青海东昆仑造山带金、银成矿作用
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摘要
东昆仑造山带隶属于柴达木陆块南缘，中国大陆中央造山带西段。东昆仑造山带经历了复杂的地球动力学演化，为典型的边缘造山过程。其演化过程大致可分为前加里东准地台和玄武岩高原的形成、加里东俯冲一弧后裂陷一玄武岩高原增生、海西．印支早期安第斯型造山活动及岩石圈拆沉及印支晚期一喜山期板内演化四个演化阶段。东昆仑造山带由北向南依次可划分为东昆北加里东弧后裂陷带、东昆中基底隆起和花岗岩带、东昆南复合拼贴带，再往南为巴颜喀拉印支褶皱带。
从成矿地质背景、矿床地质、矿床地球化学、矿床成因及找矿预测等几方面，对不同成矿带内的典型金、银矿床进行详细剖析，比较其异同，总结金、银矿床区域成矿规律，并进行成矿潜力评价。
分别选取印支巴颜喀拉造山带的大场金锑矿床、昆中基底隆起和花岗岩带的五龙沟金矿床、鄂拉山成矿带的索拉沟银矿床及昆北弧后裂陷带肯德可克钴铋金矿床进行详细剖析。研究认为，大场金锑矿床和五龙沟金矿床同为造山型金矿床。大场金锑矿床存在金、锑两期矿化，金矿化属造山型金矿的中成矿化，锑矿化为造山型金矿的浅成矿化。五龙沟金矿床为造山型的浅成金矿床。通过与穆龙套型金矿床对比研究，认为除成矿深度较浅、成矿时代晚之外，大场金锑矿床与穆龙套型金矿床类似，具有较大的成矿潜力；索拉沟银矿床为层控型浅成热液银矿床，且存在热水沉积Cu、Pb、Zn成矿作用和浅成热液Ag成矿作用两期成矿作用。前者形成含Ag的Cu、Pb、Zn矿体，后者形成了浅成热液Ag矿体；肯德可克钴铋金矿床为叠生型矿床，早期的热水沉积形成硅质岩含矿建造，后期岩浆热液在两种沉积岩接触带附近发生双交代形成矽卡岩化成矿作用，此后还相继叠加了中温热液矿化和低温热液萤石矿化。
同位素地质年代学研究表明，印支期是东昆仑金银矿床的主要成矿期。印支晚期，东昆仑发生强烈的壳幔相互作用，岩石圈拆沉和幔源岩浆底侵，大量的幔源物质参与到区内的构造．岩浆活动和成矿作用中。印支期以来，东昆仑地区的抬升剥蚀相对较小，有利于金(银)矿床的保存，从而印支期形成的金(银)矿床最具找矿潜力。
Eastern Kunlun orogenic belt, western part of China's central orogen, is located in the northern margin of Qinghai-Tibet plateau. And it starts from Altun fault zone in Xinjiang in the west and ends at Wahongshan-Wenquan fault zone in Qinghai in the east. The Qaidam massif is in its north and Bayan Har Indochinese fold belt in the south. The belt has undergone complex orogenic processes named typical Peripheral Orogeny Model, which controlled the formation of different kinds of ore deposits. Based on the date made by former researchers and the author's investigation, the geological history of the orogen has been divided into four stages, i.e. Pre-Caledonian metaplatform formation and oceanic plateau accumulation, Caledonian subduction, back arc rifting and plateau accretion, Hercynian-Early Indochinese Andes-type orogeny, Late Indochinese-Himalayan intra-continental evolution. From north to south, Eastern Kunlun orogenic belt can be divided in to Kunbei back-arc basin, Kunzhong basement uplift and granitic belt and Kunnan composite belt. South of Kunnan composite belt is the Bayan Har Indochinese fold belt.
Different geodynamic evolutions control different type mineralization. From geological setting, general geology, mineral deposits, geochemistry of deposit, genesis of deposit and ore prospecting, author studies the characteristics gold, silver deposits detailedly in different metallogenic belt, compares their similarities and differences and summaries regional metallogenic regularities and potential assessment.
