D-InSAR与POLinSAR的方法及应用研究
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摘要
合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(InSAR)是二十世纪九十年代迅速发展起来一门新兴的雷达遥感技术，成功地应用于地形测绘与地表形变监测。本文利用ERS-1/2SAR数据和SIR-C/X-SAR全极化SAR数据，深入地开展了SAR差分干涉测量(D-InSAR)和SAR极化干涉测量(POLinSAR)的方法及应用研究。
1)对SAR干涉测量获取地形信息算法进行全面系统的归纳总结，提出一个具有较强实用性的InSAR处理器，并在实际应用中得到较好的成果。根据SAR差分干涉测量的基本原理，提出SAR差分干涉测量获取地表形变信息的具体实现算法，并在地震、地面沉降的形变测量中得到具体的应用。
2)提出并实现了基于轨道参数的干涉图像对的自动配准算法，利用方位向光谱重叠率和距离向光谱重叠率判断图像对是否适合进行干涉处理，利用“一致性测试”纠正相干估算器误差，最终实现亚像元级的精确配准。解决了InSAR数据处理中的关键技术问题。
3)首次获取了1998年1月10日张北-尚义地震的同震形变场的差分干涉纹图，并利用Okada位错模型模拟张北地震形变场，由最佳参数解反演得到的震源参数解，与地震资料和野外调查资料进行了分析比较，从另一个角度对张北地震的孕震机制进行了相应的解释。
4)利用高相干区和低相干区的水平剖线和垂直剖线以及干涉纹图的线性组合来分析大气附加相位的影响。并利用phase stacking的方法进行大气附加相位的消除，利用GCP点和InSAR提取的DEM数据进行比较验证。
5)首次获取了1993～1995年、1995～1998年和1998～2000年苏州市地面沉降场测量值。地面水准测量数据的验证分析表明，D-InSAR测量值与水准测量值的相关度达0.943，标准误差均值为0.1706，雷达差分干涉测量精度可达5mm(以水准测量代表地面形变的真实情况)。
6)基于POLinSAR基本原理，结合最优干涉相干与波相干模型反演植被高度信息。统计分析的结果表明，与研究区的地表覆盖类型高度吻合。
7)提出了一种新的基于Wishart分布的单频全极化SAR的H/α/γ非监督分类算法，充分结合极化特性和干涉相干的优势，与H/α/λ算法进行分析比较，分类精度有10％的提高。
Within a decade, synthetic aperture radar interferometry(InSAR) has matured to a widely used geodetic technique for measuring the topography of a surface, its changes over time, and other changes in the detailed characteristics of the surface. The main objectives addressed in this article are to introduce the product of three years dedicated to the methods and applications of Differential SAR interferometry (D-InSAR) and Polarimetric SAR interferometry (POLinSAR). Key methodologies are listed.
1. The article reviews the basic concepts of InSAR, the processing procedure for obtaining interferometric products such as a digital elevation model or a deformation map, and geodetic applications.
2. A new three-step sub-pixel registration algorithm is introduced and implemented. The coregistration of SAR images is a strict requirement for interferometric processing. Based on the orbits of slave image and master image, the offset is first computed with an accuracy of about 30 pixels (precise orbits). Then, the offset between image pair is computed with an accuracy of about 1 pixel by maximum coherence estimation and "consistency test". At last, over the total image, for a large number of searching and matching windows, the offset between master and slave is estimated at a sub-pixel level.
3. The surface seismic deformation of Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake ( Ms 6.2) was measured using the three-pass ERS-1/2 SAR differential interferometric technology (D-InSAR). The focal mechanism of Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake is estimated from the D-InSAR measurement of surface deformation based on a standard elastic dislocation model for seismic displacement. The inversion procedure is an iterative, linear least-squares algorithm. Through the relation between the focal parameters and displacement in the line of sight direction measured in the radar interferogram, the optimum focal parameter set is derived. The results show that the seismic fault of Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake is a thrust fault dipping SW with a large right-lateral displacement component. The strike and dip are 95? and 30?respectively on a fault patch of 12 km long by 14 km wide. Its hypocenter is located at N40?8', E114?1', and 7.5km in depth. The estimated slip vector is 0.728m with a rake of 105.95? the trend of slip is
NW13.26, and M0is 2.69N-m.
4. Based on horizontal and vertical phase profiles, the atmospheric phase signal is analyzed between the high correlation region and low correlation region. Phase stacking method is applied to minimize atmospheric additional phase, and the results are validated by GCP.
5. The potential of ERS-1/2 SAR interferometry for mapping subtle land subsidence has been investigated. A time series of ERS-1/2 SAR data from February 1993 to February 2000 is collected from measurements taken on Suzhou city, Jiangsu province, China; three differential interferograms were produced using three-pass method; which clearly show the spatial extent of land subsidence. The deformation maps are validated by leveling surveys, the correlation coefficient and standard deviation between them are 0.943 and 0.1706 respectively. Based on seven benchmarks, the subsidence rates are estimated, the overall trends are in close agreement with InSAR results. The results of study shows that for the mapping of land subsidence in urban environments InSAR has a strong potential with regard to cost effectiveness, resolution and accuracy.
6. The basic concepts of POLinSAR are described. Combining optimum scattering mechanisms and Treuhaft's scattering model, the vegetation heights are retrieved. The performance of the inversion algorithm is demonstrated.
