富.乌兰布和沙区区域性防护林体系气候生态效益评价的研究[J],林业科学研究,2003,16(1):63～68
26 邸晓平,刘红娟,常秀花.乌兰布和沙漠风沙区生态环境浅析[J],内蒙古林业调查设计,2002,25(12):6～7
27 汪久文,郭绍礼.内蒙古磴口县经济发展战略规划[J],干旱区资源与环境,1992,1:8～25
28 刘利元,王彤.万众同心缚黄龙——巴彦淖尔盟治理乌兰布和沙漠纪实[J],内蒙古林业,2000,3:17～19
29 陈隆享.宁夏和内蒙古阿拉善盟强沙尘暴危害及防治对策[J],中国沙漠,1993,13(3):8～12
30 王美玲,卢兰英.乌兰布和沙漠前沿水土保持对生态环境的影响[J],土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(5):49～52
31 银山,贾铁飞,石蕴琮.乌兰布和沙漠东北部全新世环境演变特征初步研究[J],中国漠,1998,18(增刊):55～58
32 高利.乌兰布和沙漠东缘流沙复活-防风固沙林带亟须保护扩建[J],内蒙古林业,1999,12:18
33 李红丽.浑善达克沙地沙漠化过程及其植被恢复的基础研究[D],内蒙古农业大学博士论文,2003
34 王林和,董智,等.毛乌素沙地天然臭柏群落新梢生长规律的研究[J],内蒙古林学院学报,1998,20(3):15～21
35 纪仁生等.加快环境建设全面实施西部大开发战略[J],内蒙古林业,2000,3:15～16
36 高锡林.认清形势推进西部开发战略抓住机遇深化林业生态建设[J],内蒙古林业,2000,5:6～8
37 史培军,张宏,等.我国沙区防沙治沙的区域模式[J],自然灾害学报[J],,2000,18(3):3～9
38 李晓林.西部大开发科计方略纵横[M],北京:中国农业出版社,1999
39 王兵,崔向慧,马全林.绿洲荒漠过渡区水热平衡期律及其耦合模拟研究[M],北京:中国科学技术出版社,2003
40 潘瑞炽,董愚得.植物生理学[M],北京:高等教育出版社,1983
41 王沙生,高荣孚,等.植物生理学[M],北京:中国林业出版社,1991
42 刘奉觉,郑世锴,等.杨树水分生理研究[M],北京:中国农业大学出版社,1992.
43 Daniel D Evans, Water in Desert Ecosystems[M], Dowden, Hutchingon & Ross. Inc, 1981,265～271
44 冯起,程国栋.我国沙地水分分布状况及其意义[J],土壤学报,1999,(5):225～236
45 Nish.M.S,Wierenga.P.J.Time scries analysis of soll moisture and rain along aline transect in arid range Land[J],Soil Science,1991,(152):189～198
46 Berndts son.R,Nodomi.K.S0i1 water and temperature patterns in an arid desert dune sand[J].Journal of hydrology, 1996, (185):221-240
47 Southgate R I, Master P. Precipitation and biomass changes in the Namib Desert dune ecosystem [J], Journal of Arid Ennvironment, 1996, (33): 267～280
48 Berndtsson. R, ChEN.H. Variability of soil water content along a Transect in a desert area [J], Journal of Arid Environment, 1994, (27): 127～139
49 任君,王辉,等.沙地衬膜小麦土壤水分动态的研究[J],甘肃农业大学学报,2000,(6): 152～156
50 王经民.黄土丘陵区土壤水分研究[J],农业系统科学与综合研究,2000,16(1):53～56
51 崔国发.固沙林水分平衡与植被建设可适度探讨[J],北京林业大学学报,1998,20(6):89～94
52 李艳梅,王克勤.人工植被土壤水分状况与动态研究进展[J],西南林学院学报,2003,23(3):68～73:
53 史绣华,张称意.沙柳林沙地水分动态研究[J],内蒙古林学院学报,1997,(1):16～21
54 庄季屏.四十年来的中国土壤水分研究[J],.土壤学报,1989,(3):241～248;
55 Minasny,Budiman.Soil Water Dynamics[M],by A.W.Warrick,Oxford University Press, Oxford,2003
56 Richardson,Mervyn.Soil Water Dynamics[J],International Journal of Enviionmental Studies,2004,61(4):491～493
57 黄子琛.民勤地区梭梭固沙林衰亡原因的初步研究[J],林业科学,1983,19(1):82～88
58 李必华,孙圣毖,等.白刺及其开发利用[J],山东林业科技,1994,(3):7～1
59 周世权,马恩伟.植物分类学[M],北京:中国林业出版社,1993
60 火树华.树木学[M],北京:中国林业出版社,1990
61 时永杰.白刺[J],甘肃林业科技,1999,24(3):165;
62 潘晓玲,沈观冕,陈鹏.白刺属植物的分类学及系统学研究[J],云南植物研究,1999,21(3):287～295
63 孙祥.籽蒿与白刺的特性及其利用的研究[J],内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学版),1998,20(3):43～49
64 高志海,崔建国,刘生龙,等.民勤沙区白刺果实性状的变异性研究[J],中国沙漠,1998,18(3):244～248
65 李宗然.磴口林业科学实验基地固沙造林及沙地开发技术[A],林业治沙论文集,1986,1:1～13,中国林科院内蒙古磴口实验局
66 张奎,邹受益.治沙原理与技术[M],北京:中国林业出版社,1990
67 刘瑛心.中国白刺属植物的分类和分布[A],见:中国科学院治沙队编,治沙研究C(第七号),,北京:科学出版社,1995,1～6
68 Noble.J.C.The effects of emus on the distribution of nitre bush [J], Journal of ecology, 1975, 63(3): 979～984
69 赵振东,王常贵,尹林克,等.新疆白剌属植物的解剖观察[J],干旱区研究,1985,2(2):46～49
70 贾宝全,黄培佑.刺木蓼和大果白刺在准噶尔盆地南缘沙区侵移定居的初步研究[J],新疆大学学报(自然科学版),1992,9(4):89～95
71 贾宝全,蔡体久,等.白刺灌丛沙包生物量的预测模型[J],干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(1):96～99
72 韩凤兰,陈宇红.白刺的开发利用[J],宁夏农林科技,2001,5:15
73 刘世杰,朱秀芹,等.白刺的开发利用[J],特种经济动植物,2002,6:32
74 郭连生等.内蒙古资源大辞典-森林资源分册[M],内蒙古人民出版社,1997,505
75 郑建宗,马正华,等.柴达木盆地唐古特白刺开发探讨[J],青海农林科技,2003,3:74～75
76 李光仁.干旱区天然白刺平茬效应初探[J],甘肃林业科技,1999,24(3):40～41
77 冯起,高前兆.沙地水分的研究进展[J],.中国沙漠,1993,13(2):9～13
78 H.Φ库利克.干旱地区沙地水分状况与水分平衡[M].赵兴梁译.呼和浩特:内蒙古林学院,1988
79 韩德儒,杨文斌,等.干旱、半干旱区沙地灌(乔)木种水分动态关系及其应用[M],北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996,2～3
80 C. Zou A, R. Sands D, G. Buchan B, et al. Least limiting water range: a potential indicator of physical quality of forest soils [J], Aust. J. Soil Res., 2000, 38, 947~958
81 K Barlow, D Nash. Investigating structural stability using the soil water characteristic curve [J], Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2002, 42, 291～296
