扬子地块西南缘铅锌成矿作用与分散元素镉镓锗富集规律
|
摘要
扬子地块西南缘位于特提斯构造域与环太平洋构造域的结合部位，晚太古代以来经历了复杂的地质构造演化历史，形成了丰富多样的矿产资源，富含分散元素镉镓锗的铅锌矿床即为其中富有特色的重要矿种。论文以扬子地块西南缘若干典型的富含分散元素的铅锌矿床(云南会泽、富乐，四川天宝山、大梁子，贵州杉树林、牛角塘)为重点解剖对象，在系统野外工作的基础上，运用化学分析、等离子质谱分析、电子探针等手段对铅锌矿石、单矿物和容矿岩石等开展了元素地球化学、同位素地球化学以及赋存状态等方面的综合研究，对区域铅锌成矿的地质构造和地球化学条件及分散元素镉镓锗的赋存状态和富集规律进行了较为系统的总结。
扬子地块西南缘铅锌矿床的容矿岩石及区域地层中Zn、Pb和Cd等的高背景值是铅锌成矿和分散元素富集的物质基础。元素地球化学研究表明，区域地层和容矿岩石中主成矿元素Zn和Pb及分散元素Cd的含量普遍高于地壳同类岩石丰度，其中Zn和Cd的含量通常高出十倍以上。
矿床中的硫主要来自容矿地层。赋存于不同时代地层中的典型矿床的硫化物硫同位素组成，总体上显示出与容矿地层同期形成的海相硫酸盐硫同位素组成相一致的特征。铅同位素模式年龄(约140～470Ma)显示矿床的形成时代晚于或近于容矿地层的形成时代。矿床的矿石铅主要来自上地壳。
综合矿石铅同位素模式年龄和矿床产出的地质特征，初步厘定出扬子地块西南缘存在着两种不同成因类型的铅锌矿床，即MVT型和SEDEX型。MVT型矿床的成矿时代显著小于容矿地层时代，时差约为200～300 Ma，此类矿床的矿体多以脉状和网脉状产出；而SEDEX型矿床的形成时代与容矿地层时代相近，矿体主要以层状、似层状产出。
在原生硫化物闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿和黄铜矿中，分散元素镉镓锗主要以类质同象的形式存在，少量可能以超显微独立矿物的形式存在。在表生氧化条件下，局部发育分散元素镉的独立矿物—硫镉矿，但尚未发现镓和锗的独立矿物。
扬子地块西南缘铅锌矿床均以富集镉(约330～8200×10~(-6))为特征，而镓(约2～30×10~(-6))和锗的富集程度较低。闪锌矿为镉和镓的主要载体矿物。MVT型矿床中镉和镓的含量(Cd约1700～8200×10~(-6)，Ga约5～30×10~(-6))显著高于SEDEX型矿床(Cd约300～400×10~(-6)，Ga约2～4×10~(-6))。
初步总结了铅锌矿床形成的区域地质构造背景、成矿机制以及铅锌成矿对分散元素富集的制约作用。扬子地块西南缘铅锌矿床主要形成于古生代拉张构造体制下，而中生代挤压体制下仅在局部区域成矿。
The southwestern Yangtze block, located in the combined zone of Tethys and circum-Pacific tectonic domains, has undergone a complex geologic-tectonic evolutionary history since late Archean. Among various kinds of mineral resources in this area, Pb-Zn deposits are characterized by enrichment in dispersed elements such as cadmium (Cd), gallium (Ga) and germanium (Ge). A case study on some typical Pb-Zn deposits enriched in Cd, Ga, and Ge from SW Yangtze block (Huize and Fule in Yunnan, Tanbaoshan and Daliangzi in Sichuan, and Shanshulin and Niujiaotang in Guizhou) was undertaken during this study. Based on systematic field investigations, multiple methods including chemical analysis, ICP-MS and electron microprobe (EMP) are used to study ore deposit geochemistry and occurrence state of dispersed elements. In addition, the geologic, tectonic and geochemical conditions of Pb-Zn mineralization, the occurrence state and enrichment regularity of Cd, Ga, and Ge in SW Yangtze block are summarized in this dissertation.
Regional strata and host rocks of the Pb-Zn deposits in SW Yangtze block have high contents of Zn, Pb, and Cd, which is fundamental for the Pb-Zn mineralization and the enrichment of dispersed elements. Element geochemical study shows that the contents of Zn, Pb, and Cd in the regional strata and host rocks are typically higher than those of similar lithologies of the earth's crust.
Sulfur in the deposits was chiefly derived from host rocks. Sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfides in the typical ore deposits hosted in different strata are on the whole consistent with those of marine sulfates in corresponding host strata. Lead isotopic model ages suggest that the mineralization ages of the studied Pb-Zn deposits are later than or close to the ages of the host strata. The ore lead in the deposits mainly came from the upper crust.
According to the lead isotopic model ages and geologic characteristics of the ore deposits, two main types of Pb-Zn deposits can be classified in SW Yangtze block, i.e., the Mississippi valley type (MVT) and the sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) type. Metallogenetic ages of the MVT deposits, in which the orebodies occur as veins or stockworks, are ca. 200-300 Ma younger than the ages of corresponding host strata. By contrast, the metallogenetic ages of SEDEX deposits, in which the orebodies are stratiform or layer-like, are slightly younger than or close to the ages of corresponding host rocks.
