种植耐盐植物改良盐碱土的研究
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摘要
本文以黑龙江省的大庆地区为研究中心，通过对碱斑土壤以及种植耐盐植物后的盐
碱土壤中的不同时期，不同土壤条件下土壤物理性质、土壤化学性质、土壤酶、土壤的
营养成分和土壤微生物等各项生理生化指标的测定、分析，阐述了不同条件下，碱斑裸
地和种植耐盐植物的碱斑土壤产生各种变化的原因，结合土壤的动态变化，探讨耐盐植
物改良盐碱土的可行性极其生理机制。首次对自然碱斑土壤和人工种植的碱斑土壤中土
壤酶的变化动态进行分析、研究，而在实验碱斑土壤中加入不同的添加剂如磷石膏、糠
醛渣等以研究分析在不同的人工条件下，碱斑土壤的理化性质和营养动态变化，更为国
内首次报道。
（一）种植耐盐植物对土壤营养成分的影响
土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、无机磷和全磷含量的变化与耐盐植物的种植年限呈正
相关。其中，与有机质形成密切的相关的腐殖质含量也呈这种正相关的变化。在改良后
的碱斑土壤上，土壤的氨化强度和固氮强度增加，硝化强度降低；此外，土壤有机质的
含量与土壤全氮含量之间有良好的相关性。土壤的全钾含量在耐盐植物种植三年后，略
有增加。土壤全钙含量含量与种植耐盐植物的年限呈负相关。土壤全钠含量在耐盐植物
种植后略有降低。土壤Na~+和K~+在种植耐盐植物的碱斑土壤上都呈下降趋势；而土壤
Ca~(2+)的含量在经耐盐植物改良的土壤中略有不同程度的上升。
（二）种植耐盐植物对土壤理化性质的影响
种植耐盐植物后，土壤的容重与耐盐植物种植的年限呈负相关，即随着植物在碱斑
土壤种植年限的增加，土壤容重逐年减少，当耐盐植物在盐渍土壤种植以后，土壤质地
变得疏松，单位体积内的土体重量减小，容重变小。土壤的机械组成逐渐由粘土向粗粉、
中粉和细粉转化，土壤结构良好，通气透水性能加大。同时，庞大根系的生长，也改善
了土壤的结构和渗透性能，从而明显降低了土壤积返盐的速度，这对盐分向土壤下层的
淋洗是非常有利的。土壤内有机质对增进土壤的团聚作用，改善土壤的物理性质也起着
积极的作用。种植耐盐植物后的土壤中的含水量有明显提高，这主要是由于耐盐植物植
入后，土壤的物理性质发生了相应的改变，土壤中粘粒减少，土壤孔隙状况比较好，使
水分有较高的入渗率，这也是水分在改良后的土壤中积聚起来的一个原因。
反应土壤盐碱化程度的重要指标即土壤全盐含量和土壤pH值在种植耐盐植物后都
有不同程度的降低，其中土壤含盐量在种植耐盐植物3年后比碱斑裸地的含盐量可降低
近50％。
（三）种植耐盐植物对土壤酶的影响
土壤纤维素酶、土壤脲酶、土壤磷酸酶和土壤多酚氧化酶的活性在碱斑土壤中随
着种植耐盐植物年限的增加而呈上升趋势。而土壤转化酶变化就不明显。
（四）种植耐盐植物对土壤微生物的影响
在碱斑土壤上种植耐盐植物羊草、星星草和碱蓬后，土壤微生物（包括细菌、真菌
和放线菌）的数量组成在不同的植物群落变化有所不同，以羊草植物群落中土壤微生物
的数量最高，其呼吸速率和生物量也高于其他两个植物群落。土壤的这种生物特征变化
与植物群落的正向演替是相一致的。
（五）不同的改良方式对上壤营养成分及理化性质的影响
我们还在碱斑土壤中，在种植耐盐植物的同时，加入了一定量的磷石膏、糠醛渣等
物质，根据各个实验样地的添加量的不同，对土壤含水量、土壤pH值，土壤腐殖质含
量、土壤全氮含量、土壤全磷含量和土壤碱解氮含量的变化进行比较，总的来说浅耕＋
磷石膏＋糠醛渣＋星星草＋羊草的样地各项改良指标都高于其他实验样地，即化学试剂和
人工种植耐盐植物共同改良碱斑土壤可取得比较好的改良效果。
In the present paper, the nutrient dynamic changes of soil salinity on planting
salt-enduring plants in various period , in Daqing of HeiLongJiang province are studied.