82 DONG Weiquan,YU Zhongbo. Simulations on soil water variation in arid regions [J], Journal of Hydrology, 2003, (3/4): 162～182
83 M Tatha, M.A.Aziz. Remote Sensing and Tropical Land Management [M], 1986, 223～233
84 M.Tatha,M.A.Aziz,et al.《巴哈利亚绿洲与植物性质间关系》[J],EgyptialI Journal of Soil Science,1987,21(1):43～60
85 李千红,小林哲夫.《中国毛乌素沙漠的沙丘的沙蒸发特性》[J],农业气象,1989,44(4):301～305
86 C C Wallen, M.D.Gwynne. Proceeding of the First Internation Raugel and Cogress[M],1978,(8):14～18
87 Shimojima E, Yoshioka R. Salinisation owing to evaporation fi'om bare-soil surfaces and its influence on the evaporation [J], Journal of Hydrology, 1996, 178, 109～136
88 WANG.D. Dynamics of Soil Water and Temperature in Aboveground Sand Cultures Used for Screening Plant Salt Tolerance [J],Soil Science Society. of America Journal,2002,66(5):1484～ 1492
89 D'Odorico, Paolo. Preferential states in soil moisture and climate dynamics [J], Proceedings of the
??National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004,101(24): 8848 - 8852
90 Porporato, Amilcare, Soil Water Balance and Ecosystem Response to Climate Change [J], American Naturalist, 2004,164(5): 625 - 633
91 Wosten JHM, Bouma J. Use of soil survey data for regional soil water simulation Models [J], Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1985, 49, 1238 - 1244
92 Burgess S O, Adams M A. Theredistribution of soil water by tree root systems [J], Oecologia, 1998,115,306-311.
93 Lefroy EC, Stirzaker RJ.The influence of tagasaste (Chamaecytisus proliferus Link) trees on the water balance of analley cropping system on deep sand in south-western Australia [J], Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2001,52: 235 - 246
94 S.J.Lolicato.Soil water dynamics and growth of perennial pasture species for dry land salinity control [J], Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2000, 40: 37 - 45
95 M. A. HamzaA, S. H. AndersonB, Studies of soil water drawdowns by single radish roots at decreasing soilwater content using computer-assisted tomography [J], Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2001, 39: 1387 - 1396
96 J F AngusA, R R Gault. Soil water extraction by dryland crops, annual pastures, and lucerne in South-eastern Australia [J], Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2001, 52: 183 - 192
97 Eric Lebon, Vincent Dumas.Modelling the seasonal dynamics of the soil water balance of Vinyard [J], Functional Plant Biology, 2003, 30: 699 - 710
98 Mmolawa, Khumoetsile,Or, Dani Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Analytical Volume Balance Model for Soil Water Dynamics under Drip Irrigation [J], Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2003(6): 1657 - 1672
99 Sommer, Rolf. Deep Soil Water Dynamics and Depletion by Secondary Vegetation in the Eastern Amazo [J], Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2003, 67( 6): 1672 ~ 1687
100 Heathman.Gary C, Starks. Patrick J. Assimilation of surface soil moisture to estimate profile soil water content [J], Journal of Hydrology; 2003,279 (1-4):1 ~ 17
101 Panigrahi.B,Panda. Sudhindra N. Field test of a soil water balance simulation model [J], Agricultural Water Management, 2003, 58(3): 223 - 241
102 R Murphy, G M Lodge. Surface soil water dynamics in pastures in northern New South Wales.Evapotranspiration [J], Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2004, 44, 571 -583
103 Porporato, Amilcare. Soil Water Balance and Ecosystem Response to Climate Change [J], American Naturalist, 2004, 164 (5): 625 ~ 633
104 ZOUgmore.R.,Mando.A. Effect of soil and water conservation and nutrient management on the soil-plant water balance in semi-arid Burkina Faso [J], Agricultural Water Management, 2004, 65(2): 103～121
105 Bond W J, Wierenga P J. Immobile water during solute transport in unsaturated sand columns [J], Water Resources Research, 1990, 26, 2475～2481.