In primary ore minerals like sphalerite, galena, pyrite and chalcopyrite, Cd, Ga and Ge occur mainly as isomorphic forms. Trace amounts of independent minerals of cadmium, such as greenockite, were locally observed in the oxidized zones of the deposits.
Cd contents in the studied Pb-Zn deposits are abnormally high, whereas Ga and Ge contents are relatively low. Cd and Ga are mainly enriched in sphalerite. Concentrations of Cd and Ga in the MVT deposits are much higher than those in SEDEX deposits
扬子地块西南缘铅锌矿床的容矿岩石及区域地层中Zn、Pb和Cd等的高背景值是铅锌成矿和分散元素富集的物质基础。元素地球化学研究表明，区域地层和容矿岩石中主成矿元素Zn和Pb及分散元素Cd的含量普遍高于地壳同类岩石丰度，其中Zn和Cd的含量通常高出十倍以上。
矿床中的硫主要来自容矿地层。赋存于不同时代地层中的典型矿床的硫化物硫同位素组成，总体上显示出与容矿地层同期形成的海相硫酸盐硫同位素组成相一致的特征。铅同位素模式年龄(约140～470Ma)显示矿床的形成时代晚于或近于容矿地层的形成时代。矿床的矿石铅主要来自上地壳。
综合矿石铅同位素模式年龄和矿床产出的地质特征，初步厘定出扬子地块西南缘存在着两种不同成因类型的铅锌矿床，即MVT型和SEDEX型。MVT型矿床的成矿时代显著小于容矿地层时代，时差约为200～300 Ma，此类矿床的矿体多以脉状和网脉状产出；而SEDEX型矿床的形成时代与容矿地层时代相近，矿体主要以层状、似层状产出。
在原生硫化物闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿和黄铜矿中，分散元素镉镓锗主要以类质同象的形式存在，少量可能以超显微独立矿物的形式存在。在表生氧化条件下，局部发育分散元素镉的独立矿物—硫镉矿，但尚未发现镓和锗的独立矿物。
扬子地块西南缘铅锌矿床均以富集镉(约330～8200×10~(-6))为特征，而镓(约2～30×10~(-6))和锗的富集程度较低。闪锌矿为镉和镓的主要载体矿物。MVT型矿床中镉和镓的含量(Cd约1700～8200×10~(-6)，Ga约5～30×10~(-6))显著高于SEDEX型矿床(Cd约300～400×10~(-6)，Ga约2～4×10~(-6))。
初步总结了铅锌矿床形成的区域地质构造背景、成矿机制以及铅锌成矿对分散元素富集的制约作用。扬子地块西南缘铅锌矿床主要形成于古生代拉张构造体制下，而中生代挤压体制下仅在局部区域成矿。
The southwestern Yangtze block, located in the combined zone of Tethys and circum-Pacific tectonic domains, has undergone a complex geologic-tectonic evolutionary history since late Archean. Among various kinds of mineral resources in this area, Pb-Zn deposits are characterized by enrichment in dispersed elements such as cadmium (Cd), gallium (Ga) and germanium (Ge). A case study on some typical Pb-Zn deposits enriched in Cd, Ga, and Ge from SW Yangtze block (Huize and Fule in Yunnan, Tanbaoshan and Daliangzi in Sichuan, and Shanshulin and Niujiaotang in Guizhou) was undertaken during this study. Based on systematic field investigations, multiple methods including chemical analysis, ICP-MS and electron microprobe (EMP) are used to study ore deposit geochemistry and occurrence state of dispersed elements. In addition, the geologic, tectonic and geochemical conditions of Pb-Zn mineralization, the occurrence state and enrichment regularity of Cd, Ga, and Ge in SW Yangtze block are summarized in this dissertation.
Regional strata and host rocks of the Pb-Zn deposits in SW Yangtze block have high contents of Zn, Pb, and Cd, which is fundamental for the Pb-Zn mineralization and the enrichment of dispersed elements. Element geochemical study shows that the contents of Zn, Pb, and Cd in the regional strata and host rocks are typically higher than those of similar lithologies of the earth's crust.
Sulfur in the deposits was chiefly derived from host rocks. Sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfides in the typical ore deposits hosted in different strata are on the whole consistent with those of marine sulfates in corresponding host strata. Lead isotopic model ages suggest that the mineralization ages of the studied Pb-Zn deposits are later than or close to the ages of the host strata. The ore lead in the deposits mainly came from the upper crust.
According to the lead isotopic model ages and geologic characteristics of the ore deposits, two main types of Pb-Zn deposits can be classified in SW Yangtze block, i.e., the Mississippi valley type (MVT) and the sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) type. Metallogenetic ages of the MVT deposits, in which the orebodies occur as veins or stockworks, are ca. 200-300 Ma younger than the ages of corresponding host strata. By contrast, the metallogenetic ages of SEDEX deposits, in which the orebodies are stratiform or layer-like, are slightly younger than or close to the ages of corresponding host rocks.
