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西藏冈底斯中段措勤地区中新生代构造岩浆演化与成矿
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摘要
西藏冈底斯构造带是特提斯构造域的重要组成部分,它夹持于雅鲁藏布江和班公湖-怒江两条巨型的结合带之间,自中新生代以来经历了多旋回的构造岩浆演化,形成了当今复杂的构造格局。冈底斯带的构造岩浆演化与成矿一直是地学界争论的重大科学问题,不同的学者从不同的角度对此提出过不同观点。在众多的观点中较权威的观点,是冈底斯岩浆带的时空分布与演化受控于雅鲁藏布江洋壳和班公湖-怒江洋壳分别向北向南俯冲。论文以新一轮1:25万区域地质调查为基础,在对关键区段重点解剖的基础上,结合地球物理、岩石化学、地球化学、沉积作用、变质作用、构造演化和成矿作用的研究成果,对冈底斯中段的构造岩浆演化与成矿作了较系统的科学总结。
     自中新生代以来,冈底斯构造带经历了洋壳俯冲、弧陆碰撞、陆内俯冲-碰撞、走滑和块段隆升的多阶段构造演化历程,形成了由北向南七个二级构造单元,即岷千日白垩纪残余海盆、阿索构造混杂岩带、它日错—文部燕山期岩浆弧带、措勤—帮多晚古生代复合弧后盆地、江让—格尔耿断隆、冈底斯—查孜喜马拉雅期岩浆弧带、日喀则—安巴弧前盆地。这些构造单元是多岛弧-盆系的重要组成部分,呈现出中新生代弧-盆系统的演化特征,其镶嵌图案揭示了冈底斯构造带在弧后盆地衰减和弧-陆碰撞等机制下岩石圈演化的藕合过程。
     冈底斯构造带措勤地区的中新生代岩浆活动强烈,从侏罗纪到第四纪均有不同程度的表现。岩浆活动在时间上具有旋回性,在空间上只有分带性。在时间上,岩浆侵入活动主要发生在燕山期和喜马拉雅期,以中酸性岩占绝对优势,基性岩仅零星见及。基性-超基性岩沿结合带分布,而中酸性侵入岩主要分布在阿索蛇绿混杂岩和昂仁蛇绿混杂岩的南北两侧。它们是雅鲁藏布江洋盆和班公湖-怒江洋盆关闭的产物,主体代表了板块俯冲、碰撞和碰撞后三个时期的岩浆热扰动事件。在空间上,岩浆侵入活动形成了达雄—邦多、江让、布母松绒三个侵入岩亚带。研究区火山岩分布层位广,岩性、岩相复杂,喷发形式多样,呈层状、似层状展布,延伸方向与区域构造线走向一致。火山岩产出的主要层位是则弄群(J_3K_1z)和林子宗群(E_(1-2)l),而多尼组(K_1d)、郎山组(K_1l)、竟拄山组(K_2j)、日贡拉组(E_3r)、鱼鳞山组(Nv)及第四系火山岩仅有零星分布。晚白垩至始新世是研究区火山活动的鼎盛时期,形成了冈底斯火山-岩浆弧和措勤复合弧后盆地,构成研究区火山岩的主体。在时间上火山岩成份有从低钾向高钾演化的总趋势,在空间上火山活动有由北向南迁移的趋势。火山岩均属于钙碱性岛弧型系列,与冈底斯构造带弧-盆系统演化过程密切有关。
     论文在对研究区岩浆岩岩石学、岩石地球化学、构造环境、岩浆成因与演化综合研究的基础上,系统总结了岩浆岩的时空演化特征,将岩浆岩划分为弧间扩张盆地型组合、洋岛型蛇绿岩组合、岛弧型及陆缘弧型组合、碰撞型组合、陆内俯冲(碰撞)型组合和陆内拉张型组合六种构造岩浆组合类型,进而探讨了岩浆作用与地球动力学机制等问题。在对研究区主要矿产分布特征、成因类型系统分析的基础上,总结了措勤地区构造岩浆演化与成矿的关系,并将研究区成矿系统划分为汇聚大陆边缘成矿巨系统、碰撞造山成矿巨系统和陆内汇聚成矿巨系统。
The Gangdise tectonic belt, located between two giant suture zones of the Yarlung Zangbo and Bangong-Nujiang, is an important part of the Tethys tectonic domain. Since Mesozoic, it has undergone multi-cycle tectonomagmatic evolution and formed a presently complex tectonic framework. The tectonomagmatic evolution and mineralization of the Gangdise belt have been the focus for long-term scientific debates. Among different opinions, the most popular one is that the temporal and spatial distribution and evolution of the Gangdise plutonic-volcanic belt are controlled by the northward subduction of the Yarlung Zangbo oceanic crust and the southward subduction of the Bangong-Nujiang oceanic crust. Based on the regional geologic survey on the scale of 1/250 000, coupled with geological, geochemical and geophysical investigations in some key regions, this dissertation summarized the tectonomagmatic evolution and mineralization of the mid-Gangdise area.
