环境因子对史氏鲟生长的影响及其调控机制的研究
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摘要
本论文基于鱼类生态生理学的理念，研究自然界和水产养殖中重要的环境因子对史氏鲟生长和生理系统的调控作用，着重调查神经内分泌激素在这一过程中的作用，讨论史氏鲟如何利用自身的行为和生理系统去适应变化的环境，和如何调整应对环境变化的生长策略。
论文研究了养殖密度、光照周期、水温和水流4种环境因子对史氏鲟生长的影响；同时也研究了在这些环境条件下的神经内分泌系统中的脑垂体分泌生长激素(GH)和促甲状腺素(TSH)的情况，以及“垂体—肝脏轴”和“垂体—甲状腺轴”对史氏鲟生长的调控作用；研究了史氏鲟在环境适应过程中的急性和慢性应激反应。
1．养殖密度通过影响“垂体—甲状腺轴”和“垂体—肝脏轴”来调控生长
养殖密度对史氏鲟的生长具有消极的作用，高养殖密度降低了鲟鱼的特定生长率和生长效率，提高了食物转化率，但是生长离散没有加剧，生长率与养殖密度呈显著负相关。养殖密度显著影响着甲状腺分泌甲状腺激素的水平，血清总三碘甲腺原氨酸(TT_3)、游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT_3)和游离甲状腺素(FT_4)含量均随着养殖密度的增加而显著降低，而血清总甲状腺素(TT_4)含量却在不同密度组中保持稳定。血清TSH水平和GH水平未受到养殖密度的影响。但是血清TSH与TT_4水平显著负相关，类胰岛素生长因子—Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)水平却随着养殖密度的增加而显著降低。肌肉组织蛋白含量、脂肪含量、RNA/DNA比值也受到了密度的显著影响，与密度呈负相关；组织脂肪和蛋白含量随体重的增加而增加；高密度组的血清胆固醇、总脂水平最低，而血清谷草转氨酶却最高。
2．全黑和全光的持续光照周期促进史氏鲟的生长
史氏鲟稚鱼在100—1100lx光照范围内无显著趋光性，但对13000lx的日光却100％回避。全光(24L：0D，PL)、全黑(0L：24D，PD)和自然光照周期(LDN，PN)对于短期暴露的史氏鲟稚鱼不会产生生长上的影响；但对暴露长达8个月的幼鱼却产生了显著的影响，全黑和全光周期都以相同的程度促进了鲟鱼的生长，自然光周期的鲟鱼生长较慢，但是不同光照周期组的鲟鱼的条件系数没有变化。PL和PD组的白肌RNA/DNA、血浆TT_3和FT_3水平显著高于PN组，而不同光照周期中的血浆GH、IGF-Ⅰ、TSH、TT_4和FT_4水平没有显著组间差异。PN组的肝脏蛋白含量显著低于PL和PD组，PN组的肝脏脂肪含量显著高于PL和PD组，而且PD的脂肪含
论文摘要
量高于PL组;不同组间的肌肉脂肪含量变化情况恰好与肝脏的情况相反，PL和PD
组的肌肉脂肪含量水平没有差异，且同时高于PN组的水平。
3.温度驯化通过影响神经内分泌激素的释放来调控史氏鳃的生长
在26℃水温中的温度驯化初期，史氏鳃产生了热应激反应，血浆皮质醇和血糖
水平显著升高，随后下降，皮质醇在gd时出现浓度反弹，但30d后其水平恢复正常;
长期高温驯化使血浆GH、IGF一I、T乃和FT3水平显著降低，但血浆TSH、TT4和
FT;水平没有变化。史氏鳃稚鱼的最适生长水温为20.00℃，其全鱼组织RN九心NA
的最大比值出现在20.86℃:幼鱼的最适生长水温为21.53℃，幼鱼的最大摄食水温
为22.33℃，高于最适生长水温。
4.水流刺激促进史氏鳃生长加速并增强造血功能
持续的水流刺激造成了史氏鳄的持续游泳，疲劳范围外的游泳促进了史氏鳃的
生长效率，提高了特定生长率，流速与生长率之间存在显著正相关。高速水流中的
史氏鳃的血液携氧能力增加，血红蛋白，红细胞数、红细胞比容和血清铁含量等多
项与携氧能力有关的指标都显著升高，脾体系数也显著升高。血清TSH、TT3和TT4
水平没有显著的组间差异，但高水流组的血清FT3和FT4水平却要显著升高;并且
血清GH和IGF一I水平也随着水流的增大而升高。高水流组的白肌和肝脏的
RN九心NA比值也显著升高;但是，肌肉和肝脏的生化组成成分没有显著变化。
This dissertation was based upon the concepts of fish ecophysiology, and investigated the regulations of the main important environmental factors in nature and aquaculture on growth and physiological system of Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, which focused on the effects of hormones secreted by the neuroendocrine system in this process. The issues how Amur sturgeon adapted the various environments by changing its behaviors, physiological system, and growth strategies were discussed.