In primary ore minerals like sphalerite, galena, pyrite and chalcopyrite, Cd, Ga and Ge occur mainly as isomorphic forms. Trace amounts of independent minerals of cadmium, such as greenockite, were locally observed in the oxidized zones of the deposits.
Cd contents in the studied Pb-Zn deposits are abnormally high, whereas Ga and Ge contents are relatively low. Cd and Ga are mainly enriched in sphalerite. Concentrations of Cd and Ga in the MVT deposits are much higher than those in SEDEX deposits
引文
白立新，朱日祥．扬子地块古生代大地构造演化及古地磁学研究综述．地球物理学进展，1996，11(3)：109～115．
陈宏明，吴祥和，张瑛，等．中国南方石炭纪岩相古地理与成矿作用．北京：地质出版社，1994，124．
陈智梁，陈世瑜．扬子地块西缘地质构造演化．重庆：重庆出版社，1987，172．
方华，杨继林，吴代城等．麒麟厂铅锌矿床稳定同位素特征及成因探讨．有色金属矿产与勘查，2000，9(1～2)：114～116．
高子英．云南主要铅锌矿床的铅同位素特征．云南地质，1997，16(4)：359～367．
谷团．牛角塘独立镉矿床初步研究．1999，硕士学位论文，中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳
管士平，李忠雄．康滇地轴东缘铅锌矿床铅硫同位素地球化学研究．地质地球化学，1999，27(4)：45～54．
贵州省地质矿产局．贵州省区域地质志．北京：地质出版社，1987，698．
韩润生，刘丛强，黄智龙等．论云南会泽富铅锌矿床成矿模式．矿物学报，2001，21(4)：674～680
黄汲清．中国大陆构造特征的新研究．中国地质科学院院报，1984，(9)：1～17
黄思静．川西北甘溪中、上泥盆统海相碳酸盐岩地碳、锶同位素组成及其地质意义．岩石学报，1993，9：214～220．
黄智龙，陈进，韩润生等．云南会泽铅锌矿床脉石矿物方解石REE地球化学．矿物学报，2001，21(4)：659～666．
黄智龙，陈进，刘丛强等．峨眉山玄武岩与铅锌矿床成矿关系初探-以云南会泽铅锌矿床为例．矿物学报，2001，21(4)：681～688．
李连举，刘洪滔，刘继顺．滇东北铅、锌、银矿床矿源层问题探讨．有色金属矿产与勘查，1999，8(6)：333-339．
林方成．四川会东大梁子铅锌矿床成因新探．矿床地质，1994，13(2)：126～136．
林方成．康滇地轴东缘钳锌矿床铅同位素组成特征及其成因意义．特提斯地质，1995，(19)：131～139．
刘杰．康滇地轴东缘震旦系灯影组层控铅锌矿床成矿规律．成都地质学院研究生毕业论文，1988．
刘铁庚，裘愉卓，叶霖．闪锌矿的颜色成分和硫同位素之间的密切关系．矿物学报，1994，14(2)：199～205．
刘文钧，田洪钧等．稳定同位素在古环境研究中的应用．岩相古地理，1988，3～4：98～107．
刘文周，徐新煌．论川滇黔铅锌成矿带矿床与构造的关系．成都理工学院学报，1996，23(1)：71～77．
刘英俊，曹励明，李兆麟等．元素地球化学．北京：科学出版社，1984，1～548．
刘肇昌，李凡友，钟康惠等．扬子地台西缘构造演化与成矿．成都：电子科技大学出版社，1996，1～267．
柳贺昌．滇川黔成矿区的铅锌矿源层(岩)．地质与勘探，1996，32(2)：12～18．
柳贺昌．峨眉山玄武岩与铅锌成矿．地质与勘探，1995，31(4)：1～6．
柳贺昌．滇川黔铅锌成矿区的成矿模式．云南地质，1996，15(1)：41～51．
卢武长主编．稳定同位素地球化学．成都：成都地质学院出版社，1986，173～189．
卢武长，崔秉荃，杨绍全．上扬子石炭纪锶、碳同位素和微量元素铝与海平面变化的关系．成都地质学院院报，1993，3：33～37．
任纪舜，姜春发，张正坤等．中国大地构造及其演化．北京：科学出版社，1980，1～140．
余跃新．四川大梁子铅锌矿床地质特征及其成因探讨．成都地质学院研究生毕业论文，1988．
四川省地质矿产局．四川省区域地质志．北京：地质出版社，1991，730．
汤耀庆，冯益民．中国板块构造研究的某些新进展．中国地质科学院院报，1984，(10)：49～58．
涂光炽，高振敏，胡瑞忠等．分散元素地球化学及成矿机制．北京：地质出版社，2003，424．
王鸿祯．从活动论观点论中国大地构造分区．地球科学，1981，(1)：42～65．
王奖臻，李朝阳，李泽琴等．川滇地区密西西比河谷型铅锌矿床成矿地质背景及成因探讨．地质地球化学，2001，29(2)：41～45．
王奖臻，李朝阳，李泽琴等．川、滇、黔交界地区密西西比河谷型铅锌矿床与美国同类矿床对比．矿物岩石地球化学通报，2002，21(2)：127～132．
王汝植，徐星琪，赵欲亭，等．西吕—滇中地区沉积盖层及其地史演化．重庆：重庆出版社，1988，301．
王小春．康滇地轴中段东缘震旦系灯影组层控铅锌矿床成矿机理——以天宝山和大梁子矿床为例．成都地质学院研究生毕业论文，1988．
王小春．四川大梁子铅锌矿床的成因分析．矿产与地质，1991，5(3)：151～156．
王小春．天宝山铅锌矿床成因分析．成都地质学院学报，1992，19(3)：10～20．
王宗哲，杨杰东，孙卫国．扬子地台震旦纪海水碳同位素的变化．高校地质学报，1996，2(1)：112～119．
叶霖，刘铁庚．贵州都匀牛角塘富镉锌矿床中镉的分布及赋存状态探讨．矿物学报，2001，21(1)：115～119．
于炳松，裘愉卓．扬子地块西南部沉积地球化学演化与成矿作用．北京：地震出版社，1998，100．
于炳松，裘愉卓，李娟．扬子地块西南部晚元古代—三叠纪沉积地球化学演化．沉积学报，1997，15(4)：127～134．
喻安光，郭建强．扬子地台西缘构造格局．中国区域地质，1998，17(3)：255～261．
张秀莲．碳酸盐岩中氧、碳同位素与古盐度、古水温的关系．沉积学报，1985，3：17～30．
赵伦山，张本仁编著．地球化学．北京：高等学校出版社，1988，404．