106 M A Hamza, W K Anderson. Responses of soil properties and grains yields to deep tipping and gypsum application in a compacted loamy sand soil contrasted with a sandy clay loam soil in Western Australia [J], Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2003, 54,275-282
107 Greory.PJ, Ross P.Use of time domain reflectometry (TDR) to measure soil water content in sandy soil [J], Australian Journal of Soil Research, 1995, 33,265～276
108 Start J L, Paltineanu.I.C. Soil water dynamics using multisensor capacitance probes in nontraffic interrows of corn [J], Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1998, 62(1): 114～123
109 P.A.Hutchinson and W.J.Bond.Routine measurement of the soft water potential gradient near saturation using a pair of tube tensiometers [J], Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2001, 39, 1147～1156
110 P. H. GroeneveltA, C. D. GrantB. A new procedure to determine soil water availability [J], Australian Journal of Soft Research, 2001, 39, 577～595
111 Walker.Jeffrey. P, Houser.Paul R Evaluation of the OhmMapper Instrument for Soil Moisture Measurement[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2002, 66(3): 728～733
112 Schmalz.B, Lenuartz.B. Analyses of soil water content variations and GPR attribute distributions [J], Journal of Hydrology, 2002, 267 (3/4): 217～227
113 Wilson.Robert C, Freoland.Robert S. Inferring subsurface morphology from transient soil moisture using electrical conductivity[J]. Transactions of the ASAE, 2003, 46(5): 1435～1442
114 Dieter Geesing, Martin Bachmaier.Field eailibration of a capacitance soil water probe in heterogeneous fields [J], Australian Journal of Soft Research, 2004, 42, 289～299
115 Valente, A, Morais. R. Modeling, simulation and testing of a silicon soil moisture sensor based on the dual-probe heat-pulse method [J], Sensors & Actuators A: Physical, 2004, 115(2/3): 434～440
116 Jagtap, S. S. Dynamic nearest-neighbor method for estimating soft water parameters[J]. Transactions of the ASAE, 2004, 47(5): 1437～1445
117 Vetterlein. D. Correction to "Ground-Penetrating Radar Measurement of Soil Water Content Dynamics Using a Suspended Horn Antenna"[J] IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing, 2004, 42(9):2016～2025
118 ZhANG N, Fan G. Simultaneous Measurement of Soft Water Content and Salinity Using a Frequency-Response Method[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2004, 68 (5): 1515～ 1526
119 李爱德,王耀林,赵明,等.民勤地区沙面蒸发及影响因素的初步研究[J],干旱区研究,1996, 13(3):54～9
120 蒋瑾,王康富,张维静,沙地凝结水及在水量平衡中作用的研究[J],干旱区研究,1993,10(2):1～9
121 Brown KW, Evans GB.Increased soil water retention by mixing horizons of shallow sandy soil [J], Soil Science, 1985, 139, 118～121
122 张学龙,车克钧.祁连山寺大隆林区土壤水分动态研究[J],.西北林学院学报,1998,13(1): 1～9
123 张继贤.沙波头地区风沙土的水热状况[J],中国沙漠,1997,17(2):154～158
124 张国盛,王林和,董智,等.毛乌素沙地主要固沙灌(乔)木林地水分平衡研究[J],内蒙古农业大学学报,2001,23(3):1～9
125 冯起,高前兆,禹城沙地水分动态规律及其影响因子[J],中国沙漠,1995,15(2):153～157
126 陈隆亨,李福兴,等.中国风沙土[M],北京:科学出版社,1998;
127 陈有君,红梅.浑善达克沙地不同植被下的土壤水分状况[J],干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(1):68～73
128 陈有君,关世英,等.浑善达克沙地土壤水分状况的分析[J],干旱区资源与环境,2000,14(1):80～85
129 王兵,崔向慧.荒漠化地区土壤水分时空格局及其动态规律研究[J],林业科学研,2002,15(2):43～149
130 刘发民,张应华.黑河流域荒漠地区梭梭人工林地土壤水分动态研究[J],干旱区研,2002,19(1): 27～31
131 贾宝全,慈龙骏等.绿洲—荒漠交错带土壤水分变化特征初步研究[J],植物生态学报,2002,26(2):203～208
132 张国盛,王林和,董智,等.,毛乌素沙区风沙土机械组成及含水率的季节变化[J],中国沙漠,1999,19(2):145～150
133 李银芳,杨戈.梭梭固沙林水分平衡研究:Ⅰ梭梭柴秋灌固沙林的水分状况[J],干旱区研究,1996,13(2):44～50.
134 李银芳,杨戈.梭梭固沙林水分平衡研究:Ⅱ白梭梭人工积雪固沙林的水分状况[J],干旱区研究,1996,13(2):51～56
135 李银芳,杨戈.梭梭固沙林水分平衡研究:Ⅲ梭梭柴径流集水固沙林的水分状况[J],干旱区研究,1996,13(2):57～62
136 李新荣,马凤云,等.沙坡头地区固沙植被土壤水分动态研究[J],中国沙漠,2001,21(3):217～222
137 邱国玉,石庆辉.沙坡头人工固沙区沙地水分动态和植被演替[A],中国科学院沙坡头沙漠试验研究站年报[C],兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1993,120～127
138 王鸣远,关三和,王义.毛乌素沙地过渡地带土壤水分特征及其植物利用[J],干旱区资源 与环境,2002,16(2):37～44
139 郭柯等.毛乌素沙地沙丘土壤含水量特点——兼论老固定沙地上油蒿衰退原因[J],植物生态学报,2000,(3):275～279
140 钱鞠,马金珠,张惠昌,等.腾格里沙漠西南缘固定沙丘水分动态与水分势能变化特征研究[J],兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1999,35(1):218～224
141 张学龙,车克钧.祁连山寺大隆林区土壤水分动态研究[J],西北林学院学报,1998,13(1):1～9
142 周择福,洪玲霞.不同林地土壤水分入渗和入渗模拟的研究[J],林业科学,1997,33(1):9～17
143 刘元波,陈荷生,高前兆.沙地水分动力学研究新视角[J],中国沙漠,1997,17(1):95～98.
144 刘元波,陈荷生,高前兆,等.田间测定沙地水分运动参数初步研究[J],中国沙漠,1996,16(1):19～23
