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青藏高原东北缘新生代以来的构造变形特征与时空演化:以陇西—武山地区为例
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  • 英文题名:Cenozoic Tectonic Deformation and Evolution of the Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau: A Case Study of Longxi-Wushan Region
  • 作者:王志才
  • 论文级别:博士
  • 学科专业名称:构造地质学
  • 学位年度:2004
  • 导师:张培震
  • 学科代码:070904
  • 学位授予单位:中国地震局地质研究所
  • 论文提交日期:2004-11-01
摘要
新生代时期印度与欧亚大陆的碰撞以及其后印度板块向北的持续楔入作用,不仅形成了
    号称“世界屋脊”的青藏高原,而且造成了整个中国西部到中亚数千公里的构造变形;发生
    在数千公里以外板块边界上的构造应力是怎样长距离传递和迁移的?高原的形成在时间和
    空间上是如何演化的?这些都是大陆动力学或板内构造变形研究所必须面对的基本问题,我
    们目前只能部分地解答。青藏高原及周边新生代山脉的隆起、盆地的形成、构造的变动主要
    受印度与欧亚板块碰撞作用的影响。如果能够确定高原周边不同地区新生代构造变形的方
    式、起止时间、构造演化历史,就可以推断在青藏高原形成过程中的构造应力传递方式和动
    力学机制,为青藏高原隆升与扩展的时空演化研究提供重要的约束条件。
    开展这一研究的理想地区之一是青藏高原东北部,该地区晚新生代构造变形十分强烈,
    是青藏高原最新的、正在形成的组成部分。古近纪中晚期以来,该区一直是一个巨大的内陆
    盆地,沉积了巨厚的陆相沉积物,中新世晚期以来这一湖盆遭到了隆起并褶皱成山。不仅盆
    地本身的形成、发展和消亡历史反映了青藏高原的形成和扩展过程,而且与高原隆升有关的
    构造和环境变迁会在沉积物中留下记录,使得我们有可能揭示出这些记录,并反演出构造演
    化历史,为直接认识高原的形成过程打开了一扇重要窗口。
    西秦岭北缘断裂带是一条重要的北西西向断裂,由于它处于青藏高原东北部的前沿部
    位,对于构造活动的响应比较敏感,断裂带及两侧的滩歌盆地(上盆地)、武山-漳县盆地(中
    盆地)和陇西盆地(下盆地)与该断裂的构造演化具有密切的关系。本次研究选择这三个盆地
    作为重点研究区,通过对断裂带及其两侧盆地沉积地层和新生代构造变形的研究,明确了上
    述三个新生代盆地的构造属性、演化历史和相互关系,对西秦岭北缘断裂带的新生代构造活
    动历史和作为高原东北边界的构造地位进行了剖析,并且首次在滩歌盆地发现了始新世中晚
    期的角度不整合,说明了在始新世中晚期(40Ma左右)东北缘地区曾经发生过一次以近南
    北向挤压变形为主要特征的构造运动。根据所获得的有关资料,结合有关东北缘地区的构造
    变形、新生代地层沉积等方面的资料,对该地区新生代以来的构造运动时空演化、高原隆升
    扩展以及有关的动力学机制问题进行了探讨。本文所取得的主要结论如下:
    1) 滩歌盆地--沉积地层与构造演化
    盆地内新生代地层属古近系,大部分地区缺失新近系。古近系自下而上可分为3个大的
    地层序列:序列Ⅰ,为由粗到细的砾岩-砂岩-泥岩序列,时代为古新世-始新世早中期,
    是冲积扇-河流-浅湖相沉积;序列Ⅱ主要是辨状河相的砾岩和砂岩,典型岩石为中部的马
    力红砂岩,时代为始新世中晚期;序列Ⅲ为一套冲积扇砾岩沉积,属渐新世。三个地层序列
    由两个不整合分开,位于序列Ⅰ和序列Ⅱ之间的不整合Ⅰ是一个非常明显的角度不整合,代
    表了一次重要的构造变形事件。
    该盆地作为早期青藏高原内部盆地的代表,沉积历史较长,经历了多期次构造变形;在
    经过了渐新世末-中新世初期(20Ma左右)的构造运动后,盆地隆起,结束了新生代沉积
    历史。在中新世以后高原内部的沉积盆地与早期沉积盆地无延续关系,属于新形成的盆地。
    2) 武山-漳县盆地-沉积地层与构造演化
    武山-漳县盆地与滩歌盆地无延续关系,是在中新世早中期(13-6 Ma)沿西秦岭北
    缘断裂带新形成的可能受正断活动控制的断陷盆地,大约在中新世晚期(6Ma)结束沉积。盆
    地内的新生代地层一般直接不整合覆盖在古生界基岩之上,局部与下伏的古近纪砾岩不整合
    
    接触,为一连续沉积的地层序列。目前盆地地层表现为沿断裂带展布的长条形,厚度大于
    1000米,总体上可分为三大套,下部以砾岩和砾岩夹含砾粉砂质泥岩为主,中部为砖红色
    一紫红色粉砂质泥岩、泥岩夹灰绿色砂砾岩及泥灰岩,上部为土红色一褐黄色粉砂质泥岩夹
    砂、砾岩层。
     武山一漳县盆地与两侧的陇西盆地和滩歌盆地,在盆地类型、演化历史、地层与沉积特
    征等方面明显不同,属于不同的沉积构造体系,盆地的形成标志着西秦岭北缘断裂带的演化
    进入了新的阶段。
     3)陇西盆地一沉积地层与构造演化
     在经过始新世中晚期的构造运动以后,陇西盆地就处于了与高原隆升有关的前陆盆地发
    展过程,直到中新世末一上新世末盆地遭到破坏为止。南部边缘新生代地层总体上可以划分
    为3个大的层序:层序I,为始新世中晚期紫红一桔红色长英质中细砂岩;层序H,为渐新
    世灰褐色一红褐色中、细砾岩;层序m,是一套中新世砂砾岩、砂岩、泥岩序列,分别与临
    夏盆地中庄、上庄和东乡组层位相当。这一套新生代地层为连续沉积,未发现不整合,说明
    自始新世中晚期以来一直到上新世时期盆地内部没有发生强烈的构造变形。
     在陇西盆地南缘发育的逆冲断裂和褶皱构成了一个逆冲断裂系,是西秦岭北缘逆冲推覆
    构造带的组成部分。
     4)新生代时期最早的一次构造变形事件
     在始新世中晚期(约4OMa)青藏高原东北缘西秦岭北缘断裂带以南地区发生了一次明显
    的构造变形事件,以近南北向(北北东向)的挤压收缩变形为特征。位于滩歌盆地北部的腊干
    下一秦
The continental collision between India and Eurasia and the successive indentation of the Indian continent into the northern area during the Cenozoic era not only created the Tibetan Plateau, but also caused the widespread tectonic deformation over several thousands of kilometers in western China and middle Asia. The questions like how the tectonic stress from the plate boundary, which is several thousands of kilometers away, is transferred, and how the deformation of the Tibetan Plateau evolves in spatial and temporal domain remained to be answered, which are relevant to continental dynamics and intra-continental tectonic deformation. The uplift of mountains, the formation and evolution of basins