GPS在地球物理方面的应用
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摘要
GPS是二十世纪七十年代美国宇航局根据军事的需要建立的卫星导航定位系统，目前己发展成为工程测量、大地测量、数字地球、地籍管理、地球物理和环境监测等许多方面监测和研究的工具和手段。由于它的应用的广泛和许多应用的相互联系，作者力图对GPS在地球物理各方面的应用给予较全面和较深入的研究，为今后更深入的研究GPS甚至空间技术在地球物理方面及其它方面的研究和应用奠定基础。这些研究包括GPS在参考系的实现和板块运动的研究；GPS在地壳水平形变监测方面的应用以及它与地震、地质的某些信息相结合对地壳水平运动特点的揭示：GPS对垂直运动监测的研究；GPS对电离层活动的监测和GPS气象学。除了这些研究以外，GPS在地球物理方面的应用还包括GPS在地心运动监测和地球定向参数监测方面的应用以及GPS在潮汐监测方面的应用等，它们所反映的物理现象和信息也是很丰富和重要的。GPS在地球物理众多领域的应用，与传统的地球物理监测手段有很大不同，很多方面都可近实时、大面积监测，这无疑是地球物理监测手段的一次革命。它们与传统地球物理、地质、地震等监测手段从不同角度、不同尺度反映了地球各圈层的活动和运动情况，只有这些信息充分结合才能较好的研究运动的地球。
本文作者从科学研究的角度出发研究了GPS在地球物理方面的多种应用。首先介绍了GPS测量的基本原理和目前国际国内GPS在地球物理方面的应用情况，进而研究了GPS数据处理的模型和方法，为得到高精度的可靠GPS结果打下基础，初步给出了数据处理的规范。在此基础上研究了由空间技术建立和实现参考系的方法以及板块运动的情况。并利用多个全国性的GPS监测网、中国地壳运动主要活动带区域性GPS监测网以及亚太地区动力学计划(APSOP)GPS监测网自1991年以来近10年的GPS监测资料研究中国及其亚太地区现时地壳形变，基于一个现时板块运动模型ITRF97VEL给出了三类网大约260多个站的形变速度场。从这些结果，我们可以看出中国地壳运动有明显的不均匀性，以南北地震带为界，西强东弱；中国西部受印度板块强烈的冲挤地壳运动由南向北逐渐减慢，呈现南北向缩短，东西向伸展，有明显的块体特征；喜马拉雅和天山西部分别提供了大约15mm/a和9～13mm/a的汇聚速率；拉萨块体有一个20．2±1．2mm/a的伸长；喀喇昆仑-嘉黎断裂的右旋走滑速率和阿尔金断裂的左旋走滑速率分别为2～3mm/a和4～6mm/a，而且穿过龙门山断裂带的缩短小于7mm/a，这些都支持地壳增厚学说；在沿阿尔金断裂带到喜马拉雅存在一个NNE弥散带，它是形变速度有东和西分量的分界线。东部以走滑为主，东北块体是中国最稳定的地区，华北块体具有较大走滑性，是东部较易变形区。在这些GPS数据处理结果和其它作者对中国及其周围GPS测量结果的基础上结合地震矩数据和地质第四纪滑动速率资料对中国大陆地壳运动学和动力学特点进行了初步研究，发现地震资料得到的平均应变率比地质资料得到的应变率大3-4个量级，而地质的结果与GPS在一定的模型近似和条件假设下的量级相当，故仅给出地质和GPS结合的结果，其与William holt等用238个GPS结果结合第四纪滑动速率的结果较一致，反演的连续速度场与我
们的观测值非常一致，而这样的速度场将为大尺度地壳形变的详细研究和地球动力
学研究奠定基础。随着人们认识的深化，连续GPS测量也可监测地壳的垂直运动和水
平的非线性运动，包括长期项、周年项和半年项，其中水平的周期性运动振幅远远
小于其长期项运动大小，而垂直向周年项振幅与长期项运动大小相当或更大，这也
是过去用几期测量能得到可靠的水平运动速度而不能得出可靠的垂直运动速度及
GPS高程测量重复率低的原因。在减少基墩的不稳定性下，完全连续的高质量GPS测
量可给出可靠的高程长期运动、周年运动和半年运动，还可能监测其它频段的运动。
GPS通过监测电离层总电子含量及其变化来反映电离层的电子密度变化研究电离层
活动，本论文从GPS监测电离层的原理和方法出发，介绍了GPS对电离层活动监测的
现状和进展，并通过对1998年8月27日GPS数据处理，研究和监测了中尺度移动电离
层扰动TID，探测了电离层闪烁效应的存在。GPS在气象学上的应用从原理到试验结
果，给予了充分的介绍和研究，指出nS可以监测天气变化过程，减少天气漏报的次
数，并可用于数值天气预报提高天气预报的准确度，另外还可有助于提高可降水量
与实际降雨量之间关系的研究和认识一总之，GPS在地球物理各个领域的应用是非常
厂泛和重要的，它提供了从电离层到中性大气层、地壳甚至地球内部的物理信息，
反映了整个地球各圈层的运动情况，对我们认识和监测地球的许多物理现象是非常
重要的。
本论文的主要贡献是：
（1）基于最新的地球参考架ITRF2000研究和建立了现时板块的绝对和相对运动模型