145 苏培玺.沙质土壤水分运动参数研究[J],中国沙漠,2000,20(3):329～332
146 张峰,上官铁梁,李素珍.关于灌木生物量建模方法的改进[J],生态学报,1993,12(6):67～69
147 李景文.森林生态学[M]北京:中国林业出版社,1994,100～103
148 黄子琛.民勤地区梭梭固沙林衰亡原因的初步研究[J],林业科学,1983,19(1):82～88
149 郑景明,张育红.林分生物量研究综述[J],辽宁林业科技,1998,(4):43～45
150 唐守正,张会儒,胥辉.相容性生物量模型的建立及其估计方法研究[J],林业科学,2000,36:19～27
151 林开敏,俞新妥.杉木和马尾松幼林生物产量模型研究[J],福建林学院学报,1993,13(4):251～255
152 邹春静,卜军,徐文铎.长白松人工林群落生物量和生产力的研究[J],应用生态学报,1995,6(2):123～127
153 刘玉翠,吴明作,等.内乡宝天曼自然保护区锐齿栎林生物量和净生产力研究[J],生态学报,2000,21(9):1450～1456
154 方精云,刘国华,张舒寰.分布区西缘油松种群的生长特征[J],植物生态学与地植物学学报,1999,17(4):305～316
155 朱志诚,贾东林,岳明.艾蒿群落生物量初步研究[J],中国草地,1997,(5):6～13
156 朱志诚.陕北黄土高原铁杆蒿群落生物量初步研究[J],生态学报,1993,13(3):243～251
157 孙书存,钱能斌.刺旋花种群形态参数的通径分析与亚灌木个体生物量建模[J],应用生态学报,1999,10(2):155～158
158 李钢铁,秦富仓,贾玉奎.沙拐枣地上生物量预测研究[A].中国治沙暨沙业学会论文集[C],北京师范大学出版社,1995,260～263
159 李钢铁,张密柱,张补在,等.梭梭林生物量研究[J],内蒙古林学院学报,1995,27(2):35～ 439
160 李钢铁,秦富仓.杨柴地上生物量预测模型研究.水土保持科学研究与发展[M],北京:中国林业出版社,1993
161 刘家琼,邱明新,石庆辉等.沙冬青植物群落研究[J],中国沙漠,1995,15(2):109～115
162 杜占池,杨宗贵,崔骁勇.内蒙古典型草原地区5类植物群落叶面积指数的比较研究[J],中国草地,2001,23(5):13～18
163 T Svoray, M Shoshany. Relationship between green leaf biomass volumetric density and ERS-2SAR backscatter of four vegetation formations in the semi-arid zone of Israel [J], International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2001, 22(8): 1601～1607
164 内蒙古自治区土壤普查办公室,内蒙古自治区土壤肥料工作站.内蒙古土壤[M],北京:科学出版社,1994
165 马世威,马玉明等主编.沙漠学[M],呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1998
166 昭和斯图主编.荒漠化防治[M],呼和浩特:内蒙古文化出版社,1998
167 吴正.我国的沙漠[M],北京:商务印书馆,1982
168 张庆琼,李国萍,等.从磴口县生态环境建设与移民工程看乌兰布和沙漠的治理与开发[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2001,22(4):61～66
169 包耀贤.乌兰布和东北部沙区绿洲生态农业可持续发展[J],干旱区研究,2000,17(4):77～79
170 磴口县土地志编纂领导小组,巴彦淖尔盟土地志编纂领导小组.磴口县土地志[M],呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,2000
171 王君厚,周士威.乌兰布和沙漠东北边缘植物群落物种多样性及其生态环境[J],中国沙漠,1996,16(3):259～266
172 海玉生,郝玉光,等.优良沙旱生乔灌木树种资源收集与引种试验总结[J],林业治沙论文集,2,1988,21～37
173 刘芳.乌兰布和沙区的植物资源[J],内蒙古师大学报自然科学(汉文)版,2000,29(3):215～220
174 王君厚,周士威.乌兰布和沙漠东北边缘植物群落物种多样性及其生态环境[J],中国沙漠,1996,16(3):259～266
175 梁枫,杨占卿.乌兰布和垦区土地再度沙化原因及起防治对策[J],干旱区研究,1997,14(1):74～76
176 肖彩虹,王志刚.关于乌兰布和沙漠综合治理的几点意见[J],内蒙古林业科技,2001(Supp):95～98
177 黄昌勇.土壤学[M],北京:中国农业出版社,2000,99
178 廖宝文,郑德璋,郑松发.海桑林生物量的研究[J],林业科学研究,1990,3(1):47～54
179 刘贤赵,康绍忠.降雨入渗和产流问题研究的若干进展及评述[J],水土保持通报,1999, 19(2::57～62
180 常兆丰,仲生年,韩福贵.降水在沙丘中的渗透过程研究[J],防护林科,,2002,(4):5～8
181 李英洙,金永涣,王成,等.延边地区天然赤松林生物量模型的研究[J],吉林林学院学报,1996,12(3):142～146
182 万里强,李向林,苏加楷,等.长江三峡地区灌木生物量及产量估测模型[J],草业科学,2001,18(5):5～10
183 阮成江,李代琼.黄土丘陵区沙棘地上部生物量估测模型[J],陕西林业科技,1999,(2):5～9.
184 胥辉.一种生物量模型构建的新方法[J],西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,39(3):35～40.
185 上官铁梁,张峰.云顶山虎榛子灌丛群落生态学特征及生物量[J],山西大学学报(自然科学版),1989,12(3):347～352
186 张峰,上官铁梁.关帝山黄刺玫灌丛群落结构与生物量[J],武汉植物学研究,1991,9(2):247～252
187 XUHui, WANGMingLiang. Comparison of CAR and VAR Biomass Model [J], Foreatry Studies Ⅰ China, 2000, 3(1): 32～36
188 P. Viotti, B. Eramo. Development and calibration of a mathematical model for the simulation of the biofiltration process [J], Advances in environmental research, 2002,7(1 ): 11～33
189 Orest, Diachok. Absorption spectroscopy: a new approach to estimation of biomass [J], Fisheries Research, 2000, 47(2-3): 231～244
190 李钢铁,秦富仓,等.旱生灌木生物量预测模型的研究[J],内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学版),1998,20(2):25～31
191 李根前,黄宝龙,唐德瑞,等.毛乌素沙地中国沙棘无性系生长格局与生物量分配[J],西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,29(2):51～55.
192 Chew R M and A E Chew, The primary productivity of a desert shrub (Larrea tridentata) [J], Ecological Monographs, 1965, 35(4): 355～375
193 胡小龙,张文军,樊文颖,等.毛乌素沙地不同覆盖度油蒿群落土壤水分特征研究[J],内蒙古林业科技,1996,(3,4)32～37
194 廖汝棠,张文军.毛乌素流动沙地植物分布及盖度的研究[J],内蒙古林业科技,1996,(3,4)15～21
195 高琼,董学军,梁宁.基于土壤水分平衡的沙地草地最优植被覆盖率的研究[J],生态学报, 1996,16(1)33～39
196 杨永兴,王世岩,何太蓉,等.三江平原典型湿地生态系统生物量及其季节动态研究[J],中国草地,2002,24(1):1～7
2 董光荣,陈惠忠,等.150ka以来中国北方沙漠、沙地演变和气候变化[J],中国科学,1995,25(12):1303～1312
3 李孝泽,董光荣.浑善达克沙地形成时代与成因初步研究[J],中国沙漠,1998,18(1):16～21
4 王涛,朱震达.我国沙漠化研究的若干问题[J],中国沙漠,2003,23(3):209～214
5 吴正.中国北方地区沙漠化的现状与趋势之窥见[J],中国沙漠,1993,13(1):21～26
6 朱震达.中国脆弱带与土地荒漠化[J],中国沙漠,1991,11(4):11～22
7 立玉中,程延年,等.北方地区干旱规律及抗旱综合技术[M],北京:中国农业科学出版社,2003
8 朱震达,吴正,刘恕.中国沙漠概论[M],北京:科学出版社,1980.
9 朱震达.中国脆弱带与土地荒漠化[J],中国沙漠,1991,11(4):11～22
10 朱震达.面向经济建设是沙漠科研发展的必由之路[J],中国沙漠,1991,11(3):17～19.
11 冯起,高前兆.沙地水分的研究进展[J],中国沙漠,1993,13(2):9～13.