翟裕生，邓军，汤中立，等．古陆边缘成矿系统．北京：地质出版社，2002，416．
翟裕生，邓军，李晓波．区域成矿学．北京：地质出版社，1999，287．
郑庆鳌．云南会泽矿山厂麒麟厂铅锌矿床对流循环成矿及热水溶硐赋存块状富铅锌矿的实践与认识．西南矿产地质，1997，1-2：8-16．
周朝宪．滇东北麒麟厂铅锌矿床成矿金属来源、成矿流体特征和成矿机理研究．矿物岩石地球化学通报．1998．17(1)：34～36．
Anderson G M. Precipitation of Mississippi Valley-Type ores.Economic Geology, 1975(70): 937～942.
Anderson G M.Organic maturation and ore pricipitation in Southeast Missouri. Economic Geology,1991 (86):909～926.
Appold M S,Kesler A E,Alt J C.Sulfur Isotope and fluid inclusion constraints on the genesis of Missssippi Valley-Type mineralization in the Central Appalachians. Economic Geology, 1995(90): 902～919.
Bernstein L R. Germanium geochemistry and mineralogy. Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta,1985, 49:2409～2422.
Bethke C M. Hydrologic constraints on the genesis of the Upper Mississippi Valley Mineral District from Illinois Basin Brines. Economic Geology, 1986(81): 233～249.
Cathles L M, Smith A T. Thermal constraints on the formation of Mississippi Valley-Type lead-zinc deposits and their implications for episodic basin dewatering and deposit genesis. Economic Geology, 1983(78): 983～1002.
Clayton R N, Degens E T. Use of carbon isotope analyses of carbonates for differentiating fresh-water and marine sediments.AAPG, 1959, 4:889～897.
Crocetti C A, Holland H D, Mckenna L W. Isotopic composition of lead in galenas from the Viburnum Trend, Missouri.Economic Geology,1988(83):355～376.
Crocetti C A, Holland H D. Sufur-lead isotope systematics and the composition of fluid inclusions in
galena from the Viburnum Trend,Missouri.Economic Geology,1989(84):2196～2216.
Doe B R,Delevaux M H.Source of lead in Southeast Missouri Galena Ores.Economic Geology,1972(67):409～425.
Doe B R,Stacey J S.The Application of lead isotopes to the problems of ore genesis and ore prospect evaluation:A review.Economic Geology, 1974 (69):757～776.
Doe B R,Zartman R E.Plumbotectonics:The planerozoic.In:Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits.Wiley-Interscience, New York,1979:22～70.
Edwards R, Arkinson K. Ore deposit Geology and its influence on mineral exploration. London, New York: Chapman and Hall, 1986, 230～256.
Gerdemann P E, Myers H E. Relationships of carbonate facies patterns to ore distribution and to ore genesis in the Southeast Missouri lead district. Economic Geology, 1972(67): 426～433.
Goldhaber M B, Church S E, Doe B R. Lead and sulfur isotope investigation of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks from the Southern Midcontinent of the United States: implications for Paleohydrology and ore genesis of the Southeast Missouri lead belts. Economic Geology, 1995(90): 1875～1910.
Henry A L, Anderson G M. Alteration of organic matter in the Viburnum Trend lead-zinc district of Southeastern Missouri. Economic Geology, 1992(87): 288～309.
Hoefs. Stable isotope geochemistry. 1980, Springer-Verlag.
