岩体水力劈裂机理试验及数值模拟研究
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摘要
自然岩体由于本身的结构不确定性，使得对其力学效应和渗透性的研究遇到巨大困难。在研究工程区域的岩体稳定问题时，规模巨大的断层等构造可以具体描述，但是大量的小规模构造难以具体描述。正是这些小规模构造在导水方面起到不可忽视的作用。而水的渗流问题又是影响岩体以及其上的建筑物稳定的重要因素。
正如人们所知，渗流会降低岩土体的稳定性。在高静水压力作用下，岩体内水的流态已经不能完全被岩体中的通道所约束。具有高势能的水会破坏岩体的原有结构，“创造”出更多的渗流通道来，以满足它卸掉势能的需要。水力劈裂问题的研究实质，就是具有高势能的水对岩体的破坏。
本文基于连续介质弹脆性损伤理论，研究岩体水力劈裂的机理，在以下方面有所进展：
(1) 在弹脆性力学的范畴内，提出基于应变的岩体破坏模式，并推导了判别准则。认为岩体的破坏具有拉和剪两种形式。由于具体的承载条件和约束条件不同，岩体破坏时，可能是以某一种(拉或剪)形式破坏，也可能两种破坏形式并存发生。两种破坏形式并存发生时，在一个足够小的时间段内，也是以单一的形式发生，只是在下一时间段可能就转化成另一种形式发生破坏。在一个具体的时刻，岩体发生哪一种形式的破坏，取决于当前哪一种破坏趋势占优势地位。
(2) 基于常规三轴水力劈裂试验，提出了材料“不均匀系数”的概念，用来描述了材料的不均匀分布状况。并基于此，提出应变(应力)集中为核心的水力劈裂观点。认为：岩体，特别是脆性岩体的破坏是从局部开始的，在局部形成裂纹。裂纹的扩展，及裂纹的相互连通，导致岩体整体破坏。在高压水荷载的作用下，岩体的劈裂破坏必然伴随着高压水的侵入。对于裂缝来讲，高压水对裂缝面施加面荷载。正是这一面荷载的作用，大大加强了缝端的应力集中程度。这也就是水力劈裂为什么会对岩体的稳定造成巨大威胁的原因。
(3) 建立了渗透系数与损伤变量的关系函数。以此为桥梁，建立渗流、破坏的耦合关系。开发了有限元耦合计算程序。耦合计算分两部分：岩体的力学反应和岩体结构变化造成的渗流场的反应，两部分分别计算交叉叠代。数值计算的研究重点如下：①对岩体材料的非均匀模拟，选用Weibull分布或标准正态分布函数为计算单元赋材料参数(主要是弹模)。研究表明，分别按两种分布函数为材料赋值，得到的裂缝扩展没有明显差别。②在裂缝扩展过程的数值模拟上，数值计算分荷载步，在每一个荷载步内再叠代计算。在每一个叠代步，只允许一个单元破坏。破坏后的单元要进行应力转移。应力转移的大小按照弹脆性本构模式进行。如此反复叠代直到平衡为止，进入下一荷载步。计算表明，荷载步的大小对计算收敛性影响明显。计算时一般尽量设置小载荷步，载荷步过大时可能导致计算不收敛。③渗流场计算中，由于新裂缝连通性假设，随裂缝的扩展，渗流场变化明显。
A big puzzle was uprising on the study of natural rock mass mechanical effect and its permeability because of its structural uncertainty. When rock mass stability was studied in the scope of engineering district, big inner structures, like large faults, could be described in detail. But a mass of relatively small structures couldn't be described in numerical analysis mesh grid. Moreover, it was just this small structures could make a non-neglectable effect in rock mass permeability. And seepage was a prominent factor for stability of rock mass and constructions on the rock mass.As known, seepage may debase rock mass' stability. But how about the mechanism was? In soil mechanics research, effective stress theory was used as the base. In which buoyancy was taken into account in fact. Under high water pressure action, water current in rock mass couldn't be restricted in crannies. Water with high potential energy could pierce into rock block. So that. Some new crannies were created to deplete the water potential energy. Which, vitiation of water to rock mass, just was the nucleus of hydraulic fracture research. It also was one side problem of seepage stress couple research.Rock mass hydraulic fracture mechanics was studied in this dissertation based on continuum elasto-brittle damage theory. Some achievements were drawn as follows. In the category of elastic brittle mechanics, a tense-shear competing model for rock mass failure judging was put forward. In which the viewpoint was that rock mass failure might like tense or shear. In a certain condition, rock mass failure might as one of the both or all of the both. Even though the both happened simultaneously, There was only one style, shear or tense, happened in a little time slicing such as 1 second. Nobbut one style in this second might change to another in the next second. The failure style of rock mass in an idiographic time of day lied on which trend was in the ascendant. A normal triaxial hydraulic fracture test was done in seepage laboratory of Hohai university. The sample was thick-cylinder made from cement mortar. An anisomerous deformation was gained in the condition of symmetrical load and symmetrical restraint. And the stress state of sample failure couldn't satisfy the