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大地测量中不适定问题的正则化解法研究
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摘要
大地测量中的不适定问题包括病态问题和秩亏问题,它广泛存在于GPS数据处理、形变分析、大地测量反演、重力场向下延拓等领域。系统研究不适定问题的处理理论和方法,是大地测量数据处理中的一项重要课题,已经发展成为一个重要的学科方向。本文基于TIKHONOV正则化方法和欧吉坤研究员提出的选权拟合的研究思路,充分考虑大地测量实际,抓住正则化矩阵的选取和正则化参数的确定这条主线,对大地测量中的不适定问题进行了深入研究,建立起了一套较系统的不适定问题处理理论及方法的框架,进一步发展了TIKHONOV正则化方法。本文主要包括以下研究内容:
     1.推导了大地测量不适定问题解的统一表达
     分析了大地测量中不适定问题常用的数学模型,如拟合推估模型、半参数模型、自由网平差模型和病态模型等,发现它们的解可以用一个关系式统一表达,它们都能在TIKHONOV正则化原理下导出解的表达式。这个统一表达式有助于把握这些问题的共性,分析它们的个性。在解决具体问题时不仅要考虑基本理论,而且要寻求适合于具体问题的优化解法,有助于研究的进一步深化。
     2.克服病态性的改进算法研究
     (1)针对岭参数确定比较困难的情况,系统研究了确定岭参数的L曲线法及其基于Matlab语言的实现。将L曲线法和常用的岭迹法及广义交叉核实(GCV)法进行了比较,展示了L曲线法的效果。
     (2)提出了一种克服病态性的新方法-两步解法。探讨了两步解法的原理、解的性质及适用条件。两步解法不仅大大改善了LS估计的结果,而且优于常用的克服病态性的方法:岭估计和截断奇异值法。
     (3)提出了一种新的奇异值修正方案。基于SVD技术,兼顾解的分辨率与方差之间的折衷,针对均匀下降型奇异值提出了一种新的奇异值修正方案,其核心是将奇异值分成两部分分别修正。经过实例验证,当法矩阵的条件数小于10~(10)时,这种方案是有效的,与其它方法相比较,显著地提高了计算结果的精度和准确度。
     3.单频GPS快速定位中减弱病态性的新方法研究
     研究只利用几个历元的单频相位数据进行GPS快速定位的新方法。首先分析了GPS快速定位法矩阵的结构特性。基于TIKHONOV正则化原理,针对这种特性,设计了两种正则化矩阵R的构造方法。通过新的正则化矩阵的作用,减弱了法矩阵的病态性。新方法只需要解算几个历元的单频GPS相位数据,可以得到比较准确的模糊度浮动解及其相应的均方误差矩阵,用均方误差矩阵代替协方差阵,结合LAMBDA方法,可准确快速地解算模糊度。与传统的方法相比,新方法明显地提高了快速定位的效率。结合多个基线实测数据,分析比较了新方法与传统方法的效果,并对新方法结果的可信度作了验证。这两种减弱法矩阵病态性的新方法是:
     (1)减弱法方程病态性的MINE Ⅰ方案
     根据观测方程的设计矩阵,基于SVD分解技术来选择正则化矩阵R,正则化参数用L曲线法确定为1。利用TIKHONOV正则化方法来计算模糊度的浮动解,结合LAMBDA方法固定整周模糊度。
     (2)减弱法方程病态性的MINE Ⅱ方案
     根据法矩阵来选择正则化矩阵R,正则化参数用L曲线法确定为1。利用TIKHONOV正则化方法来计算模糊度的浮动解。结合LAMBDA方法固定整周模糊度。
     4.单频GPS快速定位中ARCE方法的改进
     ARCE方法是基于LS估计、根据零空间的思想提出的、适用于单频接收机的一种快速
    