ITRF2000VEL和REL—ITRF2000VEL，指出新的模型能更好地反映现时全球板块运
动的特征，可作为现时地壳形变的背景场。发现板块运动的确存在时变，特别是
欧亚一北美和非洲一欧亚板块对的相对运动变化明显，且板块相对运动欧拉极分
布集中。经研究发现ITRF200
GPS is a satellite navigation and positioning system aiming at the military needs, developed by America National Aeronautics and Space Administration in 1970's. Since GPS techniques were born, it has so many widespread and far-reaching applications such as on geodesy, geophysics, engineering, cadastre, digital Earth and environment monitoring and so forth. It has become one of the most important tools and means in these fields. Because the applications of GPS are very wide and these applications are interrelated, this author has made efforts to carry out a comprehensive and deep study of the application of GPS on geophysics. It will be useful to establish a basis for further study on the applications of GPS
and space techniques to geophysics and other fields. The applications of GPS on geophysics include the realization of reference frame and the study of plate motion, the detection of crustal horizontal deformation and strain characteristics by GPS, the study of crustal vertical motion by GPS, the ionosphere activities monitored by GPS and GPS meteorology. In addition, GPS monitoring of the geocentric motion, Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP) and tides are also the content of GPS applications on geophysics. The geophysics information reflected by them is also very rich and important. The application of GPS on geophysics is very different from the traditional means of geophysics study. In many fields, the near real-time and wide
area detection are done by GPS. It could be regarded as a revolution in detection means of geophysics. Both GPS based means and the traditional means of geophysics studies, such as earthquakes monitoring, geological detection and so on, reflect the
activities and motions of individual terrestrial sphere from different viewpoints and different scales. Only when this information is fully combined, can the Earth in motion be well studied.