thick-cylinder theory. The concept of asymmetry coefficient was put forward to describe material distribution asymmetry.The viewpoint in rock mass hydraulic fracture mechanism in this dissertation was that strain (stress) concentration was the core concept. Under such a notion, Failure of brittle rock mass was from a certain local point. Crack appears from local. Cracks enlarging and connecting was the reason of rock mass failure. Fracture mechanics and brittle elastic damage mechanics were suitable in local crack enlarging research. Stress concentration was striking in the local zone of crack tip. A kind of smashing failure took place by tense or shear in a little local zone of crack tip with a free surface of crack. And strain concentration was striking in the local zone also.
Fracture enlarging and connecting in rock mass went with pressured water inrush consequentially. The new fracture was supposed interconnected in this dissertation. So, once fracture enlarged, pressured water swarmed into right away. The face pressure from water on fracture surface reinforced the stress concentration. Which was the reason why hydraulic fracture intimidates rock mass stability.Some research in rock mass hydraulic fracture numerical simulation was done in this dissertation. A Finite Element Method(FEM) program code was worked out. In the FEM program, computing process was divided in two parts, mechanics and seepage. The two parts had a certain relationship. And intercross iterative computing was done following the relationship between the two parts. Several key problems were studied as follows. (D Weibull distribution and normal distribution were used to give values to elements' Young's modulus in FEM mesh grid. By which, the material asymmetrical distribution was simulated. The research shown that the frac
正如人们所知，渗流会降低岩土体的稳定性。在高静水压力作用下，岩体内水的流态已经不能完全被岩体中的通道所约束。具有高势能的水会破坏岩体的原有结构，“创造”出更多的渗流通道来，以满足它卸掉势能的需要。水力劈裂问题的研究实质，就是具有高势能的水对岩体的破坏。
本文基于连续介质弹脆性损伤理论，研究岩体水力劈裂的机理，在以下方面有所进展：
(1) 在弹脆性力学的范畴内，提出基于应变的岩体破坏模式，并推导了判别准则。认为岩体的破坏具有拉和剪两种形式。由于具体的承载条件和约束条件不同，岩体破坏时，可能是以某一种(拉或剪)形式破坏，也可能两种破坏形式并存发生。两种破坏形式并存发生时，在一个足够小的时间段内，也是以单一的形式发生，只是在下一时间段可能就转化成另一种形式发生破坏。在一个具体的时刻，岩体发生哪一种形式的破坏，取决于当前哪一种破坏趋势占优势地位。
(2) 基于常规三轴水力劈裂试验，提出了材料“不均匀系数”的概念，用来描述了材料的不均匀分布状况。并基于此，提出应变(应力)集中为核心的水力劈裂观点。认为：岩体，特别是脆性岩体的破坏是从局部开始的，在局部形成裂纹。裂纹的扩展，及裂纹的相互连通，导致岩体整体破坏。在高压水荷载的作用下，岩体的劈裂破坏必然伴随着高压水的侵入。对于裂缝来讲，高压水对裂缝面施加面荷载。正是这一面荷载的作用，大大加强了缝端的应力集中程度。这也就是水力劈裂为什么会对岩体的稳定造成巨大威胁的原因。
(3) 建立了渗透系数与损伤变量的关系函数。以此为桥梁，建立渗流、破坏的耦合关系。开发了有限元耦合计算程序。耦合计算分两部分：岩体的力学反应和岩体结构变化造成的渗流场的反应，两部分分别计算交叉叠代。数值计算的研究重点如下：①对岩体材料的非均匀模拟，选用Weibull分布或标准正态分布函数为计算单元赋材料参数(主要是弹模)。研究表明，分别按两种分布函数为材料赋值，得到的裂缝扩展没有明显差别。②在裂缝扩展过程的数值模拟上，数值计算分荷载步，在每一个荷载步内再叠代计算。在每一个叠代步，只允许一个单元破坏。破坏后的单元要进行应力转移。应力转移的大小按照弹脆性本构模式进行。如此反复叠代直到平衡为止，进入下一荷载步。计算表明，荷载步的大小对计算收敛性影响明显。计算时一般尽量设置小载荷步，载荷步过大时可能导致计算不收敛。③渗流场计算中，由于新裂缝连通性假设，随裂缝的扩展，渗流场变化明显。
A big puzzle was uprising on the study of natural rock mass mechanical effect and its permeability because of its structural uncertainty. When rock mass stability was studied in the scope of engineering district, big inner structures, like large faults, could be described in detail. But a mass of relatively small structures couldn't be described in numerical analysis mesh grid. Moreover, it was just this small structures could make a non-neglectable effect in rock mass permeability. And seepage was a prominent factor for stability of rock mass and constructions on the rock mass.As known, seepage may debase rock mass' stability. But how about the mechanism