Including the dynamic changes of ameliorated soil salinity of physics and chemistry
characters , enzyme , nutrition composition , microbe etc. The feasibility and physiological
mechanism about planting salt-enduring plants to ameliorated soil salinity are discussed. The
changes of soil salinity by fertilizing various additive in the experimental soil are first
reported.
1. The influence of salt-tolerant plants on nutrition composition of soils
With the time increasing of planting salt-enduring plants organic matter content and total
nitrogen and humus content are trend to raised , total phosphorus content are raised a little;
total potassium content are changed no clearly , total sodium content , total calcium content
and total magnesium are reduced in varying degrees. After planting salt-enduring plants , the
intensity of amination and nitrogen fixation are raised, and the intensity of nitrification
intensity trend to cut down . The content of Na~ and K~ reduced in various degrees and the
2+
content of Ca are trend to raised.
2.. The influence of salt-enduring plants on physical and chemical characters of soils
Negative correlation exist between unit weight of soil and fixed number of year of
planting salt-enduring plants . After planting salt-enduring plants , soil getting more loosen,
per unit volume of weight and unit weight get to reduce . The component of soil gradually
transformed clayey soils into coarse soils, middle granule and fine soils. With the growth of
giant fibre system and structure of soils getting more improved and, porosity of soil,
permeable stratum and the osmosis of soils getting more increase. Meantime, the rate of salt
amassed and returned getting reduced, it is more advantaged to salt drip washing and
physical character.
It is obviously that the content of water of soils could influence the growth of plant and
the physical character of soils. With the planting salt-enduring plants , mucosity of soils
getting more reduced and porosity of soils getting more improved.
After planting salt-enduring plants, the content of full salt of soils and pH reduced in
various degrees;
iii
3 .~ The influence of salt-enduring plants on enzyme of soils
With fixed number of year of planting salt-enduring plants , cellulolytic enzyme , urease,
phosphatase and polyphenoloxidase of soils are increased , transforming enzyme of soils
changes no clearly.
4~ The influence of salt-enduring plants on microorganism of soils
After planting Puccinellia tennjflora and Suaeda glauca , the numbers of microbe of soils
including bacteria, fungi and actinomyces in Aneurolepidium chinese flora are the most, the
velocity of breath and biomass are better than other two plant communities. The changes of
biology characters of soils are in keeping with positive succession of plant community.
5. The influence of various mode of ameliorating soil salinity on nutrition composition of
soils, physical and chemical characters. The best effects are planting salt-enduring plants and
fertilizing various additive in soil salinity at the same time.
碱土壤中的不同时期，不同土壤条件下土壤物理性质、土壤化学性质、土壤酶、土壤的
营养成分和土壤微生物等各项生理生化指标的测定、分析，阐述了不同条件下，碱斑裸