Four characteristic gold, silver deposits are selected and studied detailedly, i.e. Dachang gold antimony deposit which is controlled by Tertiary turbidites in Indochinese Bayan Har fold belt, Wulonggou gold deposit in Kunzhong basement uplift and granitic belt,Suolagou silver deposit in Elashan metallogenic belt and Kendekeke cobalt, bismuth and gold deposit in Kunbei back-arc basin. Investigations have indicated that Dachang gold antimony deposit and Wulonggou gold deposit are orogenic gold deposits. The mineralization can be divided into two stages of gold mineralization belonged to mesozonal mineralization and antimony mineralization belonged to epizonal mineralization.
Wulonggou gold deposit is the typical orogenic gold deposit, which is the
characteristic Mesothermal gold deposit similar to the Jiaojia type gold deposits in Jiaodong Peninsular. Comparisons with the Muruntau gold deposit in Uzbekistan, except the lower mineralized depth and later mineralized age, Dachang gold antimony deposit is similar to the Muruntau type gold deposit. Furthermore, its potentiality of ore prospection for gold is gigantic. Suolagou silver deposit is the stratabound epizonal silver deposit and develops exhalative sedimentation Cu, Pb and Zn mineralization and epizonal silver mineralization. The early stage Sedex mineralization formed the sillcalite formation bearing argillite enriched metallogenic elements, i.e. Cu, Pb and Zn in Suolagou silver deposit. Accompanying the transition of the Wahongshan-Wenquan fault zone, hydrothermal activities happened frequently in the later stage and invaded along the Wahongshan-Wenquan fault and its secondary faults taking partial mineralization Ag element. Therefore, the vein, thin vein silver ore bodies were formed controlled by faults. Kendekek cobalt, bismuth and gold deposit enriched several usable elements Cu, Mo and Ni reached industry standard. Through analysis of our research team, Kendekeke deposit is controlled by fractured zone, skarnaliation and formation of hydrothermal sedimentation obviously is superposed several geological activities. Based on study of metallogenic tectonic setting, analysis of ore-controlling factors and geological characteristics, Kendekeke deposit have undergone multistage and polyperiod mineralized stage. The formation of hydrothermal sedimentation formed back-art extensional phase. During the closure of rift basin and late several stages tectono-magmatism, several hydrothermal activities can be superimposed.
Indochinese is the major
从成矿地质背景、矿床地质、矿床地球化学、矿床成因及找矿预测等几方面，对不同成矿带内的典型金、银矿床进行详细剖析，比较其异同，总结金、银矿床区域成矿规律，并进行成矿潜力评价。
分别选取印支巴颜喀拉造山带的大场金锑矿床、昆中基底隆起和花岗岩带的五龙沟金矿床、鄂拉山成矿带的索拉沟银矿床及昆北弧后裂陷带肯德可克钴铋金矿床进行详细剖析。研究认为，大场金锑矿床和五龙沟金矿床同为造山型金矿床。大场金锑矿床存在金、锑两期矿化，金矿化属造山型金矿的中成矿化，锑矿化为造山型金矿的浅成矿化。五龙沟金矿床为造山型的浅成金矿床。通过与穆龙套型金矿床对比研究，认为除成矿深度较浅、成矿时代晚之外，大场金锑矿床与穆龙套型金矿床类似，具有较大的成矿潜力；索拉沟银矿床为层控型浅成热液银矿床，且存在热水沉积Cu、Pb、Zn成矿作用和浅成热液Ag成矿作用两期成矿作用。前者形成含Ag的Cu、Pb、Zn矿体，后者形成了浅成热液Ag矿体；肯德可克钴铋金矿床为叠生型矿床，早期的热水沉积形成硅质岩含矿建造，后期岩浆热液在两种沉积岩接触带附近发生双交代形成矽卡岩化成矿作用，此后还相继叠加了中温热液矿化和低温热液萤石矿化。
同位素地质年代学研究表明，印支期是东昆仑金银矿床的主要成矿期。印支晚期，东昆仑发生强烈的壳幔相互作用，岩石圈拆沉和幔源岩浆底侵，大量的幔源物质参与到区内的构造．岩浆活动和成矿作用中。印支期以来，东昆仑地区的抬升剥蚀相对较小，有利于金(银)矿床的保存，从而印支期形成的金(银)矿床最具找矿潜力。
