用本体实现地理信息系统语义集成和互操作
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摘要
本文的研究目的是探讨地理信息系统基于语义的集成和互操作的理论基础和发展趋势。指出空间信息语义网格是基于语义的地理信息系统集成和互操作发展的必然结果。
通过深入分析，本文详细剖析了地理信息系统的发展过程和现状，指出了目前存在的问题及产生问题的原因。为了实现基于语义的地理信息系统集成和互操作，提出并建立了基于本体的空间信息语义网格的较为完整的理论体系框架和实现技术。目前虽然有许多学者从事研究计算网格和本体理论在地理信息系统中应用的工作，但是还没有关于将二者有机地结合到一起从而构造空间信息语义网格的清晰论述。
本文对此做了较为详细的研究，系统地阐述了基于本体和网格技术的地理信息系统集成和互操作的理论体系，深入分析了各种计算机新技术对构造空间信息语义网格体系框架的影响以及空间信息语义网格的实现问题，提出了一种基于本体和轻量目录访问协议的多层网格体系结构的实现方案，分别从网格系统的分析设计理论和开发实现技术等角度对空间信息语义网格的框架进行了深入分析，有效地实现了基于本体(语义)的地理信息系统集成和互操作的理论内涵。
本文对网格、本体和地理信息系统的集成和互操作之间的关系进行了深入研究，深刻分析了网格技术与本体理论的内涵，首次明确提出了基于本体的空间信息语义网格的理论框架，引入本体理论和轻量目录访问协议解决地理信息系统之间的语义集成和互操作的难题；同时全面研究了本体的建立、基于本体的推理机制和本体的代数模型。由于基于语义的地理信息系统集成和互操作本身融合了地理信息系统理论、认知科学与计算机技术的最新发展，受各种新技术的影响比较大，所以文中涉及的技术面比较宽，主要进行了以下几个方面开拓性和创新性的研究工作：
1)从地理信息系统的集成和互操作研究发展历史入手，深入分析了空间信息语义网格出现的必然性，剖析了其现状、内涵、支撑技术以及面临的诸多问题，建立了空间信息语义网格的初步的理论框架。
2)对空间信息语义网格的体系结构进行了深入研究，建立了一个基于本体的
空间信息语义网格体系结构框架模型。
3)引入了本体理论来拓展基于语义的地理信息系统集成和互操作的研究，提
出使用本体思想来描述构造空间信息语义网格的分析过程，较好地解决了不同领
域的地理信息系统之间在语义层集成和互操作的问题，为大规模的地理信息系统
集成和构造空间信息语义网格莫定了基础。
4)提出了基于语义的空间信息语义网格的资源管理模型一基于本体和轻量目
录访问协议的资源管理和信息服务模块，使之成为空间信息语义网格管理语义信
息的一种有效手段，并利用它深入刻画了本体在空间信息语义网格体系结构上的
应用，全面深入地评价了空间信息语义网格的特点。
5)提出了一种新的地理信息系统的本体体系分类思想，根据本文的地理信息
系统知识体系划分方法确立了基本本体、领域本体和应用本体的三层本体体系结
构，利用该本体体系思想深入剖析了建立本体系统的实践过程，为异构的地理信
息系统及其数据的交流、共享和集成提供了理论和实现的基础。
6)首次提出了在空间信息语义网格中使用基于本体的代数模型的思想，为地
理信息系统的集成和互操作提供了理论基础.