    With respect to tectonic evolution, the Gangdise belt has experienced a multi-stage evolutional history since Mesozoic, including oceanic crust subduction, arc-continent collision, intracontinental subduction and collision, and strike-slip and block uplift. During this evolution, seven second-order tectonic units were formed; from north to south are the Mingqianri Cretaceous residual sea basin, the Arsuo tectonic melange zone, the Taricuo-Wenbu Yenshan magmatic arc belt, the Cuoqin-Bangduo late Paleozoic composite back-arc basin, the Jiangrang-Geerdi faulted uplift, the Gangdise-Chazi Himalayan magmatic arc belt, and the Xigaze-Anba fore-arc basin. These units comprise important parts of a poly-arc-basin system and exhibit evolutional features of Mesozoic to Cenozoic arc-basin systems. Mosaic pattern of these tectonic units delineates the lithosphere coupling processes of the Gangdise tectonic belt under mechanisms such as back-arc basin attenuation and arc-continent collision.
    Mesozoic to Cenozoic magmatic activities in the Cuoqin area of the Gangdise belt were intensive and display temporal cycling and spatial zoning. Magmatic intrusion took place mainly during the Yenshan and Himalayan epochs and is dominated by intermediate to acidic rocks; basic to ultra-basic intrusive rocks are only locally observed. The basic to ultra-basic rocks are distributed along suture zones, whereas the intermediate to acidic intrusives occur mainly to the south and north of the Arsuo tectonic melange zone and the Angren ophiolitic melange zone. These intrusive rocks are the products of the closure of the Yarlung Zangbo and Banggonghu-Nujiang oceanic basins and may represent three magma-induced thermal disturbance events of plate subduction, collision, and post-collision. The magmatic intrusion formed the Daxiong-Bangduo, the Jiangrang, and the Bumusongrong intrusive zones. Volcanic rocks are characterized by wide distribution, complex lithology and lithofacies, and various eruptive forms. They are t
    ypically layer- or lens-like in shape and strike parallel to the principal structural lineaments in the region. Horizons of the volcanic rocks mainly include the Zenong (J3-K1z) and Linzizong (E1-2l) Groups; volcanic rocks of the Duoni (K1d) , Langshan (K1l) ,
    
    
    Jingzhushan (K2j) , Rigongla (E3r) and Yulin (Ny) Formations and Quaternary are only locally exposed. The most intensive volcanic activity occurred during the late Cretaceous to Eocene, which formed the Gangdise plutonic-volcanic arc and the Cuoqin composite back-arc basin. The volcanic rocks evolved from low-K to high-K in composition with time and migrated spatially from north to south. They all belong to the calc-alkaline island arc series and are closely related to the evolution of the arc-basin systems of the Gangdise tectonic belt.
    Based on studies of petrology, litho-geochemistry, tectonic setting, petrogenesis and magmatic evolution, the present dissertation summarized the general evolutionary regularity of the magmatic rocks in time and space. The magmatic rock assemblages are divided into the inter-arc spreading basin t
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