Holsen W.T. and Kaplan I.R. Isotope geochemistry of sedimentary sulfates. Chemical Geology, 1966, 1 (2):93～135.
Hudson J D. Stable isotopes and limestone lithification.J.Geol. Soc., 1977, 133: 637.
Hutinson R W. Massive base metal sulfide deposits in sedimentary rocks and their metallogenic relationship during Proterozoic time. Paper presented at joint meeting of AIME-SEG, Chicago. Abstrct in Econmic Geology, 1973(68), 138.
Jones H D, Kesler S E, Furman F C et al. Sulfur isotope geochemistry of Southern Appalachian Mississippi Valley-Type deposits. Economic Geology, 1996(91):355～367.
Keith M L, Weber J N. Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of selected limestones and fossils. Geochi. et. Cosmoch. Acta, 1964, 28:1786～1816.
Kendrick M A, Burgess R, Leach D et al. Hydrothermal fluid origin in Mississippi Valley-Type ore districts: combined noble gas (He, Ar, Kr) and halogen (Cl, Br, I) analysis of fluid inclusions from the Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar district, Viburnum Trend, and Tri-states districts, Midcontinent United States. Economic Geology, 2002(97): 453～469.
Kesler S E, Martini A M, Appold M S et al. Na-Cl-Br systematics of fluid inclusions from Mississippi Valley-Type deposits, Appalachian Basin: constraints on solute origin and migration paths. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1996, 60(2):225～233.
Kesler S E, Appold M S, Martini A M et al. Na-Cl-Br systematics of mineralizing brines in Mississippi Valley-Type deposits. Geology, 1995, 23(7): 641～644.
Kesler S E, Appold M S, Cumming G L et al. Lead isotope geochemistry of Mississippi Valley-Type mineralization in the Central Appalachians. Economic Geology, 1994(89): 1492～1500.
Krahn L, Baumann A. Lead isotope systematics of epigenetic lead-zinc mineralization in the western part of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany. Minerlium Deposita, 1996(31): 225～237.
Lydon J W. Chemical parameters controlling the origin and deposition of sediment-hosted stratiform lead-zinc deposits, in Sangster, D.F., ed., Sediment-hosted stratiform lead-zinc deposits: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Handbook, 1983, vol 8:175～250.
Melezhik V A, Lindahl I, Pokrovsky B et al. Sulphur source and genesis of polymetallic sulphide
occurrences of the Ofoten district in the Central-North Norwegian Caledonides: evidence from sulphur isotopic studies. Mineralium Deposita, 2000(35): 465～489.
Nelson J, Paradis S, Christensen J et al. Canadian Cordilleran Mississippi Valley-Type deposits: a case for Devonian-Mississippian back-arc hydrothermal origin. Economic Geology, 2002(92): 1013～1036.
Pisutha-Arnond V, Ohmoto H. Thermal history, and chemical and isotopic compositions of the ore-forming fluids responsible for the Kuroko Massive sulphide deposits in the Hokuroku district of Japan. Economic Geology, 1983, Monograph 5: 523～558.
Pokrovski G S, Schott J. Thermodynamic properties of aqueous Ge (Ⅳ) hydroxide complexes from 25 to 350℃: Implications for behavior of germanium and the Ge/Si ratio in hydrothermal fluids. Geochem. Cosmochem. Acta, 1998, 62 (9): 1631～1642.
Russell M J, Solomon M, Walshe J L. The genesis of sediment-hosted exhalative zinc-lead deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 1981(16): 113～127.
Russell M J. Major sediment-hosted exhalative zinc-lead deposits: formation from hydrothemal convection cells that deepen during crustal extension. In: Sangster D F, ed. Short course in Sediment-Hosted Sreatiform Lead-Zinc Deposerts. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Victoria, 1983: 251～282.
Rye R O, Ohmoto H. Sulfur and carbon isotopes and ore genesis: a review. Economic Geology, 1974(69): 826～842.
Samson I M, Russell M J. Genesis of the Silvermines zinc-lead-barite deposit, Ireland: fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence. Ecomomic Geology, 1987(82): 371～394.
Shelton K L, Burstein I B, Hagni R D et al. Sulfur isotope evidence for penetration of MVT fluids into igneous basement rocks, southeast Missouri, USA. Mineralium Deposita, 1995(30): 339～350.
Sverjensky D A, Rye D M, Doe B R. The lead and sulfur isotopic compositions of galena from a Mississippi Valley-Type deposit in the new lead belt, Southeast Missouri. Economic Geology, 1979(74): 149～153.
Taylor S R, McClennan S M. The continental crust: its composition and evolution. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1985, 67.
Thode H.G., Monster J. and Dunford H.B. Sulfer isotope geochemistry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1961, 25: 159～174.
Velasco F, Pesquera A, Herrero J M. Lead isotope study of Zn-Pb ore deposits associated with the Basque-Cantabrian basin and Paleozoic basement, Northern Spain. Mineralium Deposita, 1996(31): 84～92.
Wagner T, Boyce A J. Sulphur isotope characteristics of recrystallisation, remobilization and reaction processes: a case study from the Ramsbeck Pb-Zn deposit, Germany. Mineralium Deposita, 2001(36): 670～679.