The author studies the GPS applications on geophysics from the scientific viewpoints. At first, elementary theory of GPS measurement and GPS applications on geophysics at home and abroad are introduced. Then, the models and methods of
GPS data processing are studied in detail. It will be beneficial to obtain high accuracy and reliable GPS results. The preliminary standard for GPS data processing is drafted. Based on these studies, the methods of carrying out and establishing the terrestrial reference frame from space techniques are studied, and also the absolute plate motion model and relative motion model are studied and established. In addition, using recent 10-year GPS measurement data from some nationwide GPS networks, several regional GPS monitoring networks and the Asia-Pacific Regional Geodetic Project (APRGP), the crustal deformation in China and Asia-Pacific Region is studied in this thesis. Based on present-day plate motion model ITRF97VEL, a deformation velocity
field of more than 260 sites in the three kinds of GPS networks is presented. From these results, we can see the crustal motion is evidently inhomogeneous. The crustal deformation in west China is far stronger and more complicated than that in east China, with the N-S seismic belt in China as a boundary. The displacement velocity gradually reduces from south to north and it shows shortening in north-south direction and extending in west-east direction due to the strong pushing of the Indian plate. The shortening of about 15 mm/yr and 9-13 mm/yr is accommodated across the Himalayan block and the west Tian Shan respectively. Within southern Tibet, between the longitudes 80?E and 91, there is E-W extension of 20.2 ?1.2 mm/yr. The slip rates of KJFZ in
south Tibet and Altyn Tagh fault are 2-3 mm/yr and 4-6 mm/yr respectively. Our GPS results indicate there is a less than 7 mm/yr shortening across the Longmen Shan fault. These results support the supposition of crustal thickening. Along the Altyn Tagh fault to the Himalayan block, there is a NNE dispersive belt which is the boundary line of westward and eastward motions. East China is dominated by strike-slip motion and North
本文作者从科学研究的角度出发研究了GPS在地球物理方面的多种应用。首先介绍了GPS测量的基本原理和目前国际国内GPS在地球物理方面的应用情况，进而研究了GPS数据处理的模型和方法，为得到高精度的可靠GPS结果打下基础，初步给出了数据处理的规范。在此基础上研究了由空间技术建立和实现参考系的方法以及板块运动的情况。并利用多个全国性的GPS监测网、中国地壳运动主要活动带区域性GPS监测网以及亚太地区动力学计划(APSOP)GPS监测网自1991年以来近10年的GPS监测资料研究中国及其亚太地区现时地壳形变，基于一个现时板块运动模型ITRF97VEL给出了三类网大约260多个站的形变速度场。从这些结果，我们可以看出中国地壳运动有明显的不均匀性，以南北地震带为界，西强东弱；中国西部受印度板块强烈的冲挤地壳运动由南向北逐渐减慢，呈现南北向缩短，东西向伸展，有明显的块体特征；喜马拉雅和天山西部分别提供了大约15mm/a和9～13mm/a的汇聚速率；拉萨块体有一个20．2±1．2mm/a的伸长；喀喇昆仑-嘉黎断裂的右旋走滑速率和阿尔金断裂的左旋走滑速率分别为2～3mm/a和4～6mm/a，而且穿过龙门山断裂带的缩短小于7mm/a，这些都支持地壳增厚学说；在沿阿尔金断裂带到喜马拉雅存在一个NNE弥散带，它是形变速度有东和西分量的分界线。东部以走滑为主，东北块体是中国最稳定的地区，华北块体具有较大走滑性，是东部较易变形区。在这些GPS数据处理结果和其它作者对中国及其周围GPS测量结果的基础上结合地震矩数据和地质第四纪滑动速率资料对中国大陆地壳运动学和动力学特点进行了初步研究，发现地震资料得到的平均应变率比地质资料得到的应变率大3-4个量级，而地质的结果与GPS在一定的模型近似和条件假设下的量级相当，故仅给出地质和GPS结合的结果，其与William holt等用238个GPS结果结合第四纪滑动速率的结果较一致，反演的连续速度场与我
们的观测值非常一致，而这样的速度场将为大尺度地壳形变的详细研究和地球动力
学研究奠定基础。随着人们认识的深化，连续GPS测量也可监测地壳的垂直运动和水
平的非线性运动，包括长期项、周年项和半年项，其中水平的周期性运动振幅远远
小于其长期项运动大小，而垂直向周年项振幅与长期项运动大小相当或更大，这也
是过去用几期测量能得到可靠的水平运动速度而不能得出可靠的垂直运动速度及
GPS高程测量重复率低的原因。在减少基墩的不稳定性下，完全连续的高质量GPS测
量可给出可靠的高程长期运动、周年运动和半年运动，还可能监测其它频段的运动。
GPS通过监测电离层总电子含量及其变化来反映电离层的电子密度变化研究电离层
活动，本论文从GPS监测电离层的原理和方法出发，介绍了GPS对电离层活动监测的
现状和进展，并通过对1998年8月27日GPS数据处理，研究和监测了中尺度移动电离
层扰动TID，探测了电离层闪烁效应的存在。GPS在气象学上的应用从原理到试验结
果，给予了充分的介绍和研究，指出nS可以监测天气变化过程，减少天气漏报的次
数，并可用于数值天气预报提高天气预报的准确度，另外还可有助于提高可降水量
与实际降雨量之间关系的研究和认识一总之，GPS在地球物理各个领域的应用是非常
厂泛和重要的，它提供了从电离层到中性大气层、地壳甚至地球内部的物理信息，
反映了整个地球各圈层的运动情况，对我们认识和监测地球的许多物理现象是非常
重要的。
本论文的主要贡献是：
（1）基于最新的地球参考架ITRF2000研究和建立了现时板块的绝对和相对运动模型
ITRF2000VEL和REL—ITRF2000VEL，指出新的模型能更好地反映现时全球板块运
动的特征，可作为现时地壳形变的背景场。发现板块运动的确存在时变，特别是
欧亚一北美和非洲一欧亚板块对的相对运动变化明显，且板块相对运动欧拉极分
布集中。经研究发现ITRF200