12 张国盛.干旱、半干旱地区乔灌木树种耐旱性及林地水分动态研究进展[J],中国沙漠,2000,20(4):363～368
13 朱震达,刘恕.中国北方的沙漠化过程及其治理区划[M],北京:中国林业出版社,1981
14 格拉西莫夫IP(苏).干旱地区开发及抗荒漠化的综合途径[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1991
15 李福星,高前兆.干肃省河西走廊干旱地区沙漠化灾害灾情分析及其减灾对策[J],中国沙漠,1991,11(1):16～21
16 郭连生主编.荒漠化防治理论与实践[M],呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社,1998
17 慈龙骏,吴波.中国荒漠化气候类型划分与中国荒漠化潜在发生范围的确定[J],中国沙漠,1997,17(2):107～112
18 郄建荣.我国土地荒漠化沙化呈现恶化之势[N],法制日报,2002,1,30
19 王涛,赵哈林,肖洪浪.中国沙漠化研究进展[J],中国沙漠,1999,19(4):300～311
20 董光荣,吴波,慈龙骏,等.我国荒漠化现状、成因与防治对策[J],中国沙漠,1999,19(4):318～332
21 CCICCD. China country paper to combating desertification [M], Beijing, China. Forestry Publishing House, 1996
22 孙保平.荒漠化防治工程学[M],北京:中国林业出版社,2000
23 吴鸿宾.内蒙古主要气象灾害分析[M],北京:气象出版社,1987
24 陈炳浩.乌兰布和沙漠环境生态问题与治理对策[A],见:盛炜彤.森林环境持续3发展学术 讨论会文集[M],北京:中国林业出版社,1994,26～33
25 陈炳浩,郝玉光,陈永富.乌兰布和沙区区域性防护林体系气候生态效益评价的研究[J],林业科学研究,2003,16(1):63～68
26 邸晓平,刘红娟,常秀花.乌兰布和沙漠风沙区生态环境浅析[J],内蒙古林业调查设计,2002,25(12):6～7
27 汪久文,郭绍礼.内蒙古磴口县经济发展战略规划[J],干旱区资源与环境,1992,1:8～25
28 刘利元,王彤.万众同心缚黄龙——巴彦淖尔盟治理乌兰布和沙漠纪实[J],内蒙古林业,2000,3:17～19
29 陈隆享.宁夏和内蒙古阿拉善盟强沙尘暴危害及防治对策[J],中国沙漠,1993,13(3):8～12
30 王美玲,卢兰英.乌兰布和沙漠前沿水土保持对生态环境的影响[J],土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(5):49～52
31 银山,贾铁飞,石蕴琮.乌兰布和沙漠东北部全新世环境演变特征初步研究[J],中国漠,1998,18(增刊):55～58
32 高利.乌兰布和沙漠东缘流沙复活-防风固沙林带亟须保护扩建[J],内蒙古林业,1999,12:18
33 李红丽.浑善达克沙地沙漠化过程及其植被恢复的基础研究[D],内蒙古农业大学博士论文,2003
34 王林和,董智,等.毛乌素沙地天然臭柏群落新梢生长规律的研究[J],内蒙古林学院学报,1998,20(3):15～21
35 纪仁生等.加快环境建设全面实施西部大开发战略[J],内蒙古林业,2000,3:15～16
36 高锡林.认清形势推进西部开发战略抓住机遇深化林业生态建设[J],内蒙古林业,2000,5:6～8
37 史培军,张宏,等.我国沙区防沙治沙的区域模式[J],自然灾害学报[J],,2000,18(3):3～9
38 李晓林.西部大开发科计方略纵横[M],北京:中国农业出版社,1999
39 王兵,崔向慧,马全林.绿洲荒漠过渡区水热平衡期律及其耦合模拟研究[M],北京:中国科学技术出版社,2003
40 潘瑞炽,董愚得.植物生理学[M],北京:高等教育出版社,1983
41 王沙生,高荣孚,等.植物生理学[M],北京:中国林业出版社,1991
42 刘奉觉,郑世锴,等.杨树水分生理研究[M],北京:中国农业大学出版社,1992.
43 Daniel D Evans, Water in Desert Ecosystems[M], Dowden, Hutchingon & Ross. Inc, 1981,265～271
44 冯起,程国栋.我国沙地水分分布状况及其意义[J],土壤学报,1999,(5):225～236
45 Nish.M.S,Wierenga.P.J.Time scries analysis of soll moisture and rain along aline transect in arid range Land[J],Soil Science,1991,(152):189～198
46 Berndts son.R,Nodomi.K.S0i1 water and temperature patterns in an arid desert dune sand[J].Journal of hydrology, 1996, (185):221-240
47 Southgate R I, Master P. Precipitation and biomass changes in the Namib Desert dune ecosystem [J], Journal of Arid Ennvironment, 1996, (33): 267～280
48 Berndtsson. R, ChEN.H. Variability of soil water content along a Transect in a desert area [J], Journal of Arid Environment, 1994, (27): 127～139
49 任君,王辉,等.沙地衬膜小麦土壤水分动态的研究[J],甘肃农业大学学报,2000,(6): 152～156
50 王经民.黄土丘陵区土壤水分研究[J],农业系统科学与综合研究,2000,16(1):53～56
51 崔国发.固沙林水分平衡与植被建设可适度探讨[J],北京林业大学学报,1998,20(6):89～94
52 李艳梅,王克勤.人工植被土壤水分状况与动态研究进展[J],西南林学院学报,2003,23(3):68～73:
53 史绣华,张称意.沙柳林沙地水分动态研究[J],内蒙古林学院学报,1997,(1):16～21
54 庄季屏.四十年来的中国土壤水分研究[J],.土壤学报,1989,(3):241～248;
55 Minasny,Budiman.Soil Water Dynamics[M],by A.W.Warrick,Oxford University Press, Oxford,2003
56 Richardson,Mervyn.Soil Water Dynamics[J],International Journal of Enviionmental Studies,2004,61(4):491～493
57 黄子琛.民勤地区梭梭固沙林衰亡原因的初步研究[J],林业科学,1983,19(1):82～88
58 李必华,孙圣毖,等.白刺及其开发利用[J],山东林业科技,1994,(3):7～1
59 周世权,马恩伟.植物分类学[M],北京:中国林业出版社,1993
60 火树华.树木学[M],北京:中国林业出版社,1990
61 时永杰.白刺[J],甘肃林业科技,1999,24(3):165;
62 潘晓玲,沈观冕,陈鹏.白刺属植物的分类学及系统学研究[J],云南植物研究,1999,21(3):287～295
63 孙祥.籽蒿与白刺的特性及其利用的研究[J],内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学版),1998,20(3):43～49
64 高志海,崔建国,刘生龙,等.民勤沙区白刺果实性状的变异性研究[J],中国沙漠,1998,18(3):244～248
65 李宗然.磴口林业科学实验基地固沙造林及沙地开发技术[A],林业治沙论文集,1986,1:1～13,中国林科院内蒙古磴口实验局
66 张奎,邹受益.治沙原理与技术[M],北京:中国林业出版社,1990
67 刘瑛心.中国白刺属植物的分类和分布[A],见:中国科学院治沙队编,治沙研究C(第七号),,北京:科学出版社,1995,1～6
68 Noble.J.C.The effects of emus on the distribution of nitre bush [J], Journal of ecology, 1975, 63(3): 979～984
69 赵振东,王常贵,尹林克,等.新疆白剌属植物的解剖观察[J],干旱区研究,1985,2(2):46～49
70 贾宝全,黄培佑.刺木蓼和大果白刺在准噶尔盆地南缘沙区侵移定居的初步研究[J],新疆大学学报(自然科学版),1992,9(4):89～95
71 贾宝全,蔡体久,等.白刺灌丛沙包生物量的预测模型[J],干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(1):96～99
72 韩凤兰,陈宇红.白刺的开发利用[J],宁夏农林科技,2001,5:15
73 刘世杰,朱秀芹,等.白刺的开发利用[J],特种经济动植物,2002,6:32
74 郭连生等.内蒙古资源大辞典-森林资源分册[M],内蒙古人民出版社,1997,505
75 郑建宗,马正华,等.柴达木盆地唐古特白刺开发探讨[J],青海农林科技,2003,3:74～75
76 李光仁.干旱区天然白刺平茬效应初探[J],甘肃林业科技,1999,24(3):40～41
77 冯起,高前兆.沙地水分的研究进展[J],.中国沙漠,1993,13(2):9～13
78 H.Φ库利克.干旱地区沙地水分状况与水分平衡[M].赵兴梁译.呼和浩特:内蒙古林学院,1988