Zartman R E, Doe B R. Plumbotectonics—The model. Tectonophysics, 1981(75): 135～162.
Zhou C, Wei C, Guo J, ed al. The Source of metals in the Qilinchang Zn-Pb deposit, Northeastern Yunnan, China: Pb-Sr isotope constraints. Economic Geology, 2001, 96: 583～598.
陈宏明，吴祥和，张瑛，等．中国南方石炭纪岩相古地理与成矿作用．北京：地质出版社，1994，124．
陈智梁，陈世瑜．扬子地块西缘地质构造演化．重庆：重庆出版社，1987，172．
方华，杨继林，吴代城等．麒麟厂铅锌矿床稳定同位素特征及成因探讨．有色金属矿产与勘查，2000，9(1～2)：114～116．
高子英．云南主要铅锌矿床的铅同位素特征．云南地质，1997，16(4)：359～367．
谷团．牛角塘独立镉矿床初步研究．1999，硕士学位论文，中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳
管士平，李忠雄．康滇地轴东缘铅锌矿床铅硫同位素地球化学研究．地质地球化学，1999，27(4)：45～54．
贵州省地质矿产局．贵州省区域地质志．北京：地质出版社，1987，698．
韩润生，刘丛强，黄智龙等．论云南会泽富铅锌矿床成矿模式．矿物学报，2001，21(4)：674～680
黄汲清．中国大陆构造特征的新研究．中国地质科学院院报，1984，(9)：1～17
黄思静．川西北甘溪中、上泥盆统海相碳酸盐岩地碳、锶同位素组成及其地质意义．岩石学报，1993，9：214～220．
黄智龙，陈进，韩润生等．云南会泽铅锌矿床脉石矿物方解石REE地球化学．矿物学报，2001，21(4)：659～666．
黄智龙，陈进，刘丛强等．峨眉山玄武岩与铅锌矿床成矿关系初探-以云南会泽铅锌矿床为例．矿物学报，2001，21(4)：681～688．
李连举，刘洪滔，刘继顺．滇东北铅、锌、银矿床矿源层问题探讨．有色金属矿产与勘查，1999，8(6)：333-339．
林方成．四川会东大梁子铅锌矿床成因新探．矿床地质，1994，13(2)：126～136．
林方成．康滇地轴东缘钳锌矿床铅同位素组成特征及其成因意义．特提斯地质，1995，(19)：131～139．
刘杰．康滇地轴东缘震旦系灯影组层控铅锌矿床成矿规律．成都地质学院研究生毕业论文，1988．
刘铁庚，裘愉卓，叶霖．闪锌矿的颜色成分和硫同位素之间的密切关系．矿物学报，1994，14(2)：199～205．
刘文钧，田洪钧等．稳定同位素在古环境研究中的应用．岩相古地理，1988，3～4：98～107．
刘文周，徐新煌．论川滇黔铅锌成矿带矿床与构造的关系．成都理工学院学报，1996，23(1)：71～77．
刘英俊，曹励明，李兆麟等．元素地球化学．北京：科学出版社，1984，1～548．
刘肇昌，李凡友，钟康惠等．扬子地台西缘构造演化与成矿．成都：电子科技大学出版社，1996，1～267．
柳贺昌．滇川黔成矿区的铅锌矿源层(岩)．地质与勘探，1996，32(2)：12～18．
柳贺昌．峨眉山玄武岩与铅锌成矿．地质与勘探，1995，31(4)：1～6．
柳贺昌．滇川黔铅锌成矿区的成矿模式．云南地质，1996，15(1)：41～51．
卢武长主编．稳定同位素地球化学．成都：成都地质学院出版社，1986，173～189．
卢武长，崔秉荃，杨绍全．上扬子石炭纪锶、碳同位素和微量元素铝与海平面变化的关系．成都地质学院院报，1993，3：33～37．
任纪舜，姜春发，张正坤等．中国大地构造及其演化．北京：科学出版社，1980，1～140．
余跃新．四川大梁子铅锌矿床地质特征及其成因探讨．成都地质学院研究生毕业论文，1988．
四川省地质矿产局．四川省区域地质志．北京：地质出版社，1991，730．
汤耀庆，冯益民．中国板块构造研究的某些新进展．中国地质科学院院报，1984，(10)：49～58．
涂光炽，高振敏，胡瑞忠等．分散元素地球化学及成矿机制．北京：地质出版社，2003，424．
王鸿祯．从活动论观点论中国大地构造分区．地球科学，1981，(1)：42～65．
王奖臻，李朝阳，李泽琴等．川滇地区密西西比河谷型铅锌矿床成矿地质背景及成因探讨．地质地球化学，2001，29(2)：41～45．
王奖臻，李朝阳，李泽琴等．川、滇、黔交界地区密西西比河谷型铅锌矿床与美国同类矿床对比．矿物岩石地球化学通报，2002，21(2)：127～132．
王汝植，徐星琪，赵欲亭，等．西吕—滇中地区沉积盖层及其地史演化．重庆：重庆出版社，1988，301．
王小春．康滇地轴中段东缘震旦系灯影组层控铅锌矿床成矿机理——以天宝山和大梁子矿床为例．成都地质学院研究生毕业论文，1988．
王小春．四川大梁子铅锌矿床的成因分析．矿产与地质，1991，5(3)：151～156．
王小春．天宝山铅锌矿床成因分析．成都地质学院学报，1992，19(3)：10～20．
王宗哲，杨杰东，孙卫国．扬子地台震旦纪海水碳同位素的变化．高校地质学报，1996，2(1)：112～119．
叶霖，刘铁庚．贵州都匀牛角塘富镉锌矿床中镉的分布及赋存状态探讨．矿物学报，2001，21(1)：115～119．
于炳松，裘愉卓．扬子地块西南部沉积地球化学演化与成矿作用．北京：地震出版社，1998，100．
于炳松，裘愉卓，李娟．扬子地块西南部晚元古代—三叠纪沉积地球化学演化．沉积学报，1997，15(4)：127～134．
喻安光，郭建强．扬子地台西缘构造格局．中国区域地质，1998，17(3)：255～261．
张秀莲．碳酸盐岩中氧、碳同位素与古盐度、古水温的关系．沉积学报，1985，3：17～30．
赵伦山，张本仁编著．地球化学．北京：高等学校出版社，1988，404．
翟裕生，邓军，汤中立，等．古陆边缘成矿系统．北京：地质出版社，2002，416．
翟裕生，邓军，李晓波．区域成矿学．北京：地质出版社，1999，287．
郑庆鳌．云南会泽矿山厂麒麟厂铅锌矿床对流循环成矿及热水溶硐赋存块状富铅锌矿的实践与认识．西南矿产地质，1997，1-2：8-16．
周朝宪．滇东北麒麟厂铅锌矿床成矿金属来源、成矿流体特征和成矿机理研究．矿物岩石地球化学通报．1998．17(1)：34～36．
Anderson G M. Precipitation of Mississippi Valley-Type ores.Economic Geology, 1975(70): 937～942.
Anderson G M.Organic maturation and ore pricipitation in Southeast Missouri. Economic Geology,1991 (86):909～926.