was? In soil mechanics research, effective stress theory was used as the base. In which buoyancy was taken into account in fact. Under high water pressure action, water current in rock mass couldn't be restricted in crannies. Water with high potential energy could pierce into rock block. So that. Some new crannies were created to deplete the water potential energy. Which, vitiation of water to rock mass, just was the nucleus of hydraulic fracture research. It also was one side problem of seepage stress couple research.Rock mass hydraulic fracture mechanics was studied in this dissertation based on continuum elasto-brittle damage theory. Some achievements were drawn as follows. In the category of elastic brittle mechanics, a tense-shear competing model for rock mass failure judging was put forward. In which the viewpoint was that rock mass failure might like tense or shear. In a certain condition, rock mass failure might as one of the both or all of the both. Even though the both happened simultaneously, There was only one style, shear or tense, happened in a little time slicing such as 1 second. Nobbut one style in this second might change to another in the next second. The failure style of rock mass in an idiographic time of day lied on which trend was in the ascendant. A normal triaxial hydraulic fracture test was done in seepage laboratory of Hohai university. The sample was thick-cylinder made from cement mortar. An anisomerous deformation was gained in the condition of symmetrical load and symmetrical restraint. And the stress state of sample failure couldn't satisfy the thick-cylinder theory. The concept of asymmetry coefficient was put forward to describe material distribution asymmetry.The viewpoint in rock mass hydraulic fracture mechanism in this dissertation was that strain (stress) concentration was the core concept. Under such a notion, Failure of brittle rock mass was from a certain local point. Crack appears from local. Cracks enlarging and connecting was the reason of rock mass failure. Fracture mechanics and brittle elastic damage mechanics were suitable in local crack enlarging research. Stress concentration was striking in the local zone of crack tip. A kind of smashing failure took place by tense or shear in a little local zone of crack tip with a free surface of crack. And strain concentration was striking in the local zone also.
Fracture enlarging and connecting in rock mass went with pressured water inrush consequentially. The new fracture was supposed interconnected in this dissertation. So, once fracture enlarged, pressured water swarmed into right away. The face pressure from water on fracture surface reinforced the stress concentration. Which was the reason why hydraulic fracture intimidates rock mass stability.Some research in rock mass hydraulic fracture numerical simulation was done in this dissertation. A Finite Element Method(FEM) program code was worked out. In the FEM program, computing process was divided in two parts, mechanics and seepage. The two parts had a certain relationship. And intercross iterative computing was done following the relationship between the two parts. Several key problems were studied as follows. (D Weibull distribution and normal distribution were used to give values to elements' Young's modulus in FEM mesh grid. By which, the material asymmetrical distribution was simulated. The research shown that the frac
引文
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