79 韩德儒,杨文斌,等.干旱、半干旱区沙地灌(乔)木种水分动态关系及其应用[M],北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996,2～3
80 C. Zou A, R. Sands D, G. Buchan B, et al. Least limiting water range: a potential indicator of physical quality of forest soils [J], Aust. J. Soil Res., 2000, 38, 947~958
81 K Barlow, D Nash. Investigating structural stability using the soil water characteristic curve [J], Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2002, 42, 291～296
82 DONG Weiquan,YU Zhongbo. Simulations on soil water variation in arid regions [J], Journal of Hydrology, 2003, (3/4): 162～182
83 M Tatha, M.A.Aziz. Remote Sensing and Tropical Land Management [M], 1986, 223～233
84 M.Tatha,M.A.Aziz,et al.《巴哈利亚绿洲与植物性质间关系》[J],EgyptialI Journal of Soil Science,1987,21(1):43～60
85 李千红,小林哲夫.《中国毛乌素沙漠的沙丘的沙蒸发特性》[J],农业气象,1989,44(4):301～305
86 C C Wallen, M.D.Gwynne. Proceeding of the First Internation Raugel and Cogress[M],1978,(8):14～18
87 Shimojima E, Yoshioka R. Salinisation owing to evaporation fi'om bare-soil surfaces and its influence on the evaporation [J], Journal of Hydrology, 1996, 178, 109～136
88 WANG.D. Dynamics of Soil Water and Temperature in Aboveground Sand Cultures Used for Screening Plant Salt Tolerance [J],Soil Science Society. of America Journal,2002,66(5):1484～ 1492
89 D'Odorico, Paolo. Preferential states in soil moisture and climate dynamics [J], Proceedings of the
??National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004,101(24): 8848 - 8852
90 Porporato, Amilcare, Soil Water Balance and Ecosystem Response to Climate Change [J], American Naturalist, 2004,164(5): 625 - 633
91 Wosten JHM, Bouma J. Use of soil survey data for regional soil water simulation Models [J], Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1985, 49, 1238 - 1244
92 Burgess S O, Adams M A. Theredistribution of soil water by tree root systems [J], Oecologia, 1998,115,306-311.
93 Lefroy EC, Stirzaker RJ.The influence of tagasaste (Chamaecytisus proliferus Link) trees on the water balance of analley cropping system on deep sand in south-western Australia [J], Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2001,52: 235 - 246
94 S.J.Lolicato.Soil water dynamics and growth of perennial pasture species for dry land salinity control [J], Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2000, 40: 37 - 45
95 M. A. HamzaA, S. H. AndersonB, Studies of soil water drawdowns by single radish roots at decreasing soilwater content using computer-assisted tomography [J], Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2001, 39: 1387 - 1396
96 J F AngusA, R R Gault. Soil water extraction by dryland crops, annual pastures, and lucerne in South-eastern Australia [J], Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2001, 52: 183 - 192
97 Eric Lebon, Vincent Dumas.Modelling the seasonal dynamics of the soil water balance of Vinyard [J], Functional Plant Biology, 2003, 30: 699 - 710
98 Mmolawa, Khumoetsile,Or, Dani Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Analytical Volume Balance Model for Soil Water Dynamics under Drip Irrigation [J], Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2003(6): 1657 - 1672
99 Sommer, Rolf. Deep Soil Water Dynamics and Depletion by Secondary Vegetation in the Eastern Amazo [J], Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2003, 67( 6): 1672 ~ 1687
100 Heathman.Gary C, Starks. Patrick J. Assimilation of surface soil moisture to estimate profile soil water content [J], Journal of Hydrology; 2003,279 (1-4):1 ~ 17
101 Panigrahi.B,Panda. Sudhindra N. Field test of a soil water balance simulation model [J], Agricultural Water Management, 2003, 58(3): 223 - 241
102 R Murphy, G M Lodge. Surface soil water dynamics in pastures in northern New South Wales.Evapotranspiration [J], Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2004, 44, 571 -583
103 Porporato, Amilcare. Soil Water Balance and Ecosystem Response to Climate Change [J], American Naturalist, 2004, 164 (5): 625 ~ 633
104 ZOUgmore.R.,Mando.A. Effect of soil and water conservation and nutrient management on the soil-plant water balance in semi-arid Burkina Faso [J], Agricultural Water Management, 2004, 65(2): 103～121
105 Bond W J, Wierenga P J. Immobile water during solute transport in unsaturated sand columns [J], Water Resources Research, 1990, 26, 2475～2481.