Appold M S,Kesler A E,Alt J C.Sulfur Isotope and fluid inclusion constraints on the genesis of Missssippi Valley-Type mineralization in the Central Appalachians. Economic Geology, 1995(90): 902～919.
Bernstein L R. Germanium geochemistry and mineralogy. Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta,1985, 49:2409～2422.
Bethke C M. Hydrologic constraints on the genesis of the Upper Mississippi Valley Mineral District from Illinois Basin Brines. Economic Geology, 1986(81): 233～249.
Cathles L M, Smith A T. Thermal constraints on the formation of Mississippi Valley-Type lead-zinc deposits and their implications for episodic basin dewatering and deposit genesis. Economic Geology, 1983(78): 983～1002.
Clayton R N, Degens E T. Use of carbon isotope analyses of carbonates for differentiating fresh-water and marine sediments.AAPG, 1959, 4:889～897.
Crocetti C A, Holland H D, Mckenna L W. Isotopic composition of lead in galenas from the Viburnum Trend, Missouri.Economic Geology,1988(83):355～376.
Crocetti C A, Holland H D. Sufur-lead isotope systematics and the composition of fluid inclusions in
galena from the Viburnum Trend,Missouri.Economic Geology,1989(84):2196～2216.
Doe B R,Delevaux M H.Source of lead in Southeast Missouri Galena Ores.Economic Geology,1972(67):409～425.
Doe B R,Stacey J S.The Application of lead isotopes to the problems of ore genesis and ore prospect evaluation:A review.Economic Geology, 1974 (69):757～776.
Doe B R,Zartman R E.Plumbotectonics:The planerozoic.In:Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits.Wiley-Interscience, New York,1979:22～70.
Edwards R, Arkinson K. Ore deposit Geology and its influence on mineral exploration. London, New York: Chapman and Hall, 1986, 230～256.
Gerdemann P E, Myers H E. Relationships of carbonate facies patterns to ore distribution and to ore genesis in the Southeast Missouri lead district. Economic Geology, 1972(67): 426～433.
Goldhaber M B, Church S E, Doe B R. Lead and sulfur isotope investigation of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks from the Southern Midcontinent of the United States: implications for Paleohydrology and ore genesis of the Southeast Missouri lead belts. Economic Geology, 1995(90): 1875～1910.
Henry A L, Anderson G M. Alteration of organic matter in the Viburnum Trend lead-zinc district of Southeastern Missouri. Economic Geology, 1992(87): 288～309.
Hoefs. Stable isotope geochemistry. 1980, Springer-Verlag.
Holsen W.T. and Kaplan I.R. Isotope geochemistry of sedimentary sulfates. Chemical Geology, 1966, 1 (2):93～135.
Hudson J D. Stable isotopes and limestone lithification.J.Geol. Soc., 1977, 133: 637.
Hutinson R W. Massive base metal sulfide deposits in sedimentary rocks and their metallogenic relationship during Proterozoic time. Paper presented at joint meeting of AIME-SEG, Chicago. Abstrct in Econmic Geology, 1973(68), 138.