Eastern Kunlun orogenic belt, western part of China's central orogen, is located in the northern margin of Qinghai-Tibet plateau. And it starts from Altun fault zone in Xinjiang in the west and ends at Wahongshan-Wenquan fault zone in Qinghai in the east. The Qaidam massif is in its north and Bayan Har Indochinese fold belt in the south. The belt has undergone complex orogenic processes named typical Peripheral Orogeny Model, which controlled the formation of different kinds of ore deposits. Based on the date made by former researchers and the author's investigation, the geological history of the orogen has been divided into four stages, i.e. Pre-Caledonian metaplatform formation and oceanic plateau accumulation, Caledonian subduction, back arc rifting and plateau accretion, Hercynian-Early Indochinese Andes-type orogeny, Late Indochinese-Himalayan intra-continental evolution. From north to south, Eastern Kunlun orogenic belt can be divided in to Kunbei back-arc basin, Kunzhong basement uplift and granitic belt and Kunnan composite belt. South of Kunnan composite belt is the Bayan Har Indochinese fold belt.
Different geodynamic evolutions control different type mineralization. From geological setting, general geology, mineral deposits, geochemistry of deposit, genesis of deposit and ore prospecting, author studies the characteristics gold, silver deposits detailedly in different metallogenic belt, compares their similarities and differences and summaries regional metallogenic regularities and potential assessment.
Four characteristic gold, silver deposits are selected and studied detailedly, i.e. Dachang gold antimony deposit which is controlled by Tertiary turbidites in Indochinese Bayan Har fold belt, Wulonggou gold deposit in Kunzhong basement uplift and granitic belt,Suolagou silver deposit in Elashan metallogenic belt and Kendekeke cobalt, bismuth and gold deposit in Kunbei back-arc basin. Investigations have indicated that Dachang gold antimony deposit and Wulonggou gold deposit are orogenic gold deposits. The mineralization can be divided into two stages of gold mineralization belonged to mesozonal mineralization and antimony mineralization belonged to epizonal mineralization.
Wulonggou gold deposit is the typical orogenic gold deposit, which is the
characteristic Mesothermal gold deposit similar to the Jiaojia type gold deposits in Jiaodong Peninsular. Comparisons with the Muruntau gold deposit in Uzbekistan, except the lower mineralized depth and later mineralized age, Dachang gold antimony deposit is similar to the Muruntau type gold deposit. Furthermore, its potentiality of ore prospection for gold is gigantic. Suolagou silver deposit is the stratabound epizonal silver deposit and develops exhalative sedimentation Cu, Pb and Zn mineralization and epizonal silver mineralization. The early stage Sedex mineralization formed the sillcalite formation bearing argillite enriched metallogenic elements, i.e. Cu, Pb and Zn in Suolagou silver deposit. Accompanying the transition of the Wahongshan-Wenquan fault zone, hydrothermal activities happened frequently in the later stage and invaded along the Wahongshan-Wenquan fault and its secondary faults taking partial mineralization Ag element. Therefore, the vein, thin vein silver ore bodies were formed controlled by faults. Kendekek cobalt, bismuth and gold deposit enriched several usable elements Cu, Mo and Ni reached industry standard. Through analysis of our research team, Kendekeke deposit is controlled by fractured zone, skarnaliation and formation of hydrothermal sedimentation obviously is superposed several geological activities. Based on study of metallogenic tectonic setting, analysis of ore-controlling factors and geological characteristics, Kendekeke deposit have undergone multistage and polyperiod mineralized stage. The formation of hydrothermal sedimentation formed back-art extensional phase. During the closure of rift basin and late several stages tectono-magmatism, several hydrothermal activities can be superimposed.
Indochinese is the major
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