106 M A Hamza, W K Anderson. Responses of soil properties and grains yields to deep tipping and gypsum application in a compacted loamy sand soil contrasted with a sandy clay loam soil in Western Australia [J], Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2003, 54,275-282
107 Greory.PJ, Ross P.Use of time domain reflectometry (TDR) to measure soil water content in sandy soil [J], Australian Journal of Soil Research, 1995, 33,265～276
108 Start J L, Paltineanu.I.C. Soil water dynamics using multisensor capacitance probes in nontraffic interrows of corn [J], Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1998, 62(1): 114～123
109 P.A.Hutchinson and W.J.Bond.Routine measurement of the soft water potential gradient near saturation using a pair of tube tensiometers [J], Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2001, 39, 1147～1156
110 P. H. GroeneveltA, C. D. GrantB. A new procedure to determine soil water availability [J], Australian Journal of Soft Research, 2001, 39, 577～595
111 Walker.Jeffrey. P, Houser.Paul R Evaluation of the OhmMapper Instrument for Soil Moisture Measurement[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2002, 66(3): 728～733
112 Schmalz.B, Lenuartz.B. Analyses of soil water content variations and GPR attribute distributions [J], Journal of Hydrology, 2002, 267 (3/4): 217～227
113 Wilson.Robert C, Freoland.Robert S. Inferring subsurface morphology from transient soil moisture using electrical conductivity[J]. Transactions of the ASAE, 2003, 46(5): 1435～1442
114 Dieter Geesing, Martin Bachmaier.Field eailibration of a capacitance soil water probe in heterogeneous fields [J], Australian Journal of Soft Research, 2004, 42, 289～299
115 Valente, A, Morais. R. Modeling, simulation and testing of a silicon soil moisture sensor based on the dual-probe heat-pulse method [J], Sensors & Actuators A: Physical, 2004, 115(2/3): 434～440
116 Jagtap, S. S. Dynamic nearest-neighbor method for estimating soft water parameters[J]. Transactions of the ASAE, 2004, 47(5): 1437～1445
117 Vetterlein. D. Correction to "Ground-Penetrating Radar Measurement of Soil Water Content Dynamics Using a Suspended Horn Antenna"[J] IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing, 2004, 42(9):2016～2025
118 ZhANG N, Fan G. Simultaneous Measurement of Soft Water Content and Salinity Using a Frequency-Response Method[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2004, 68 (5): 1515～ 1526
119 李爱德,王耀林,赵明,等.民勤地区沙面蒸发及影响因素的初步研究[J],干旱区研究,1996, 13(3):54～9
120 蒋瑾,王康富,张维静,沙地凝结水及在水量平衡中作用的研究[J],干旱区研究,1993,10(2):1～9
121 Brown KW, Evans GB.Increased soil water retention by mixing horizons of shallow sandy soil [J], Soil Science, 1985, 139, 118～121
122 张学龙,车克钧.祁连山寺大隆林区土壤水分动态研究[J],.西北林学院学报,1998,13(1): 1～9
123 张继贤.沙波头地区风沙土的水热状况[J],中国沙漠,1997,17(2):154～158
124 张国盛,王林和,董智,等.毛乌素沙地主要固沙灌(乔)木林地水分平衡研究[J],内蒙古农业大学学报,2001,23(3):1～9
125 冯起,高前兆,禹城沙地水分动态规律及其影响因子[J],中国沙漠,1995,15(2):153～157
126 陈隆亨,李福兴,等.中国风沙土[M],北京:科学出版社,1998;
127 陈有君,红梅.浑善达克沙地不同植被下的土壤水分状况[J],干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(1):68～73
128 陈有君,关世英,等.浑善达克沙地土壤水分状况的分析[J],干旱区资源与环境,2000,14(1):80～85
129 王兵,崔向慧.荒漠化地区土壤水分时空格局及其动态规律研究[J],林业科学研,2002,15(2):43～149
130 刘发民,张应华.黑河流域荒漠地区梭梭人工林地土壤水分动态研究[J],干旱区研,2002,19(1): 27～31
131 贾宝全,慈龙骏等.绿洲—荒漠交错带土壤水分变化特征初步研究[J],植物生态学报,2002,26(2):203～208
132 张国盛,王林和,董智,等.,毛乌素沙区风沙土机械组成及含水率的季节变化[J],中国沙漠,1999,19(2):145～150
133 李银芳,杨戈.梭梭固沙林水分平衡研究:Ⅰ梭梭柴秋灌固沙林的水分状况[J],干旱区研究,1996,13(2):44～50.
134 李银芳,杨戈.梭梭固沙林水分平衡研究:Ⅱ白梭梭人工积雪固沙林的水分状况[J],干旱区研究,1996,13(2):51～56
135 李银芳,杨戈.梭梭固沙林水分平衡研究:Ⅲ梭梭柴径流集水固沙林的水分状况[J],干旱区研究,1996,13(2):57～62
136 李新荣,马凤云,等.沙坡头地区固沙植被土壤水分动态研究[J],中国沙漠,2001,21(3):217～222
137 邱国玉,石庆辉.沙坡头人工固沙区沙地水分动态和植被演替[A],中国科学院沙坡头沙漠试验研究站年报[C],兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1993,120～127
138 王鸣远,关三和,王义.毛乌素沙地过渡地带土壤水分特征及其植物利用[J],干旱区资源 与环境,2002,16(2):37～44
139 郭柯等.毛乌素沙地沙丘土壤含水量特点——兼论老固定沙地上油蒿衰退原因[J],植物生态学报,2000,(3):275～279
140 钱鞠,马金珠,张惠昌,等.腾格里沙漠西南缘固定沙丘水分动态与水分势能变化特征研究[J],兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1999,35(1):218～224
141 张学龙,车克钧.祁连山寺大隆林区土壤水分动态研究[J],西北林学院学报,1998,13(1):1～9
142 周择福,洪玲霞.不同林地土壤水分入渗和入渗模拟的研究[J],林业科学,1997,33(1):9～17
143 刘元波,陈荷生,高前兆.沙地水分动力学研究新视角[J],中国沙漠,1997,17(1):95～98.