7)详细全面地研究了本体的语义表达、本体的建立和基于本体的推理机制，
为基于本体的地理信息系统的集成和互操作莫定了坚实的基础。
在研究中，取得了以下几个方面的进展:
l)首次把本体、网格技术和轻量目录访问协议有机地融合在一起，构造了一
个基于本体的空间信息语义网格系统结构，为地理信息系统社会化和与其他领域
信息系统的融合做出了有益的探索。
2)提出了本体代数模型作为空间信息语义网格的数学基拙，为地理信息系统
集成到网格的实践提供了坚实的基础。
3)首次提出用专家和数据挖掘相结合的混合方法构造地理本体的思路，对传
统的人工方法做了改进，实现了半自动的建立本体。
4)首次利用LDAP目录服务的引用机制实现了集成本体系统中概念之间的多
对多关系，构造了一个基于本体的单一结构的虚拟组织，为用户提供透明和统一
的服务界面。
由于时间的局限，还有以下几个方面的问题在今后的工作需要进一步地进行
研究:
1)随着网格规模的扩张，将会遇到多语言本体系统之间的语义转换和匹配问
题，这时除了准确地矛!】用不同语言的文字属性表达空间实体的语义外，还应考虑
如何把符号、图标和图像引入本体的语义表达和互操作中。
2)目前基于本体的逻辑推理是针对两个本体概念的属性集存在交集的情况下
设计的，如果两个概念的属性集之间没有交集，就无法利用文中的方法实现完全
自动的语义关系推理，必须要人工千预，这是由于人工智能领域在模拟人类思维
时目前还存在较大的困难，没有取得重大突破，所有今后要密切关注人工智能领
域的新进展，及时吸取先进技术，以提高在各种情况下基于语义推理的自动化程
度.
3)本体概念在进行语义转换时，如果发生了语义失真，目前还没有定量的方
法来及时度量语义失真的程度，?
The research purpose of this dissertation is to discuss the development trend and theory of the semantic integration and interoperability of Geography Information Systems on the network ages and to point out that the Semantic-based Spatial Information Grid (SSIG) is the foregone conclusion of the development of the semantic-based integration and interoperability of Geography Information Systems.
By the analyzing on the history and condition about the integration and interoperability of Geographic Information Systems, the dissertation proposes more perfect theory and technology on the semantic-based integration and interoperability of Geography Information Systems what is based on ontology and creates the architecture of SSIG. Many papers made mention of the Grid, but there wasn't any clear comment and detail theory about the relation between the Spatial Information Grid and ontology. The dissertation gives the detail on the theory system and implemental methods about SSIG by using the geographic ontology.
After analyzing the effect by using the various new technologies on its architecture frame, the paper proposes the architecture as the kernel of SISG. The architecture is based on the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) and geography ontology. The architecture helps the analysis and design on the development for SISG and gives the guideline for details to implement the actual project of SISG. It is very important to the development of the theory of ontology-based integration and interoperability of Geography Information Systems.
Though making the research on the relation between Grid and ontology in detail, this dissertation digs up the intention of the ontology-based integration and interoperability of the Geography Information Systems, and first brings out the constitution of SSIG in theory into daylight, and builds it's architecture in software. It makes some attempts on many theory and methods for easy to integrate of the Geography Information Systems.
Some new theories and ideas consist of the following:
1) Building the frame of model in the SISG by analyzing the concept, history, status quo, intension, facing question, support technology and so on.
2) Proposing one new the SISG' architecture based on the LDAP and ontology through the deeply researching on SISG.
3) Introducing the theory of ontology into the study of SISG. Advancing the design and analysis on building SISG by ontology. It's a cornerstone for the integrating on the great GIS and development on the super large distributed GIS.
4) Presenting the architecture of resource management and information service module. The architecture is based on ontology and LDAP and is the trend of the semantic-based integration and interoperability of the Geography Information Systems.
5) Proposing one new idea for the family of the ontology class based on the GIS knowledge built here. They are the basic ontology, the domain ontology and the application ontology and are very useful for the sharing and transferring of the semantic information between the complicated distributed systems and object abstracting.
6) Creating the thought of ontology Algebra in the exchange and transform with data and semantic information as a new thinking way in SISG.
7) Introducing the semantic express of ontology, ontology building and logical reasoning based on ontology and establishing the solid foundation of the semantic-based integration and interoperability of the Geography Information systems.
The main contributions of the dissertation are as follows:
1) For the first time taking the ontology and LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) in creating and optimizing the architecture of SSIG and accelerating the fusion of Geography Information System and other domain's information systems.
2) Creating the thought of ontology Algebra in the exchange and transform with data and semantic information as a new thinking way in SISG.
