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长江中下游人类活动对河流泥沙来源及入海泥沙的影响研究
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摘要
河流入海泥沙的变化是目前国际研究的热点,河流入海泥沙的改变,直接引起河口三角洲及其邻近海岸的冲淤演变,对河口三角洲地区的工程、环境、湿地、生物多样性等都将产生严重影响。本文以长江中下游宜昌—大通之间的流域为研究区域,利用输沙量平衡法、经验公式法以及各种统计方法,研究分析了长江大通站输沙量的变化及其影响因素、宜昌—大通站之间的输沙平衡以及长江中下游人类活动对干流泥沙来源及河道输沙量的影响,估算分析了中下游流域内水库的拦沙效应及拦沙量,探讨了未来长江入海泥沙的变化趋势。
     大通站1953-2001年多年平均输沙量4.3亿t,在20世纪70年代以前约5亿t。但是70年代以后,确切的说自60年代末期开始大通站输沙量出现减少趋势,特别是80年代末90年代初开始减少趋势更加显著。分析认为大通站输沙量的变化与上游来沙(宜昌站输沙量)、中下游支流的入江泥沙、江湖关系的调整、河床的冲淤变化以及沿江引水带走泥沙和河道采砂等许多因素有关。宜昌站输沙量、中下游支流的入江泥沙和荆江三口分沙量的变化是最主要的影响因素,三口分沙量的减少导致长江中游输沙量增大,宜昌站输沙量和中下游支流入江泥沙的减少直接导致大通站输沙量的减少。
     根据输沙平衡法,利用大通站输沙量的主要影响因素建立了宜昌—大通之间的输沙平衡方程式,计算分析了1959-1968、1969-1985、1986-1998以及1966-1996年不同时段宜昌—大通之间的输沙平衡情况,结果表明,宜昌—大通之间近期河道的多年平均输沙基本处于相对平衡状态。在此基础上,计算了影响大通站输沙量的各主要因素在各时段(1959-1968、1969-1985、1986-1998)的输沙变化量,进一步分析了各因素对大通站输沙量的影响程度、影响大小。结果表明,大通站输沙量在20世纪60年代末至80年代末之间输沙量的减少主要受中下游支流入江泥沙减少的影响,其中汉江入江泥沙的减少是直接的因素。大通站输沙量在20世纪80年代末期以后的进一步减少主要受中下游支流入江泥沙减少和宜昌站输沙量减少的双重影响。如果把宜昌站输沙减少量和三口分沙减少量相抵消,那
    
    华东师范大学2004届博士学位论文
    中文摘要
    么影响大通站输沙量的主要因素仍然是中下游沿江支流入江沙量的变化。由此可
    见,长江中下游支流入江泥沙的减少对大通站输沙量变化产生较大影响。
     近几十年来,频繁、剧烈的人类活动通过改变流域下垫面等对流域环境和水
    文过程产生较大影响,严重影响了河流的泥沙来源以及河流的输沙过程。分析认
    为长江中下游支流入江泥沙的减少主要受流域内人类活动的影响。其中,人类活
    动造成的水土流失、水土保持以及流域内日益增多的水利工程是主要的影响因
    素。统计结果表明,长江中下游流域内的水土流失面积在20世纪50年代约12
    万多kmZ,之后迅速增加,90年代以后增长速度有所减缓,1 999年流失面积己经
    达到22万kmZ。几十年来特别是90年代以后,各级党和政府高度重视水土流失
    的治理,也取得了显著成效。据本文统计,截至1999年,长江中下游流域内的
    大、中、小型水库约3万多座,总库容约1244.22亿m3,占整个长江流域水库总
    库容的79.5%。分析认为,长江中下游流域内水土流失的持续增强说明河流的陆
    地泥沙来源是增加的,水库等大量水利工程对泥沙的拦截是导致支流输沙量减少
    的主要原因。大量的水土保持工作虽然没能控制住水土流失的增长,但20世纪
    90年代以后增长速度明显减缓,这从某种程度上也意味着流域产沙的相对减少,
    对支流的输沙量也产生一定影响。
     利用经验公式法和平均淤积率法估算了流域内大型、中型、小(一)型和小
     (二)型水库的泥沙淤积量。结果表明,中型、小(一)型和小(二)型水库的
    泥沙淤积量从50年代末开始直线上升,80年代末以后增长速度开始减缓。大型
    水库的年均淤积量同样增长很快,但有两个非常明显的阶段,60年代末和80年
    代末泥沙淤积量骤然增多,60年代末至80年代末之间泥沙淤积量增加较缓,80
    年代末以后增长迅速,这与大通站输沙量的减少趋势基本吻合。这说明中下游流
    域大型水库的泥沙淤积对大通站输沙量产生较大影响。而中小型水库日益增多的
    泥沙淤积量对河流输沙产生潜在的影响,与大型水库泥沙淤积量叠加在一起对大
    通站输沙量产生影响。从各子流域的大中型水库淤积情况来看,大型水库淤积量
    在60年代末的大幅度增加主要与汉江流域大型水库的淤积有关,而80年代末期
    以后的迅速增长与各子流域大型水库的淤积都有关。各子流域内中型水库的淤积
    情况与中下游流域中型水库总的淤积情况大致类似,自20世纪50年代末开始迅
    
