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基于产业的土地利用分类及其应用研究
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摘要
国内外专家学者对土地利用分类的进行不了不懈的研究与探讨,根据不同的目的提出了众多的土地利用分类体系。土地利用分类既是认识土地和利用土地的开始,又是土地科学发展水平的重要标志之一;也是土地利用现状调查制图的基础,是实施土地管理、进行土地资源动态监测和有效控制的重要依据,还是世界各地土地利用信息交流的重要媒介。随着科技的进步和社会的发展,土地利用的技术水平不断提高,新的土地利用类型不断出现,土地利用不断向结构合理化、利用集约化方向发展,这些现象要求土地利用分类随之发展。因此,研究土地利用分类具有十分重要的意义。
     土地利用分化是产业发展分化的结果,又与产业结构具有密切的联系。产业结构的变化促使土地利用类型发生变化,从而改变土地利用结构。因此,产业的发展变化是土地利用结构变化的直接动因。随着经济和产业结构的发展变化,第二、三产业在国民经济中的地位越来越重要,土地利用与产业结构之间的相互作用越来越密切、相互影响越来越大,但由于现有土地利用分类体系的局限性,产业快速发展要求土地利用变化与之协调发展的矛盾日益突出,在一定程度上影响了土地利用的科学研究及其应用管理实践。因此,迫切需要建立一个与产业和经济发展具有密切关系的土地利用分类体系。
     根据产业分化与土地利用类型之间的密切关系,综合分析我国土地利用分类体系的优缺点,运用土地分类理论和土地分类的逻辑学原理,在借鉴国内外土地利用分类体系的理论研究和实践的基础上,以产业用途和功能作为土地利用分类的划分标准,提出一个新的土地利用分类方案,并建立了一套新的土地分类体系,即土地利用产业分类体系。该分类体系共分四层次,由4个土地利用类,13个土地利用亚类,33个土地利用级,129个土地利用组构成。其中第一层次有4个类型,分别是第一产业用地、第二产业用地、第三产业用地和后备产业用地。
     土地利用产业分类体系具有下列特点:分类层次多,土地利用类型多,分类齐全;扩展续分性强,可扩展至五级或六级分类体系;新的分类体系可以很容易地将新出现的复杂的土地利用类型按产业服务功能进行归类;土地利用类型编号科学,便于记忆和理解;使用方便应用面广,易于被国民经济各部门接受;可以更加有效地分析衡量土地利用的经济、社会和生态效益;与现有土地分类衔接良好,有利于保持资料与数据的连续与过渡,节约经费与成本,具有良好的经济效益等优点。
     实证研究以北京市海淀区为例,运用土地利用产业分类体系对其土地资源的利用进行分析研究,得出海淀区土地资源利用具有如下特征是:产业用地结构比从高到低为:第一产业用地、第三产业用地、第二产业用地、后备产业用地;各产业用地在空间布局上呈较为有规律的圈层结构分布型式;不同产业用地的经济效率显著不同,不同产业用地内部各行业用地的经济效率也存在明显的差异;随着人口的增加和经济的发展,不同产业用地有其各自规律性的变化特点,并且在受到国家重大政策或特殊事件影响时,产业用地面积通常会发生异常变化;不同产业用地的就业容积率不同,不同产业用地内部不同行业用地就业容积率也存在明显的差异;与海淀区的产业结构发展演化趋势相适应,海淀区土地资源在利用类型及数量上均呈现规律性的变化;并且其土地利用的未来空间分布趋势及特征具有明显的规律性,进一步向产业圈层结构理想布局方向发展。
Many experts and scholars all around the world study and discuss on the land use classification permanently and put forward many land use classification systems according to the different purposes. The land use classification is not only the beginning of land use and realization, but one of the important symbol of land science development level. Which also are the basic of land use investigation and the important foundation of land management implementing and land resource supervising dynamically and controlling effectively. It is also the important medium of land use information around the world. With the science and technology advancing and society developing, the level of land use is improved continuously, the new land use types appear continuously, the land use structure is rationalized and the land use is intensified. It is urgent that the land use classification should be developed. Therefore, it is very important and significant that land use classification be studied.
    The industry change results in the land use differentiation. The relationship between the land use and the industry structure is very close. The change of industry structure spurs the land use type variety, which changes the land use structure. Therefore, the industry structure development and change are the direct factors that change the land use structure. With the economic developing and the industry structure changing, the relationships between land use and industrial structure are closer and closer, and the influence and interactions between of them are bigger and bigger as the status of the second industry and the Tertiary industry in the national economic more and more important. Which makes the land use classification system not satisfy the demand of harmony development of the industry development fast and the land use change. The old system influences the land use research, application and management practice in a certain extent. Thus it is essential that the land use classification research need to
     go deep into according to the technological advancement and social development. Consequently, It is urgent that a land use classification system that has very close relationship with industry and economic be set up.
    This dissertation puts forward a new scheme of land use classification and sets up a new land use classification system, namely the land use industry classification system, by taking the industry function as the criterion of land use classification, according to the affinity relation between land use change and industry development change, analyzing synthetically the advantage and shortcoming of our country land use classification system, using the land classification theory and logical principium, basing on the theory and practice of land use classification system from abroad to domestic. This classification system is makes up of four land classes, thirteen land subclasses, thirty-three land grades and one hundred and twenty nine land groups. This classification system is divided into four levels. The first level includes the primary industry land, secondary industry land, tertiary industry land and non-industry land.
    The new classification system has many advantages. It has many levels and land use types. The fourth level can be continuously divided; the classification system can be expanded to five levels or six levels. The new and complicated land use type can be classified easily according to the industry serving function in the new classification system. The land type code is numbered scientifically and
    
    
    remembered and understood easily. It is applied and accepted widely and easily by all department of the country. The land use economic, social and geological benefit and efficiency is reflected and analyzed effectively in new system. It links up well with existed land classification system, makes for keeping the datum continuity and transition, economizes the money and cost and has well economic efficiency.
    This dissertation researches the land resource use in Haidian district, Beijing, using the land use c
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