This dissertation investigated the regulations of stocking density, photoperiod, water temperature, and water currents on growth and hormone secretion in neuroendocrine glands of Amur sturgeon. This research focused on how the brain neuroendocrine -growth hormone (GH) - insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis and pituitary - thyroid axis controlled sturgeon growth during the acclimation to environmental factors. Serum total thyroxine (TT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyrinine (FT3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), GH, IGF-I, and cortisol levels were assayed contrasted to growth rates of sturgeon cultured in different environments. Meanwhile, RNA-DNA ratio in white muscle and liver tissues, body compositions, haemotological indices, serum biochemical indices, hepatosomatic index, and splenosomatic index were also investigated in this research.
Ⅰ. Regulation of stocking density on growth by influencing the pituitary ?thyroid
axis and the brain neuroendocrine - GH - insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis
Stocking density had negative effects on growth of sturgeon, specific growth rates (SGR) and growth efficiency (GE) decreased, and food conversion ratio (FCR) increased in higher density. But, the growth dispersion varied slimly during the experimental periods. Serum TT3, FT4, and FT3 levels were decreased significantly with increase of stocking density. While, serum GH, TSH and TT4 levels of different densities were not significantly different. The correlation coefficient between TSH and TT4 demonstrated the negative feedback effects of thyroid. Serum IGF-I level was also decreased with density increasing. Crude protein and fat contents in tissues were affected by stocking density. Furthermore, these parameters were correlated to density inversely. RNA-DNA ratio was in inverse proportion to density. Protein and fat contents significantly increased with body weight increasing. Serum cholesterol and lipids level were the lowest in the highest density experimental groups, whereas serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) was the highest.
Ⅱ. Continuous light and dark photoperiods enhanced growth of Amur sturgeon
There was no significant difference in illumination perforce of juvenile Amur sturgeon when illumination was ranged from 1001x to 1 100 1x. However, juvenile show negative phototaxis when illumination was over 13 000 1x. Short-term (35 days) exposure to 24L:OD (PL), OD:24D (PD), and PLN (natural photoperiod, PN) could not affect growth of juveniles. But, growth was affected by long-term (8 months) exposure. PL and PD groups had the same growth rate, and grew faster than PN group. Serum TT3 and FT3 levels in PL and PD were much higher than those in PN, while these hormone levels in PL and PD were not significant different. But, serum GH, IGF-I, TSH, TT4, and FT4 levels in different photoperiods were not significant different. Crude protein content in liver of PN was significantly lower than that of PL and PD, the same to fat content in muscle. Inversely, crude fat content in liver of PN was significantly higher than that of PL and PD.