Jones H D, Kesler S E, Furman F C et al. Sulfur isotope geochemistry of Southern Appalachian Mississippi Valley-Type deposits. Economic Geology, 1996(91):355～367.
Keith M L, Weber J N. Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of selected limestones and fossils. Geochi. et. Cosmoch. Acta, 1964, 28:1786～1816.
Kendrick M A, Burgess R, Leach D et al. Hydrothermal fluid origin in Mississippi Valley-Type ore districts: combined noble gas (He, Ar, Kr) and halogen (Cl, Br, I) analysis of fluid inclusions from the Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar district, Viburnum Trend, and Tri-states districts, Midcontinent United States. Economic Geology, 2002(97): 453～469.
Kesler S E, Martini A M, Appold M S et al. Na-Cl-Br systematics of fluid inclusions from Mississippi Valley-Type deposits, Appalachian Basin: constraints on solute origin and migration paths. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1996, 60(2):225～233.
Kesler S E, Appold M S, Martini A M et al. Na-Cl-Br systematics of mineralizing brines in Mississippi Valley-Type deposits. Geology, 1995, 23(7): 641～644.
Kesler S E, Appold M S, Cumming G L et al. Lead isotope geochemistry of Mississippi Valley-Type mineralization in the Central Appalachians. Economic Geology, 1994(89): 1492～1500.
Krahn L, Baumann A. Lead isotope systematics of epigenetic lead-zinc mineralization in the western part of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany. Minerlium Deposita, 1996(31): 225～237.
Lydon J W. Chemical parameters controlling the origin and deposition of sediment-hosted stratiform lead-zinc deposits, in Sangster, D.F., ed., Sediment-hosted stratiform lead-zinc deposits: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Handbook, 1983, vol 8:175～250.
Melezhik V A, Lindahl I, Pokrovsky B et al. Sulphur source and genesis of polymetallic sulphide
occurrences of the Ofoten district in the Central-North Norwegian Caledonides: evidence from sulphur isotopic studies. Mineralium Deposita, 2000(35): 465～489.
Nelson J, Paradis S, Christensen J et al. Canadian Cordilleran Mississippi Valley-Type deposits: a case for Devonian-Mississippian back-arc hydrothermal origin. Economic Geology, 2002(92): 1013～1036.
Pisutha-Arnond V, Ohmoto H. Thermal history, and chemical and isotopic compositions of the ore-forming fluids responsible for the Kuroko Massive sulphide deposits in the Hokuroku district of Japan. Economic Geology, 1983, Monograph 5: 523～558.
Pokrovski G S, Schott J. Thermodynamic properties of aqueous Ge (Ⅳ) hydroxide complexes from 25 to 350℃: Implications for behavior of germanium and the Ge/Si ratio in hydrothermal fluids. Geochem. Cosmochem. Acta, 1998, 62 (9): 1631～1642.
Russell M J, Solomon M, Walshe J L. The genesis of sediment-hosted exhalative zinc-lead deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 1981(16): 113～127.
Russell M J. Major sediment-hosted exhalative zinc-lead deposits: formation from hydrothemal convection cells that deepen during crustal extension. In: Sangster D F, ed. Short course in Sediment-Hosted Sreatiform Lead-Zinc Deposerts. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Victoria, 1983: 251～282.
Rye R O, Ohmoto H. Sulfur and carbon isotopes and ore genesis: a review. Economic Geology, 1974(69): 826～842.
Samson I M, Russell M J. Genesis of the Silvermines zinc-lead-barite deposit, Ireland: fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence. Ecomomic Geology, 1987(82): 371～394.
Shelton K L, Burstein I B, Hagni R D et al. Sulfur isotope evidence for penetration of MVT fluids into igneous basement rocks, southeast Missouri, USA. Mineralium Deposita, 1995(30): 339～350.
Sverjensky D A, Rye D M, Doe B R. The lead and sulfur isotopic compositions of galena from a Mississippi Valley-Type deposit in the new lead belt, Southeast Missouri. Economic Geology, 1979(74): 149～153.
Taylor S R, McClennan S M. The continental crust: its composition and evolution. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1985, 67.
Thode H.G., Monster J. and Dunford H.B. Sulfer isotope geochemistry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1961, 25: 159～174.
Velasco F, Pesquera A, Herrero J M. Lead isotope study of Zn-Pb ore deposits associated with the Basque-Cantabrian basin and Paleozoic basement, Northern Spain. Mineralium Deposita, 1996(31): 84～92.
Wagner T, Boyce A J. Sulphur isotope characteristics of recrystallisation, remobilization and reaction processes: a case study from the Ramsbeck Pb-Zn deposit, Germany. Mineralium Deposita, 2001(36): 670～679.
Zartman R E, Doe B R. Plumbotectonics—The model. Tectonophysics, 1981(75): 135～162.
Zhou C, Wei C, Guo J, ed al. The Source of metals in the Qilinchang Zn-Pb deposit, Northeastern Yunnan, China: Pb-Sr isotope constraints. Economic Geology, 2001, 96: 583～598.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |