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青藏高原东北缘晚新生代以来的构造变形特征与时空演化
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摘要
青藏高原的隆升及其构造变形过程的研究是创建大陆岩石圈动力学理论、探讨地球各圈层之间相互作用的关键。青藏高原东北缘地区是整个高原向大陆内部扩展的前缘部位,也是其最新的和正在形成的重要组成部分。该区发育了多条晚第四纪仍强烈活动的大型活动构造带,同时还形成了多个新生代断陷盆地,其内沉积了连续而完整的晚新生代地层,不仅记录了详尽的高原变形历史,而且还蕴涵着高分辨率的环境(特别是气候)变化的信息,是研究青藏高原隆升、构造变形、古气候变化及其相互作用的最佳地区。
     本论文正是通过对青藏高原东北缘地区主要活动构造的几何图像与运动特征、主要新生代盆地的演化与构造变形等两方面的研究为主线。归纳总结了本区晚新生代以来构造变形的时空演化特征和过程、构造变形的动力学模式和机制等,进而认识和理解本区构造变形与整个青藏高原多阶段隆升的关系。研究取得的主要认识如下:
     柴达木盆地北缘地区晚新生代以来经历过四个强烈的构造变形时期:第一期距今约5.1Ma左右:第二期介于上新世末与早更新统之间,大约3.58Ma左右,它们均形成了明显的角度不整合面;第三期表现为中更新统与下更新统七个泉组之间(0.73Ma)的不整合接触;第四期发生在晚更新世之前,使区内的Q_1-Q_2地层褶皱变形。同时本区还发育了多条走向基本一致、呈NWW向首尾错列的活动褶皱与活动断裂带,主要有怀头他拉、俄博山和锡铁山-阿木尼克山等三排逆断裂-褶皱带,5.1Ma以来其地壳总缩短量为18.95Km左右,平均地壳缩短率为3.72mm/a;3.58Ma以来的总地壳缩短量为8.8Km,地壳缩短率为2.46mm/a左右。巴音郭勒河北缘断裂带是该区新发现的一条全新世活动的逆冲断裂带,长约60km,晚更新世晚期以来的垂直滑动速率为0.28±0.18mm/a。该区的构造变形表现为一组逆冲断裂带逐渐由山体前缘向盆地内部扩展,形成由山体向外依次变新的一系列逆断裂-背斜带,它们应属于复合型的前展式逆断裂推覆构造带。
     鄂拉山地区晚新生代以来的构造变形以强烈的右旋走滑活动及受其控制的晚新生代盆地变形为特征。其中鄂拉山断裂带是分隔本区的柴达木盆地与共和盆地的一条重要边界断裂,长约207km,由六条规模较大的次级断裂段主要以右阶羽列而成,阶距1~3.5Km左右。该断裂由挤压逆冲转换为右旋走滑的时代为第四纪初期。造成大的地质体断错9~12km。晚更新世晚期以来的水平滑动速率为4.1±0.9mm/a;垂直滑动速率为0.15±0.1mm/a。乌兰盆地和茶卡盆地是发育在鄂拉山断裂带东西两侧的前展式断陷盆地,存在三期强烈的构造活动期。Ⅰ期:活动时代介于13.07Ma之后、7.78Ma之前,很可能对应10~8Ma左右在青藏高原普遍存在的一次强烈构造事件;Ⅱ期:活动时代在4.34Ma之后、第四纪之前,可能对应3.4Ma左右的青藏运动A幕;Ⅲ期:第四纪早中期强烈的构造活动。其中乌兰盆地上述各期地壳缩短量分别为1.4~1.5Km、6.85~6.95Km和5.65Km左右,前两次的地壳缩短率分别为O.18~0.19mm/a和1.90~1.93mm/a。乌兰盆地北缘地壳总缩短量为13.9~14.1Km,平均缩短率为1.79~1.81mm/a。茶卡盆地北缘地壳缩短量为2.5Km,地壳缩短率为0.5~2mm/a。
     日月山地区的构造变形主要以热水-日月山断裂带强烈的右旋走滑活动为特征,形成了本区复杂多变的构造转换关系。断裂北端为NWW向的托勒山北缘左旋走滑断裂带,西延即为哈拉湖断裂,南端为拉脊山断裂带,形成规模较大的挤压逆冲构造。热水-日月山断裂带长
    