Ⅲ. Growth controlled by hormones secreted by neuroendocine glands affected by water temperature during thermo-acclimation
The thermo-stress response occurred in Amur sturgeon at the beginning of thermo-acclimation to 26℃ . During this period, plasma cortisol and glucose
concentrations elevated rapidly, then descent slowly. But, plasma cortisol level elevated again at 9d, and calmed down at 30d. Long-term thermo-accl
论文研究了养殖密度、光照周期、水温和水流4种环境因子对史氏鲟生长的影响；同时也研究了在这些环境条件下的神经内分泌系统中的脑垂体分泌生长激素(GH)和促甲状腺素(TSH)的情况，以及“垂体—肝脏轴”和“垂体—甲状腺轴”对史氏鲟生长的调控作用；研究了史氏鲟在环境适应过程中的急性和慢性应激反应。
1．养殖密度通过影响“垂体—甲状腺轴”和“垂体—肝脏轴”来调控生长
养殖密度对史氏鲟的生长具有消极的作用，高养殖密度降低了鲟鱼的特定生长率和生长效率，提高了食物转化率，但是生长离散没有加剧，生长率与养殖密度呈显著负相关。养殖密度显著影响着甲状腺分泌甲状腺激素的水平，血清总三碘甲腺原氨酸(TT_3)、游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT_3)和游离甲状腺素(FT_4)含量均随着养殖密度的增加而显著降低，而血清总甲状腺素(TT_4)含量却在不同密度组中保持稳定。血清TSH水平和GH水平未受到养殖密度的影响。但是血清TSH与TT_4水平显著负相关，类胰岛素生长因子—Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)水平却随着养殖密度的增加而显著降低。肌肉组织蛋白含量、脂肪含量、RNA/DNA比值也受到了密度的显著影响，与密度呈负相关；组织脂肪和蛋白含量随体重的增加而增加；高密度组的血清胆固醇、总脂水平最低，而血清谷草转氨酶却最高。
2．全黑和全光的持续光照周期促进史氏鲟的生长
史氏鲟稚鱼在100—1100lx光照范围内无显著趋光性，但对13000lx的日光却100％回避。全光(24L：0D，PL)、全黑(0L：24D，PD)和自然光照周期(LDN，PN)对于短期暴露的史氏鲟稚鱼不会产生生长上的影响；但对暴露长达8个月的幼鱼却产生了显著的影响，全黑和全光周期都以相同的程度促进了鲟鱼的生长，自然光周期的鲟鱼生长较慢，但是不同光照周期组的鲟鱼的条件系数没有变化。PL和PD组的白肌RNA/DNA、血浆TT_3和FT_3水平显著高于PN组，而不同光照周期中的血浆GH、IGF-Ⅰ、TSH、TT_4和FT_4水平没有显著组间差异。PN组的肝脏蛋白含量显著低于PL和PD组，PN组的肝脏脂肪含量显著高于PL和PD组，而且PD的脂肪含
论文摘要
量高于PL组;不同组间的肌肉脂肪含量变化情况恰好与肝脏的情况相反，PL和PD
组的肌肉脂肪含量水平没有差异，且同时高于PN组的水平。
3.温度驯化通过影响神经内分泌激素的释放来调控史氏鳃的生长
在26℃水温中的温度驯化初期，史氏鳃产生了热应激反应，血浆皮质醇和血糖
水平显著升高，随后下降，皮质醇在gd时出现浓度反弹，但30d后其水平恢复正常;
长期高温驯化使血浆GH、IGF一I、T乃和FT3水平显著降低，但血浆TSH、TT4和
FT;水平没有变化。史氏鳃稚鱼的最适生长水温为20.00℃，其全鱼组织RN九心NA
的最大比值出现在20.86℃:幼鱼的最适生长水温为21.53℃，幼鱼的最大摄食水温
为22.33℃，高于最适生长水温。
4.水流刺激促进史氏鳃生长加速并增强造血功能
持续的水流刺激造成了史氏鳄的持续游泳，疲劳范围外的游泳促进了史氏鳃的
生长效率，提高了特定生长率，流速与生长率之间存在显著正相关。高速水流中的
史氏鳃的血液携氧能力增加，血红蛋白，红细胞数、红细胞比容和血清铁含量等多
项与携氧能力有关的指标都显著升高，脾体系数也显著升高。血清TSH、TT3和TT4
水平没有显著的组间差异，但高水流组的血清FT3和FT4水平却要显著升高;并且
血清GH和IGF一I水平也随着水流的增大而升高。高水流组的白肌和肝脏的
RN九心NA比值也显著升高;但是，肌肉和肝脏的生化组成成分没有显著变化。
This dissertation was based upon the concepts of fish ecophysiology, and investigated the regulations of the main important environmental factors in nature and aquaculture on growth and physiological system of Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, which focused on the effects of hormones secreted by the neuroendocrine system in this process. The issues how Amur sturgeon adapted the various environments by changing its behaviors, physiological system, and growth strategies were discussed.