3) For the first time, introducing a hybrid method to build geography ontology. This hybrid method mixes the excellence of t
通过深入分析，本文详细剖析了地理信息系统的发展过程和现状，指出了目前存在的问题及产生问题的原因。为了实现基于语义的地理信息系统集成和互操作，提出并建立了基于本体的空间信息语义网格的较为完整的理论体系框架和实现技术。目前虽然有许多学者从事研究计算网格和本体理论在地理信息系统中应用的工作，但是还没有关于将二者有机地结合到一起从而构造空间信息语义网格的清晰论述。
本文对此做了较为详细的研究，系统地阐述了基于本体和网格技术的地理信息系统集成和互操作的理论体系，深入分析了各种计算机新技术对构造空间信息语义网格体系框架的影响以及空间信息语义网格的实现问题，提出了一种基于本体和轻量目录访问协议的多层网格体系结构的实现方案，分别从网格系统的分析设计理论和开发实现技术等角度对空间信息语义网格的框架进行了深入分析，有效地实现了基于本体(语义)的地理信息系统集成和互操作的理论内涵。
本文对网格、本体和地理信息系统的集成和互操作之间的关系进行了深入研究，深刻分析了网格技术与本体理论的内涵，首次明确提出了基于本体的空间信息语义网格的理论框架，引入本体理论和轻量目录访问协议解决地理信息系统之间的语义集成和互操作的难题；同时全面研究了本体的建立、基于本体的推理机制和本体的代数模型。由于基于语义的地理信息系统集成和互操作本身融合了地理信息系统理论、认知科学与计算机技术的最新发展，受各种新技术的影响比较大，所以文中涉及的技术面比较宽，主要进行了以下几个方面开拓性和创新性的研究工作：
1)从地理信息系统的集成和互操作研究发展历史入手，深入分析了空间信息语义网格出现的必然性，剖析了其现状、内涵、支撑技术以及面临的诸多问题，建立了空间信息语义网格的初步的理论框架。
2)对空间信息语义网格的体系结构进行了深入研究，建立了一个基于本体的
空间信息语义网格体系结构框架模型。
3)引入了本体理论来拓展基于语义的地理信息系统集成和互操作的研究，提
出使用本体思想来描述构造空间信息语义网格的分析过程，较好地解决了不同领
域的地理信息系统之间在语义层集成和互操作的问题，为大规模的地理信息系统
集成和构造空间信息语义网格莫定了基础。
4)提出了基于语义的空间信息语义网格的资源管理模型一基于本体和轻量目
录访问协议的资源管理和信息服务模块，使之成为空间信息语义网格管理语义信
息的一种有效手段，并利用它深入刻画了本体在空间信息语义网格体系结构上的
应用，全面深入地评价了空间信息语义网格的特点。
5)提出了一种新的地理信息系统的本体体系分类思想，根据本文的地理信息
系统知识体系划分方法确立了基本本体、领域本体和应用本体的三层本体体系结
构，利用该本体体系思想深入剖析了建立本体系统的实践过程，为异构的地理信
息系统及其数据的交流、共享和集成提供了理论和实现的基础。
6)首次提出了在空间信息语义网格中使用基于本体的代数模型的思想，为地
理信息系统的集成和互操作提供了理论基础.