    约183Km,主要由四条不连续次级断裂段呈右阶羽列而成,并在不连续部位形成拉分型小盆
    地,阶距2一3Klll左右。晚更新世晚期以来的水平滑动速率为3.25士1.75mn岁a,垂直滑动速
    率为0.24士0.14llul岁a。青海湖盆地是受日月山断裂和青海南山南缘断裂控制的背驮式断陷盆
    地。
     拉脊山地区是一条形成历史悠久,经历了多期强烈构造变动的晚新生代再生造山带。拉
    脊山断裂晚更新世甚至全新世以来仍有活动,造成断裂两侧有历史记载以来20多次5级左
    右中等地震的发生。它实际上是介于NNW向的热水一日月山右旋走滑断裂带与NWW向的西秦
    岭北缘左旋走滑断裂带之间的一个大型挤压构造区,是调节上述两组断裂之间应力应变关系
    的构造转换带,它控制和影响着周缘晚新生代盆地的演化与变形。
     位于拉脊山南侧的贵德盆地属于前展式的挤压断陷盆地,晚新生代以来存在四期强烈的
    构造变形事件,其时代分别为:ZIMa、7.78Ma、3.6Ma和2.8一2.6Ma左右;前三期的地壳
    缩短量分别为4.OKm、2.75Klll和3.35一3.65Kln;地壳缩短率分别为0.19训rn/a、o.35nlll岁a、
    0.93一1.01叮田耐a。贵德盆地东北缘地壳总缩短量为10.1一10.4KJll,平均缩短速率为
    0.48刃.5Omlll/a。显然,上述各次事件的强度是有差异的,其中3.6Ma的构造活动规模大、
    影响深远,它不但使贵德盆地内部褶皱变形,也使盆地周围山体强烈隆起,盆地结束大型湖
    相沉积的历史而转为冲洪积环境,并在山麓地带沉积较厚的磨拉石建造,从而奠定了贵德盆
    地第四纪地貌发育的基本格架。
     位于拉脊山东侧的临夏盆地自7.78Ma开始发育生长褶皱,代表缓慢的构造隆升过程;
    发生在3.38Ma左右的一次构造事件?
The study on the uplift and deformation process of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is the base of reconstructing the dynamics of continental lithosphere and is also a key to discuss the interaction between the earth layers. The northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is the front position of the whole Plateau expanding to the inner of the continent, as well as the newest and under forming part of the plateau. This area developed several large scale active tectonics which are very active during the late Quaternary. There also formed many Cenozoic depression basins where continuous and integrate late Cenozoic strata deposited. The sediments preserved in the basins not only record the detail deformation history of the whole plateau, but also contain the information of high-resolution environmental change, especially the climate change. So, the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is always thought to be the best region to study the plateau uplift, tectonic deformation, palaeo-climate change
     and interaction between them.
    This thesis takes the follow two aspects as the research masterstrokes: the geometrical image and kinematic characteristics of the main active tectonics, and the evolutions and tectonic deformations of the main Cenozoic basins in the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. It summarizes the spatial and temporal evolution features and processes, the dynamic models and mechanisms of the tectonic deformation since Late Cenozoic.Then it penetrates into understanding and discussing the relationships between tectonic deformation of the northeastern margin area and the stages uplift process of the whole Plateau. The main conclusions are summarized bellow:
    The northeastern margin area of the Qaidam basin had experienced four periods of strong tectonic deformation since late Cenozoic. The age of the first stage is about 5.1Ma.B.P.. The second stage is between the end of Pliocene and the beginning of early Pleistocene, and its age is about 3.58Ma.B.P.. During the both periods formed clear angular unconformities. The third stage of tectonic deformation is also evidenced by an angular unconformity between the middle Pleistocene(Q2) and the early Pleistocene Qigequan Formation(Q1), and its age is about 0.73Ma. The forth stage of tectonic deformation happened before the late Pleistocene, which caused folds of the Q1-Q2 strata in this area. At the same time, there developed several active folds and fault zones which strike nearly the same and link each other in offset manner in the NNW orientation. There are three ranks of reverse-fold zones, i.e. the Huaitoutala, Eboshan and Xitieshan-Amunikeshan reverse-fold zones. The total crustal shortening of these reverse-fold
     zones is about 18.95km, and the average shortening rate is about 3.72mm/a since 5.1Ma. The total crustal shortening is about 8.8km, and the average shortening rate is about 2.46mm/a since 3.38Ma. The northern margin active fault zone of the Bayinguole river is a newly found Holocene active thrust fault zone in the northeastern margin area of the Qaidam basin. It is 60km long, and
    
    
    
    its vertical slip rate is about 0.28+0.18mm/a since late Pleistocene. The deformation of the northeastern margin area of the Qaidam basin had formed a group of thrust faults which extends from the mountain to the basin interior area where developed a series of thrust fault-anticline zones which are younger from the mountain to the basin. They belong to the composite frontal reverse nappe structure zones.
    The deformation of the Elashan area since late Cenozoic is characterized by right-lateral strike-slip motion and the Cenozoic basin deformation which is controlled by the main fault zone. The Elashan fault zone is an important boundary fault zone which separates the two great Cenozoic basins, the Qaidam basin and Gonghe basin. This fault is about 207km long and consists of right-step echelon arrangement of six discontinuous secondary faults. The step distance is about 1-3.5km. The age when the fault mechanical property changed from compressio
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