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构造应力型冲击地压发生条件研究
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摘要
煤矿冲击地压一直是岩体力学及矿山压力防治研究的难点之一,从理论到防治都尚未完全解决。而在近些年,我国东部进入深部开采的矿区仍然出现较多的冲击地压显现,给矿井生产和安全带来了极大的威胁,因而有必要对这些冲击地压显现进行系统的、深入的研究。冲击地压的生成环境、发生地点、宏观和微观上的显现形态多种多样,它的显现强度和所造成的破坏程度相差也很大。截止目前为止,研究的基础绝大部分基于重力场的条件,虽然部分研究涉及构造应力场,也只是定性地分析地质构造以及构造应力对冲击显现的影响,还缺乏对构造应力作用下冲击发生条件进行定量研究。
     本文以矿井构造应力型冲击显现为背景,综合采用实验室试验、现场测试、理论分析及数值模拟等研究方法,建立了力学模型,模拟了冲击显现过程,对构造应力型冲击的发生条件进行了深入的研究,建立了预测冲击的判据,并用于预测未开采区的冲击危险。
     本文所做的研究工作如下:
     1.通过钻孔冲击物理试验,研究了钻孔冲击的临界压力,以及钻孔冲击的条件;通过数值模拟,与物理试验相同的试验结果相验证,并揭示了钻孔冲击时卸载的应力降以及能量释放特征。
     2.利用数值模拟方法研究了在损伤状态下支承压力的分布及变化规律以及支承压力随开采深度、煤层性质(强度及弹模)和厚度、上覆岩层的性质的变化而变化的规律。
     3.以次生应力的实测及监测结果为基础,模拟研究了在构造应力作用下不同尺寸煤柱中的煤层及岩层中的应力分布,进而建立了模拟冲击发生的加载条件的力学模型。
     4.用数值模拟方法模拟构造应力作用下底板冲击地压显现,并揭示了数值模拟冲击显现所具有的特征并提出判定冲击的原则。
     5.研究侧压系数对构造型冲击发生条件的影响,提出了临界水平主应力的概念,分析了临界水平主应力随侧压系数的变化而变化的规律,以及临界水平主应力对冲击地压发生的影响。
     6.分析在不同厚度硬软煤岩层组合条件下构造应力型冲击发生的条件,提出了底板结构系数的概念以及底板煤岩组合冲击理论,并阐述了该理论的基本内容。
     7.通过综合分析现场冲击发生条件以及构造应力型冲击发生的条件的模拟计算结果,首次提出构造应力型冲击发生条件的两个判据:巷道方位或回采工作面方位与最大
    
    辽宁工程技术大学博士学位论文
    水平主应力方位两者的夹角a)70“;满足最大水平主应力。hl)临界水平主应力。。hs。
     8.以东滩矿为应用背景,通过地应力实测和数值模拟方法研究井田的原岩应力分布
    状态,得出了最大水平主应力的分布状况及其随采深加大而变化的情况;应用构造型冲
    击发生的两个判据,对东滩三个采区设计工作面的冲击危险进行了预测,并研究了大直
    径钻孔卸压的解危措施。
The rock burst in coalmines is always one of the difficult problems on rock mass mechanics and mine pressure, which is not solved in the theory and in practice. In recent years, there are a lot of rock burst occurrences in the deep mines of the Eastern China, which greatly threaten the mine production and safety, so it is necessary to research these rock burst occurrences systematically and deeply. Rock bursts are very different in occurrence intension and destruction degree. Up to now, most of researches are based on the condition of gravity field, although part of researches is relative to the tectonics stress field, the influence of geological structures and tectonics stress on rock burst occurrence was analyzed qualitatively. So, it is short of the quantitative research on the rock burst occurrence condition under the action of the tectonic stress.
    The tectonic stress type of rock burst occurrences in recent years are regarded as the research objects in this thesis, Many research methods, such as experiment in laboratory, field measures, theory analysis, and numeric simulation, are used to found mechanics models, simulate the occurrences of rock burst. Furthermore, the conditions of occurrences of rock burst are researched intensively, and the criteria of predicting rock burst are founded, which are used to predict the potential danger of rock burst in the coalfaces of non-excavating districts.
    The research works in this thesis are as follows:
    1. The critical pressure and conditions of drilling hole burst are determined through the physics experiment of drilling hole burst. Furthermore, the same experiment result as the physics experiment is gotten through numeric simulation experiment of drilling hole burst, and the characters of stress-drop and energy-release during the drilling hole burst are also discovered.
    2. The distribution of abutment stress, and its change rules with the mining depth, the character (strength and elastic module) and thickness of coal seam, the nature of overlying rock strata is researched through numeric simulation method under the damage state.
    3. Based on the measurement result of mining-induced stress, the stress distributions in coal seams and rock strata of different sizes of pillar are simulated under the action of tectonic stress. Then, the mechanics models of load condition simulating occurrence of rock burst are
    
    
    
    founded.
    4. The occurrence of floor rock burst was simulated by numeric simulation method; the
    characters of occurrence of floor rock burst are discovered, and determination rules on floor rock burst are also put forward.
    5. The influence of side pressure coefficient on the occurrence condition of tectonic stress type of rock burst was researched; the concept of critical horizontal principal stress was put forward. Then the change rule of critical horizontal principal stress with side pressure coefficient is analyzed, the influence of critical horizontal principal stress on the occurrence of rock burst is also researched.
    6. The occurrence conditions of tectonic stress type of rock burst under the conditions of different thickness combination of hard and soft rock layers (coal seam) is calculated, and the concept of floor structure coefficient and the theory of floor coal and rock combination burst are put forward, and the basic contents of this theory are discussed.
    7. Through combined the occurrence conditions of underground rock burst and the simulation results of occurrence conditions of tectonic stress type of rock burst, two criteria of occurrence conditions of tectonic stress type of rock burst are firstly determined: one is that the angle between the orientation of tunnel (or coal face) and the orientation of maximum horizontal principal stress is equal to or greater than 70 degree; another is that the maximum horizontal principal stress is equal to or greater than critical horizontal principal stress.
    8. The Dongtan Mine is acted as the application example in this thesis. The distribution state of initial stress is researched by the measurem
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