144 刘元波,陈荷生,高前兆,等.田间测定沙地水分运动参数初步研究[J],中国沙漠,1996,16(1):19～23
145 苏培玺.沙质土壤水分运动参数研究[J],中国沙漠,2000,20(3):329～332
146 张峰,上官铁梁,李素珍.关于灌木生物量建模方法的改进[J],生态学报,1993,12(6):67～69
147 李景文.森林生态学[M]北京:中国林业出版社,1994,100～103
148 黄子琛.民勤地区梭梭固沙林衰亡原因的初步研究[J],林业科学,1983,19(1):82～88
149 郑景明,张育红.林分生物量研究综述[J],辽宁林业科技,1998,(4):43～45
150 唐守正,张会儒,胥辉.相容性生物量模型的建立及其估计方法研究[J],林业科学,2000,36:19～27
151 林开敏,俞新妥.杉木和马尾松幼林生物产量模型研究[J],福建林学院学报,1993,13(4):251～255
152 邹春静,卜军,徐文铎.长白松人工林群落生物量和生产力的研究[J],应用生态学报,1995,6(2):123～127
153 刘玉翠,吴明作,等.内乡宝天曼自然保护区锐齿栎林生物量和净生产力研究[J],生态学报,2000,21(9):1450～1456
154 方精云,刘国华,张舒寰.分布区西缘油松种群的生长特征[J],植物生态学与地植物学学报,1999,17(4):305～316
155 朱志诚,贾东林,岳明.艾蒿群落生物量初步研究[J],中国草地,1997,(5):6～13
156 朱志诚.陕北黄土高原铁杆蒿群落生物量初步研究[J],生态学报,1993,13(3):243～251
157 孙书存,钱能斌.刺旋花种群形态参数的通径分析与亚灌木个体生物量建模[J],应用生态学报,1999,10(2):155～158
158 李钢铁,秦富仓,贾玉奎.沙拐枣地上生物量预测研究[A].中国治沙暨沙业学会论文集[C],北京师范大学出版社,1995,260～263
159 李钢铁,张密柱,张补在,等.梭梭林生物量研究[J],内蒙古林学院学报,1995,27(2):35～ 439
160 李钢铁,秦富仓.杨柴地上生物量预测模型研究.水土保持科学研究与发展[M],北京:中国林业出版社,1993
161 刘家琼,邱明新,石庆辉等.沙冬青植物群落研究[J],中国沙漠,1995,15(2):109～115
162 杜占池,杨宗贵,崔骁勇.内蒙古典型草原地区5类植物群落叶面积指数的比较研究[J],中国草地,2001,23(5):13～18
163 T Svoray, M Shoshany. Relationship between green leaf biomass volumetric density and ERS-2SAR backscatter of four vegetation formations in the semi-arid zone of Israel [J], International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2001, 22(8): 1601～1607
164 内蒙古自治区土壤普查办公室,内蒙古自治区土壤肥料工作站.内蒙古土壤[M],北京:科学出版社,1994
165 马世威,马玉明等主编.沙漠学[M],呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1998
166 昭和斯图主编.荒漠化防治[M],呼和浩特:内蒙古文化出版社,1998
167 吴正.我国的沙漠[M],北京:商务印书馆,1982
168 张庆琼,李国萍,等.从磴口县生态环境建设与移民工程看乌兰布和沙漠的治理与开发[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2001,22(4):61～66
169 包耀贤.乌兰布和东北部沙区绿洲生态农业可持续发展[J],干旱区研究,2000,17(4):77～79
170 磴口县土地志编纂领导小组,巴彦淖尔盟土地志编纂领导小组.磴口县土地志[M],呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,2000
171 王君厚,周士威.乌兰布和沙漠东北边缘植物群落物种多样性及其生态环境[J],中国沙漠,1996,16(3):259～266
172 海玉生,郝玉光,等.优良沙旱生乔灌木树种资源收集与引种试验总结[J],林业治沙论文集,2,1988,21～37
173 刘芳.乌兰布和沙区的植物资源[J],内蒙古师大学报自然科学(汉文)版,2000,29(3):215～220
174 王君厚,周士威.乌兰布和沙漠东北边缘植物群落物种多样性及其生态环境[J],中国沙漠,1996,16(3):259～266
175 梁枫,杨占卿.乌兰布和垦区土地再度沙化原因及起防治对策[J],干旱区研究,1997,14(1):74～76
176 肖彩虹,王志刚.关于乌兰布和沙漠综合治理的几点意见[J],内蒙古林业科技,2001(Supp):95～98
177 黄昌勇.土壤学[M],北京:中国农业出版社,2000,99
178 廖宝文,郑德璋,郑松发.海桑林生物量的研究[J],林业科学研究,1990,3(1):47～54
179 刘贤赵,康绍忠.降雨入渗和产流问题研究的若干进展及评述[J],水土保持通报,1999, 19(2::57～62
180 常兆丰,仲生年,韩福贵.降水在沙丘中的渗透过程研究[J],防护林科,,2002,(4):5～8
181 李英洙,金永涣,王成,等.延边地区天然赤松林生物量模型的研究[J],吉林林学院学报,1996,12(3):142～146
182 万里强,李向林,苏加楷,等.长江三峡地区灌木生物量及产量估测模型[J],草业科学,2001,18(5):5～10
183 阮成江,李代琼.黄土丘陵区沙棘地上部生物量估测模型[J],陕西林业科技,1999,(2):5～9.
184 胥辉.一种生物量模型构建的新方法[J],西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,39(3):35～40.
185 上官铁梁,张峰.云顶山虎榛子灌丛群落生态学特征及生物量[J],山西大学学报(自然科学版),1989,12(3):347～352
186 张峰,上官铁梁.关帝山黄刺玫灌丛群落结构与生物量[J],武汉植物学研究,1991,9(2):247～252
187 XUHui, WANGMingLiang. Comparison of CAR and VAR Biomass Model [J], Foreatry Studies Ⅰ China, 2000, 3(1): 32～36
188 P. Viotti, B. Eramo. Development and calibration of a mathematical model for the simulation of the biofiltration process [J], Advances in environmental research, 2002,7(1 ): 11～33
189 Orest, Diachok. Absorption spectroscopy: a new approach to estimation of biomass [J], Fisheries Research, 2000, 47(2-3): 231～244
190 李钢铁,秦富仓,等.旱生灌木生物量预测模型的研究[J],内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学版),1998,20(2):25～31
191 李根前,黄宝龙,唐德瑞,等.毛乌素沙地中国沙棘无性系生长格局与生物量分配[J],西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,29(2):51～55.
192 Chew R M and A E Chew, The primary productivity of a desert shrub (Larrea tridentata) [J], Ecological Monographs, 1965, 35(4): 355～375
193 胡小龙,张文军,樊文颖,等.毛乌素沙地不同覆盖度油蒿群落土壤水分特征研究[J],内蒙古林业科技,1996,(3,4)32～37
194 廖汝棠,张文军.毛乌素流动沙地植物分布及盖度的研究[J],内蒙古林业科技,1996,(3,4)15～21
195 高琼,董学军,梁宁.基于土壤水分平衡的沙地草地最优植被覆盖率的研究[J],生态学报, 1996,16(1)33～39
196 杨永兴,王世岩,何太蓉,等.三江平原典型湿地生态系统生物量及其季节动态研究[J],中国草地,2002,24(1):1～7
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |