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城市空间数据挖掘方法与应用研究
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摘要
以城市发展决策中的空间信息需求为目标,以地理信息科学和城市地理学理论为指导,在已有空间数据挖掘研究的基础上,对城市空间数据挖掘理论、方法和应用进行了较深入研究。研究内容包括城市空间数据挖掘体系、空间基础计算模型、城市空间分布(静态)数据挖掘、城市空间动态预测、城市空间与时序关联规则提取、城市群数据挖掘等方面,提出了一个总体框架体系和若干新的挖掘方法,改进了一些已有的空间数据挖掘方法,进行了大量应用实验研究,初步建立了一个城市空间数据挖掘实验系统。
     在基础理论方面:在总结已有研究工作的基础上,提出了一个空间数据挖掘框架体系和城市空间数据挖掘的任务体系;提出了位置—属性一体化的实体信息模型,并给出了3种空间距离测渡,可以作为空间计算的基础准则;通过对空间权重矩阵进行拓展,提出了空间实体关联矩阵和空间状态关联矩阵的概念,并给出了建立方法,为空间数据挖掘提供了新的基础工具。
     在城市空间分布(静态)数据挖掘方面:采用空间—属性一体化概念模型,把空间坐标、空间关系和属性特征纳入到统一的空间计算模型,分别对城市土地适宜性评价和城市功能区划分中的空间聚类方法进行了研究,并提出了一种分类图层的平滑算法;针对城市土地的空间优化配置,提出了一种空间遗传算法(SGA),该算法中的选择、交叉、变异算子都是在空间上进行的;对多要素离散空间场之间的相关性测度,定义了一种基于信息熵的规范的相关指数,并给出了计算方法。
     在城市空间动态挖掘方面:对离散状态属性预测和模拟,建立了一种具有操作性的细胞自动机预测方法,即从历史空间数据中自动提取局部状态转换规则,在预测和模拟计算阶段采用随机试验的方法确定未来时间的单元状态,更符合实际;对连续状态属性预测,提出了一种空间关系与属性特征一体化的空间自回归分析方法,可以用于空间单元网络的连续属性的群体预测;对城市空间扩展预测,根据区域扩散的思想提出了一种点源射线扩散的预测方法和计算模型。
     在城市空间关联知识挖掘方面:对静态关联规则,根据粗糙集理论归纳出了基于数据约减和等价类划分的两种空间关联规则提取方法;对动态关联规则,提出了一种时序信息表的生成方法,可广泛用于时序关联规则的挖掘。但是这些规则提取方法与空间关
    
    山东科技大学博士学位论文摘要
    系计算是分离的,即规则提取方法本身不是空间计算方法。针对较复杂的空间关联知识,
    研究了根据空间关联矩阵挖掘空间实体关联知识和空间状态关联知识的方法,这些方法
    是基于空间计算的。
     在城市群空间数据挖掘方面:提出了坐标一属性一体化的城市群分布轴线挖掘思路
    和参数估计方法,包括直线、抛物线和一般二次曲线;提出了几种新的空间离散度指数
    及计算方法,包括加权平均间距、空间标准差、空间基尼系数等;从理论上证明了普通
    voronoi图在描述城市群吸引范围中的缺陷,提出了一种更为合理的属性加权的曲边
    Voronof图模型,并对生成方法进行了初步探讨,但还不成熟;根据城市规模一等级定则
    (Zip淀则)、坐标分离策略和遗传算法(GA),分别提出了两种城市群重心移动预测的
    方法;最后对城市群空间引力场和潜能场的可视化方法进行了研究。
     在技术开发方面:通过编制50个空间数据预处理和挖掘计算程序,并与GIS平台和
    其他数据分析软件集成,初步建立了城市空间数据挖掘实验系统usDMS,结合济南市和
    山东省城市群进行了大量应用实验研究,获取一大批城市空间数据挖掘结果。
With requirement of spatial information in city development decision as a goal, under the guidance of geographical information science and urban geography and based on the present study of spatial data mining (SDM), the author deeply studies the theory, method and appliance of urban spatial data mining (USMD). The contents that studied include the systemic structure of USMD, the models of basic spatial computation, urban spatial distribution DM, urban spatial dynamic DM, urban spatial association rule mining and urban cluster spatial data mining etc. The author brings forward collectivity frame structure and some new mining methods, improves on the some present methods of SDM, carries out a large of practical experiments, preliminarily builds up a experimental system of USDM.
    On the aspect of basic theory: Based on the present research, the author puts forward a frame system of USDM and the entity information model of combination of location and attribute, gives the measurement of spatial distance as a basic rule of spatial computation. By extending the method of spatial weighted matrix, brings forth the conception of spatial entity association matrix and spatial entity state association matrix, gives the method of their establishment and offers new basic tools for SDM.
    On the aspect of urban spatial distribution DM: Adopting the conception model of combination of location and attribute, the author brings spatial coordinates, spatial relationship and attribute character into the unitive model of spatial computation, studies city's land suitableness evaluation and the method of spatial clustering in division of urban function districts and brings forward the arithmetic of classification layer. Aiming at land spatial optimization allocation, the author puts forward SGA. In this arithmetic selection, crossover and mutation operator are progressed on the space. The author defines normative relational index based on entropy and gives the method of computation, for relational measurement among multi-elements discrete spatial fields.
    On the aspect of urban spatial dynamic DM: To prediction and simulation of discrete-state attributes, the author establishes the predictive method of CA which has operation, that is to say, that automatic distills part rule of state conversion from the past spatial data and makes certain cell state in the future adopting the method of random experiment in the prediction and simulation accords with actual. To prediction of continuous state attributes, the author puts forward the SAR analytic method of combination of location and attribute. This method can be used in colony prediction of continuous valued attributes of spatial cell grid. To prediction of city spatial expansion, the author brings forward predicting method and computing model of point sources radiation diffusion based on the thought of regional diffusion.
    
    
    On the aspect of urban spatial association knowledge mining: To static association rule, according to rough set theory the author summarizes two distilling methods of spatial association rule based on reductive data and division of equivalence. To dynamic association rule, the author puts forward the method of spatial time serial information table. This method can be used in spatial time serial association rule mining widely. But these distilling methods is discrete from computation of spatial relationship, that is to say, the method of distilling rule is different from the method of spatial computation. Aiming at complex spatial association knowledge, the author researches the method of mining spatial entity association knowledge and spatial state association knowledge according to spatial association matrix. These methods are on the basis of spatial computation.
    On the aspect of urban cluster SDM: In this part, the author puts forward five methods. First, the author brings forward mining thoughts and the method of estimating parameter of urban cluster distribution axis which contains coordinate and attribute index. This method includes straight line, parabola and common qua
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