    大地测甘中不透定问皿的正则化解法研究
    解算整周模糊度的新方法。它适用于观测时间段至少为儿分钟的情况。本文将其改进,应用
    于观测历元数较少的情况。当观测历元数较少时,由于法矩阵的病态性很严重,引起LS结
    果不可靠,此时利用ARCE方法很难正确解算模糊度。针对这种情况,基于nKHONOV正
    则化原理,本文首先设计了一种正则化矩阵的构造方法,减弱了法矩阵的病态性,得到比较
    准确的模糊度浮动解,减小了模糊度的搜索范围。然后利用ARCE方法解算整周模糊度的
    原理固定整周模糊度,解算模糊度的成功率高。结合算例,验证了本文改进方法的有效性。
    5.半参数模型中正则化矩阵R选取方法的探讨
     选择合适的正则化矩阵R是解半参数模型的关键之一。本文把半参数模型中的信号分
    为随机量或非随机量两种情况,对相应的正则化矩阵R的选取方法进行了探讨。当信号是
    随机量且其协方差阵艺:已知时,选取正则化矩阵R=Z:一,,此时半参数模型改进了拟合
    推估模型;当信号是非随机量时,利用一阶差分方程推导出了时间序列法选择的正则化矩阵
    R,给出了一般文献采用的这种正则化矩阵R的数学依据,说明了其物理意义。最后通过
    两个算例,说明了本文提出的选择正则化矩阵方法的效果。
    6.高精度GPS基线处理中系统误差的分离
     基于平稳随机过程的自协方差函数,提出了一种新的正则化矩阵的选取方法一自协方差
    函数法。将利用自协方差函数法和时间序列法选取的两种正则化矩阵用于到高精度GPS基
    线处理,并且和其它学者采用的正则化矩阵的效果进行了比较,结果表明:三种正则化矩阵
    计算结果的精度基本相当,都可以减弱系统误差对基线向量的影响,得到高精度的基线向量。
    但应用本文的两?
The ill-posed problems include the ill-conditioned and the rank-deficient ones in Geodesy, which exist widely in GPS data processing, deformation analysis, Geodesy inversion, gravity field continuation downward, and so on. Systematical research on the theory and methods of processing the ill-posed problems is an important task and grows to a significant subject direction in Geodesy. Based on TIKHONOV regularization method and considering sufficiently the practice of Geodesy, the main thread of the choice of the regularizer and the determination of the smoothing parameters is grasped and the in-depth research on the ill-posed problems in Geodesy is carried out. A framework of the theory and methods of systematically processing the ill-posed problems has been established and TIKHONOV regularization method has been evolved in this paper. The paper contains the following contents:
    1 Deriving the unified expression of solutions of the ill-posed problems in Geodesy
    The common mathematical models of the ill-posed problems in Geodesy are analyzed, such as the collocation model, the semi-parametric model, the free net adjustment model and the ill-conditioned model, etc. It is discovered that their solutions can be expressed by a relation formula and all of them can be derived based on TIKHONOV regularization theorem. The unified formula helps to hold the commonness of the ill-posed problems and analyze their individuality. In practice, we should not only consider the basic theory, but also find the optimum algorithm, which is beneficial to deepening the investigation.
    2 Investigation on the improved algorithms of overcoming the ill-condition
    (1) For the case that the ridge parameter is difficult to determine, L-curve method and its Matlab program is investigated systematically. The comparisons are carried out among the L-curve method, the ridge mark method and the GCV method in order to illustrate the effect of L-curve method.
    (2) A new method of overcoming the ill-condition -Two-Step Method is proposed. The theorem, the characteristic of solutions and the applicability of Two-Step Method are discussed. The new method not only improves the results of LS greatly, but also has an advantage over ridge estimate and truncated singular value method.
    (3) A new singular value modification scheme is proposed. Based on SVD technique and considering the compromise between the distinguishing rate and the variance of the solution, a new singular value modification scheme has been proposed if the singular values decrease gradually, whose key is separating the singular values into two parts and modifying them separately. The examples show that the new scheme is very effective when the condition number of the normal matrix is less than 1010. Compared with other methods, the new scheme improves the precision and accuracy of the computation results obviously.
    3 Investigation on new approaches of mitigating the ill-condition in GPS rapid positioning using single frequency GPS receivers
    The new approaches are investigated in GPS rapid positioning using several-epoch single frequency phase data. Firstly, the structure characteristic of the normal matrix in above case is analyzed. Then, in the light of the characteristic, based on the TIKHONOV regularization theorem, two new regularizers are designed to mitigate the ill-condition of the normal matrix in GPS rapid
    
    
    
    positioning. The accurate float ambiguity solutions and their MSEM (Mean Squared Error Matrix) are obtained using several-epoch single frequency phase data. Combining with LAMBDA method, the new approaches can fix the integer ambiguities correctly and quickly using MSEM instead of the covariance matrix of the ambiguities. Compared with the traditional methods, the new approaches improve the efficiency in rapid positioning obviously. The comparisons are carried out between the new approaches and the traditional methods using several actual baselines and the results of the new approaches are verified. The two new approaches of mitigating the ill-condition of
引文
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