This dissertation investigated the regulations of stocking density, photoperiod, water temperature, and water currents on growth and hormone secretion in neuroendocrine glands of Amur sturgeon. This research focused on how the brain neuroendocrine -growth hormone (GH) - insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis and pituitary - thyroid axis controlled sturgeon growth during the acclimation to environmental factors. Serum total thyroxine (TT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyrinine (FT3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), GH, IGF-I, and cortisol levels were assayed contrasted to growth rates of sturgeon cultured in different environments. Meanwhile, RNA-DNA ratio in white muscle and liver tissues, body compositions, haemotological indices, serum biochemical indices, hepatosomatic index, and splenosomatic index were also investigated in this research.
Ⅰ. Regulation of stocking density on growth by influencing the pituitary ?thyroid
axis and the brain neuroendocrine - GH - insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis
Stocking density had negative effects on growth of sturgeon, specific growth rates (SGR) and growth efficiency (GE) decreased, and food conversion ratio (FCR) increased in higher density. But, the growth dispersion varied slimly during the experimental periods. Serum TT3, FT4, and FT3 levels were decreased significantly with increase of stocking density. While, serum GH, TSH and TT4 levels of different densities were not significantly different. The correlation coefficient between TSH and TT4 demonstrated the negative feedback effects of thyroid. Serum IGF-I level was also decreased with density increasing. Crude protein and fat contents in tissues were affected by stocking density. Furthermore, these parameters were correlated to density inversely. RNA-DNA ratio was in inverse proportion to density. Protein and fat contents significantly increased with body weight increasing. Serum cholesterol and lipids level were the lowest in the highest density experimental groups, whereas serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) was the highest.
Ⅱ. Continuous light and dark photoperiods enhanced growth of Amur sturgeon
There was no significant difference in illumination perforce of juvenile Amur sturgeon when illumination was ranged from 1001x to 1 100 1x. However, juvenile show negative phototaxis when illumination was over 13 000 1x. Short-term (35 days) exposure to 24L:OD (PL), OD:24D (PD), and PLN (natural photoperiod, PN) could not affect growth of juveniles. But, growth was affected by long-term (8 months) exposure. PL and PD groups had the same growth rate, and grew faster than PN group. Serum TT3 and FT3 levels in PL and PD were much higher than those in PN, while these hormone levels in PL and PD were not significant different. But, serum GH, IGF-I, TSH, TT4, and FT4 levels in different photoperiods were not significant different. Crude protein content in liver of PN was significantly lower than that of PL and PD, the same to fat content in muscle. Inversely, crude fat content in liver of PN was significantly higher than that of PL and PD.
Ⅲ. Growth controlled by hormones secreted by neuroendocine glands affected by water temperature during thermo-acclimation
The thermo-stress response occurred in Amur sturgeon at the beginning of thermo-acclimation to 26℃ . During this period, plasma cortisol and glucose
concentrations elevated rapidly, then descent slowly. But, plasma cortisol level elevated again at 9d, and calmed down at 30d. Long-term thermo-accl
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