GPS is a satellite navigation and positioning system aiming at the military needs, developed by America National Aeronautics and Space Administration in 1970's. Since GPS techniques were born, it has so many widespread and far-reaching applications such as on geodesy, geophysics, engineering, cadastre, digital Earth and environment monitoring and so forth. It has become one of the most important tools and means in these fields. Because the applications of GPS are very wide and these applications are interrelated, this author has made efforts to carry out a comprehensive and deep study of the application of GPS on geophysics. It will be useful to establish a basis for further study on the applications of GPS
and space techniques to geophysics and other fields. The applications of GPS on geophysics include the realization of reference frame and the study of plate motion, the detection of crustal horizontal deformation and strain characteristics by GPS, the study of crustal vertical motion by GPS, the ionosphere activities monitored by GPS and GPS meteorology. In addition, GPS monitoring of the geocentric motion, Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP) and tides are also the content of GPS applications on geophysics. The geophysics information reflected by them is also very rich and important. The application of GPS on geophysics is very different from the traditional means of geophysics study. In many fields, the near real-time and wide
area detection are done by GPS. It could be regarded as a revolution in detection means of geophysics. Both GPS based means and the traditional means of geophysics studies, such as earthquakes monitoring, geological detection and so on, reflect the
activities and motions of individual terrestrial sphere from different viewpoints and different scales. Only when this information is fully combined, can the Earth in motion be well studied.
The author studies the GPS applications on geophysics from the scientific viewpoints. At first, elementary theory of GPS measurement and GPS applications on geophysics at home and abroad are introduced. Then, the models and methods of
GPS data processing are studied in detail. It will be beneficial to obtain high accuracy and reliable GPS results. The preliminary standard for GPS data processing is drafted. Based on these studies, the methods of carrying out and establishing the terrestrial reference frame from space techniques are studied, and also the absolute plate motion model and relative motion model are studied and established. In addition, using recent 10-year GPS measurement data from some nationwide GPS networks, several regional GPS monitoring networks and the Asia-Pacific Regional Geodetic Project (APRGP), the crustal deformation in China and Asia-Pacific Region is studied in this thesis. Based on present-day plate motion model ITRF97VEL, a deformation velocity
field of more than 260 sites in the three kinds of GPS networks is presented. From these results, we can see the crustal motion is evidently inhomogeneous. The crustal deformation in west China is far stronger and more complicated than that in east China, with the N-S seismic belt in China as a boundary. The displacement velocity gradually reduces from south to north and it shows shortening in north-south direction and extending in west-east direction due to the strong pushing of the Indian plate. The shortening of about 15 mm/yr and 9-13 mm/yr is accommodated across the Himalayan block and the west Tian Shan respectively. Within southern Tibet, between the longitudes 80?E and 91, there is E-W extension of 20.2 ?1.2 mm/yr. The slip rates of KJFZ in
south Tibet and Altyn Tagh fault are 2-3 mm/yr and 4-6 mm/yr respectively. Our GPS results indicate there is a less than 7 mm/yr shortening across the Longmen Shan fault. These results support the supposition of crustal thickening. Along the Altyn Tagh fault to the Himalayan block, there is a NNE dispersive belt which is the boundary line of westward and eastward motions. East China is dominated by strike-slip motion and North
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