7)详细全面地研究了本体的语义表达、本体的建立和基于本体的推理机制，
为基于本体的地理信息系统的集成和互操作莫定了坚实的基础。
在研究中，取得了以下几个方面的进展:
l)首次把本体、网格技术和轻量目录访问协议有机地融合在一起，构造了一
个基于本体的空间信息语义网格系统结构，为地理信息系统社会化和与其他领域
信息系统的融合做出了有益的探索。
2)提出了本体代数模型作为空间信息语义网格的数学基拙，为地理信息系统
集成到网格的实践提供了坚实的基础。
3)首次提出用专家和数据挖掘相结合的混合方法构造地理本体的思路，对传
统的人工方法做了改进，实现了半自动的建立本体。
4)首次利用LDAP目录服务的引用机制实现了集成本体系统中概念之间的多
对多关系，构造了一个基于本体的单一结构的虚拟组织，为用户提供透明和统一
的服务界面。
由于时间的局限，还有以下几个方面的问题在今后的工作需要进一步地进行
研究:
1)随着网格规模的扩张，将会遇到多语言本体系统之间的语义转换和匹配问
题，这时除了准确地矛!】用不同语言的文字属性表达空间实体的语义外，还应考虑
如何把符号、图标和图像引入本体的语义表达和互操作中。
2)目前基于本体的逻辑推理是针对两个本体概念的属性集存在交集的情况下
设计的，如果两个概念的属性集之间没有交集，就无法利用文中的方法实现完全
自动的语义关系推理，必须要人工千预，这是由于人工智能领域在模拟人类思维
时目前还存在较大的困难，没有取得重大突破，所有今后要密切关注人工智能领
域的新进展，及时吸取先进技术，以提高在各种情况下基于语义推理的自动化程
度.
3)本体概念在进行语义转换时，如果发生了语义失真，目前还没有定量的方
法来及时度量语义失真的程度，?
The research purpose of this dissertation is to discuss the development trend and theory of the semantic integration and interoperability of Geography Information Systems on the network ages and to point out that the Semantic-based Spatial Information Grid (SSIG) is the foregone conclusion of the development of the semantic-based integration and interoperability of Geography Information Systems.
By the analyzing on the history and condition about the integration and interoperability of Geographic Information Systems, the dissertation proposes more perfect theory and technology on the semantic-based integration and interoperability of Geography Information Systems what is based on ontology and creates the architecture of SSIG. Many papers made mention of the Grid, but there wasn't any clear comment and detail theory about the relation between the Spatial Information Grid and ontology. The dissertation gives the detail on the theory system and implemental methods about SSIG by using the geographic ontology.
After analyzing the effect by using the various new technologies on its architecture frame, the paper proposes the architecture as the kernel of SISG. The architecture is based on the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) and geography ontology. The architecture helps the analysis and design on the development for SISG and gives the guideline for details to implement the actual project of SISG. It is very important to the development of the theory of ontology-based integration and interoperability of Geography Information Systems.
Though making the research on the relation between Grid and ontology in detail, this dissertation digs up the intention of the ontology-based integration and interoperability of the Geography Information Systems, and first brings out the constitution of SSIG in theory into daylight, and builds it's architecture in software. It makes some attempts on many theory and methods for easy to integrate of the Geography Information Systems.
Some new theories and ideas consist of the following:
1) Building the frame of model in the SISG by analyzing the concept, history, status quo, intension, facing question, support technology and so on.
2) Proposing one new the SISG' architecture based on the LDAP and ontology through the deeply researching on SISG.
3) Introducing the theory of ontology into the study of SISG. Advancing the design and analysis on building SISG by ontology. It's a cornerstone for the integrating on the great GIS and development on the super large distributed GIS.
4) Presenting the architecture of resource management and information service module. The architecture is based on ontology and LDAP and is the trend of the semantic-based integration and interoperability of the Geography Information Systems.
5) Proposing one new idea for the family of the ontology class based on the GIS knowledge built here. They are the basic ontology, the domain ontology and the application ontology and are very useful for the sharing and transferring of the semantic information between the complicated distributed systems and object abstracting.
6) Creating the thought of ontology Algebra in the exchange and transform with data and semantic information as a new thinking way in SISG.
7) Introducing the semantic express of ontology, ontology building and logical reasoning based on ontology and establishing the solid foundation of the semantic-based integration and interoperability of the Geography Information systems.
The main contributions of the dissertation are as follows:
1) For the first time taking the ontology and LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) in creating and optimizing the architecture of SSIG and accelerating the fusion of Geography Information System and other domain's information systems.
2) Creating the thought of ontology Algebra in the exchange and transform with data and semantic information as a new thinking way in SISG.
3) For the first time, introducing a hybrid method to build geography ontology. This hybrid method mixes the excellence of t
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