7. A new classification scheme for single frequency polarimetric SAR data sets. A coherency matrix is constructed using single look complex data from single frequency images. Data sets are processed through a k-mean classifier after an
initialization step consisting of applying the Hlaly classification procedure.
Compared with
1)对SAR干涉测量获取地形信息算法进行全面系统的归纳总结，提出一个具有较强实用性的InSAR处理器，并在实际应用中得到较好的成果。根据SAR差分干涉测量的基本原理，提出SAR差分干涉测量获取地表形变信息的具体实现算法，并在地震、地面沉降的形变测量中得到具体的应用。
2)提出并实现了基于轨道参数的干涉图像对的自动配准算法，利用方位向光谱重叠率和距离向光谱重叠率判断图像对是否适合进行干涉处理，利用“一致性测试”纠正相干估算器误差，最终实现亚像元级的精确配准。解决了InSAR数据处理中的关键技术问题。
3)首次获取了1998年1月10日张北-尚义地震的同震形变场的差分干涉纹图，并利用Okada位错模型模拟张北地震形变场，由最佳参数解反演得到的震源参数解，与地震资料和野外调查资料进行了分析比较，从另一个角度对张北地震的孕震机制进行了相应的解释。
4)利用高相干区和低相干区的水平剖线和垂直剖线以及干涉纹图的线性组合来分析大气附加相位的影响。并利用phase stacking的方法进行大气附加相位的消除，利用GCP点和InSAR提取的DEM数据进行比较验证。
5)首次获取了1993～1995年、1995～1998年和1998～2000年苏州市地面沉降场测量值。地面水准测量数据的验证分析表明，D-InSAR测量值与水准测量值的相关度达0.943，标准误差均值为0.1706，雷达差分干涉测量精度可达5mm(以水准测量代表地面形变的真实情况)。
6)基于POLinSAR基本原理，结合最优干涉相干与波相干模型反演植被高度信息。统计分析的结果表明，与研究区的地表覆盖类型高度吻合。
7)提出了一种新的基于Wishart分布的单频全极化SAR的H/α/γ非监督分类算法，充分结合极化特性和干涉相干的优势，与H/α/λ算法进行分析比较，分类精度有10％的提高。
Within a decade, synthetic aperture radar interferometry(InSAR) has matured to a widely used geodetic technique for measuring the topography of a surface, its changes over time, and other changes in the detailed characteristics of the surface. The main objectives addressed in this article are to introduce the product of three years dedicated to the methods and applications of Differential SAR interferometry (D-InSAR) and Polarimetric SAR interferometry (POLinSAR). Key methodologies are listed.
1. The article reviews the basic concepts of InSAR, the processing procedure for obtaining interferometric products such as a digital elevation model or a deformation map, and geodetic applications.
2. A new three-step sub-pixel registration algorithm is introduced and implemented. The coregistration of SAR images is a strict requirement for interferometric processing. Based on the orbits of slave image and master image, the offset is first computed with an accuracy of about 30 pixels (precise orbits). Then, the offset between image pair is computed with an accuracy of about 1 pixel by maximum coherence estimation and "consistency test". At last, over the total image, for a large number of searching and matching windows, the offset between master and slave is estimated at a sub-pixel level.
3. The surface seismic deformation of Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake ( Ms 6.2) was measured using the three-pass ERS-1/2 SAR differential interferometric technology (D-InSAR). The focal mechanism of Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake is estimated from the D-InSAR measurement of surface deformation based on a standard elastic dislocation model for seismic displacement. The inversion procedure is an iterative, linear least-squares algorithm. Through the relation between the focal parameters and displacement in the line of sight direction measured in the radar interferogram, the optimum focal parameter set is derived. The results show that the seismic fault of Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake is a thrust fault dipping SW with a large right-lateral displacement component. The strike and dip are 95? and 30?respectively on a fault patch of 12 km long by 14 km wide. Its hypocenter is located at N40?8', E114?1', and 7.5km in depth. The estimated slip vector is 0.728m with a rake of 105.95? the trend of slip is
NW13.26, and M0is 2.69N-m.
4. Based on horizontal and vertical phase profiles, the atmospheric phase signal is analyzed between the high correlation region and low correlation region. Phase stacking method is applied to minimize atmospheric additional phase, and the results are validated by GCP.
5. The potential of ERS-1/2 SAR interferometry for mapping subtle land subsidence has been investigated. A time series of ERS-1/2 SAR data from February 1993 to February 2000 is collected from measurements taken on Suzhou city, Jiangsu province, China; three differential interferograms were produced using three-pass method; which clearly show the spatial extent of land subsidence. The deformation maps are validated by leveling surveys, the correlation coefficient and standard deviation between them are 0.943 and 0.1706 respectively. Based on seven benchmarks, the subsidence rates are estimated, the overall trends are in close agreement with InSAR results. The results of study shows that for the mapping of land subsidence in urban environments InSAR has a strong potential with regard to cost effectiveness, resolution and accuracy.
6. The basic concepts of POLinSAR are described. Combining optimum scattering mechanisms and Treuhaft's scattering model, the vegetation heights are retrieved. The performance of the inversion algorithm is demonstrated.
7. A new classification scheme for single frequency polarimetric SAR data sets. A coherency matrix is constructed using single look complex data from single frequency images. Data sets are processed through a k-mean classifier after an
initialization step consisting of applying the Hlaly classification procedure.
Compared with
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