    华东师范大学2004届博士学位论文
    中文摘要
    速增长,80年代以后增长较缓。
     另据估算分析,20世纪50年代中下游流域内水库的拦沙效应(水库的年拦
    沙量占流域年产沙量的比率)只有约3.8%,支流的年入江泥沙占流域年产沙量
    的36%。到80年代,水库的拦沙效应达43.75%,而支流的年入江泥沙只占年
    产沙量的7.5%。这进一步说明中下游流域内水库等水利工程对泥沙的拦截是导
    致各入江支流输沙量减少的主要因素,进而对大通站输沙量产生影响。
     在未来的几十年时?
The change of sediment discharge from river into the sea is an interesting issue and has received widespread attentions from the relevant academic circle. The changes in sediment discharge from river into the sea will induce the erosion or aggradation in the estuarine-deltaic morphologic system and its vicinity coastal system. It will influence the engineering structures, environment, wetlands, and biodiversities in the estuarine and coastal area. This thesis studies the human impacts on recent change in sediment discharge from the Yangtze River into the sea. The study area is focused on the middle and lower Yangtze basin between Yichang and Datong. The study methods include the sediment-transport balance, empirical formula and other hydrological statistical methods. The main problems touched in this thesis include the sediment discharge change at Datong hydrometric station and its controlling factors, the sediment transport balance between Yichang and Datong, the impacts of human activities in the mid-lower
     Yangtze on fluvial sediment supply and sediment discharge of the main Yangtze, the sediment deposition in reservoirs and its sediment-trapping effect, and the future trend of change in sediment discharge from the Yangtze into the sea.
    The yearly mean sediment discharge at Datong from 1953 to 2001 is 4.3 X 10 t, it is about 5X108t before the 1970s. Since the end of 1960s the annual sediment discharge at Datong began to decrease and such trend become remarkable since the end of the 1980s. In 2000, the yearly water discharge at Datong is more than the long-term average water discharge, but the annual sediment discharge is only 3.39X 108t, and further decrease to 2.76 X 108t in 2001. The analytic result indicates that the change in sediment discharge at Datong is related to many factors, such as the sediment discharge from the upper Yangtze (recorded at Yichang hydrometric station), the sediment discharge from the tributaries in the middle and lower Yangtze, the adjustment of relationship between the main Yangtze and the Dongting Lake in the middle Yangtze, the riverbed erosion and aggradation, the sediment discharge carried away by the water abstracted from the Yangtze River, sand mining from the riverbed, and so on. Among which the most imp
    ortant three factors are the sediment discharge from the upper Yangtze, the sediment discharge from the tributaries in the
    
    
    
    
    mid-lower Yangtze, and the adjustment of relationship between the main Yangtze and the Dongting Lake. The decrease in sediment discharge of "the three outlets" (three outlets from the main Yangtze to the Dongting Lake) induces the increase in sediment discharge of the main middle Yangtze. The decreases in sediment discharge from the upper Yangtze and tributaries in the mid-lower Yangtze directly result in the decrease in sediment discharge at Datong.
    Based on the above factors, the sediment balance equation between Yichang and Datong was established using the sediment-transport balance method. The sediment-balance status between Yichang and Datong during four periods (1959-1968, 1969-1985, 1986-1998 and 1966-1996) was estimated and analyzed according to the sediment balance equation. The result indicates that the average sediment transportation between Yichang and Datong is at a state of balance as a whole. Based on which the amount of sediment discharge change about above most factors was estimated during three periods (1959-1968, 1969-1985, 1986-1998). The extent to which each factors influence on the sediment discharge at Datong was analyzed. The results show that the decrease in sediment discharge at Datong from the last 1960s to the last 1980s was mostly caused by the decrease in sediment discharge into the main Yangtze from tributaries in the mid-lower Yangtze. The total sediment discharge decrease from tributaries was about 67.44% of that from all factors. Among the tributaries the Hanjiang River is the direct factor, the total sediment discharge decrease for which accounts for about 48.06% of that for all factors. The further decrease in se
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