in and around the Tibetan Plateau in the Cenozoic time are predominately controlled by the Cenozoic continental collision. If the style and time of deformation and the tectonic evolution history in the Cenozoic era in the surrounding regions of the Tibetan plateau can be determined, the dynamics and the tectonic stress transfer mechanism can be inferred, and most important constraints can be provided to the study of the spatial and temporal evolution of the Tibetan plateau.An ideal area for relevant studies is the northeastern rim of the Tibetan plateau which is the latest and growing part and characterized by strong extensive tectonic deformation in late Cenozoic. A wide intracontinental basin developed there since Paleogene, and thick terrestrial deposition formed until late Cenozoic time when it was subjected to compressional deformation and uplifted. No only did the developing history of the basin reflect the forming and expanding process, but its deposition would record the relevant tectonic and depositional situation due to the uplift of the Tibetan plateau. These deformational and depositional records will help us restore the tectonic evolution history of this area and provide important information about the deformation process of the Tibetan plateau.The West Qinling Northern Front fault (WQNF) is situated at the frontier of the northeastern part of the Tibetan plateau. The development of the Cenozoic Tange basin (upper basin), Wushan-Zhanxian basin (middle basin) and Longxi basin(lower basin) along and on both sides of WQNF is closely related to the evolution of this fault belt. These three basins are chosen as the research areas. By detailed studies on the deposition and deformation, the attribute, evolution history, and mutual relationship among these basins are determined, and the Cenozoic tectonic history of WQNF and its tectonic status as part of the northeastern boundary of the Tibetan plateau are analyzed. A conspicuous Eocene angular unconformity is discovered in the Tange basin, which, combined with other evidences, shows that a strong tectonic movement characterized by nearly NS contractional deformation occurred at the middle Eocene in the NE part of the Tibetan plateau.
    
    The spatial-temporal evolution of the tectonic movement and the uplift of the Tibetan plateau since the early Cenozoic era and some relevant dynamic mechanism are discussed on the basis of the data acquired in this work and previous studies. The main conclusions are as follows:1) Tange basin-deposition, stratigraphy and tectonic evolutionThere is no Neogene system in this basin, and all the Cenozoic strata are paleogene. including three sequences from bottom to top. Sequence I is composed of conglomerate, sandstone and clay deposited in an alluvial-fluvial-shallow lacustrine system during Paleocene and early to middle Eocene epoch. Sequence II is mainly consisted of conglomerate and sandstone deposited in a braided river system during middle to late Eocene epoch, of which the typical rock is the red Mali sandstone exposed near the small town Mali. Sequence III is a series of alluvial conglomerate deposited during Oligocene.The above mentioned three sequences are separated by two unconformities. The lower one between sequence I and II is an obvious angular unconformity. The differences in the rocks, depositional environments and the deform
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