地和种植耐盐植物的碱斑土壤产生各种变化的原因，结合土壤的动态变化，探讨耐盐植
物改良盐碱土的可行性极其生理机制。首次对自然碱斑土壤和人工种植的碱斑土壤中土
壤酶的变化动态进行分析、研究，而在实验碱斑土壤中加入不同的添加剂如磷石膏、糠
醛渣等以研究分析在不同的人工条件下，碱斑土壤的理化性质和营养动态变化，更为国
内首次报道。
（一）种植耐盐植物对土壤营养成分的影响
土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、无机磷和全磷含量的变化与耐盐植物的种植年限呈正
相关。其中，与有机质形成密切的相关的腐殖质含量也呈这种正相关的变化。在改良后
的碱斑土壤上，土壤的氨化强度和固氮强度增加，硝化强度降低；此外，土壤有机质的
含量与土壤全氮含量之间有良好的相关性。土壤的全钾含量在耐盐植物种植三年后，略
有增加。土壤全钙含量含量与种植耐盐植物的年限呈负相关。土壤全钠含量在耐盐植物
种植后略有降低。土壤Na~+和K~+在种植耐盐植物的碱斑土壤上都呈下降趋势；而土壤
Ca~(2+)的含量在经耐盐植物改良的土壤中略有不同程度的上升。
（二）种植耐盐植物对土壤理化性质的影响
种植耐盐植物后，土壤的容重与耐盐植物种植的年限呈负相关，即随着植物在碱斑
土壤种植年限的增加，土壤容重逐年减少，当耐盐植物在盐渍土壤种植以后，土壤质地
变得疏松，单位体积内的土体重量减小，容重变小。土壤的机械组成逐渐由粘土向粗粉、
中粉和细粉转化，土壤结构良好，通气透水性能加大。同时，庞大根系的生长，也改善
了土壤的结构和渗透性能，从而明显降低了土壤积返盐的速度，这对盐分向土壤下层的
淋洗是非常有利的。土壤内有机质对增进土壤的团聚作用，改善土壤的物理性质也起着
积极的作用。种植耐盐植物后的土壤中的含水量有明显提高，这主要是由于耐盐植物植
入后，土壤的物理性质发生了相应的改变，土壤中粘粒减少，土壤孔隙状况比较好，使
水分有较高的入渗率，这也是水分在改良后的土壤中积聚起来的一个原因。
反应土壤盐碱化程度的重要指标即土壤全盐含量和土壤pH值在种植耐盐植物后都
有不同程度的降低，其中土壤含盐量在种植耐盐植物3年后比碱斑裸地的含盐量可降低
近50％。
（三）种植耐盐植物对土壤酶的影响
土壤纤维素酶、土壤脲酶、土壤磷酸酶和土壤多酚氧化酶的活性在碱斑土壤中随
着种植耐盐植物年限的增加而呈上升趋势。而土壤转化酶变化就不明显。
（四）种植耐盐植物对土壤微生物的影响
在碱斑土壤上种植耐盐植物羊草、星星草和碱蓬后，土壤微生物（包括细菌、真菌
和放线菌）的数量组成在不同的植物群落变化有所不同，以羊草植物群落中土壤微生物
的数量最高，其呼吸速率和生物量也高于其他两个植物群落。土壤的这种生物特征变化
与植物群落的正向演替是相一致的。
（五）不同的改良方式对上壤营养成分及理化性质的影响
我们还在碱斑土壤中，在种植耐盐植物的同时，加入了一定量的磷石膏、糠醛渣等
物质，根据各个实验样地的添加量的不同，对土壤含水量、土壤pH值，土壤腐殖质含
量、土壤全氮含量、土壤全磷含量和土壤碱解氮含量的变化进行比较，总的来说浅耕＋
磷石膏＋糠醛渣＋星星草＋羊草的样地各项改良指标都高于其他实验样地，即化学试剂和
人工种植耐盐植物共同改良碱斑土壤可取得比较好的改良效果。
In the present paper, the nutrient dynamic changes of soil salinity on planting
salt-enduring plants in various period , in Daqing of HeiLongJiang province are studied.
Including the dynamic changes of ameliorated soil salinity of physics and chemistry
characters , enzyme , nutrition composition , microbe etc. The feasibility and physiological
mechanism about planting salt-enduring plants to ameliorated soil salinity are discussed. The
changes of soil salinity by fertilizing various additive in the experimental soil are first
reported.
1. The influence of salt-tolerant plants on nutrition composition of soils
With the time increasing of planting salt-enduring plants organic matter content and total
nitrogen and humus content are trend to raised , total phosphorus content are raised a little;
total potassium content are changed no clearly , total sodium content , total calcium content
and total magnesium are reduced in varying degrees. After planting salt-enduring plants , the
intensity of amination and nitrogen fixation are raised, and the intensity of nitrification
intensity trend to cut down . The content of Na~ and K~ reduced in various degrees and the
2+
content of Ca are trend to raised.
2.. The influence of salt-enduring plants on physical and chemical characters of soils
Negative correlation exist between unit weight of soil and fixed number of year of
planting salt-enduring plants . After planting salt-enduring plants , soil getting more loosen,
per unit volume of weight and unit weight get to reduce . The component of soil gradually
transformed clayey soils into coarse soils, middle granule and fine soils. With the growth of
giant fibre system and structure of soils getting more improved and, porosity of soil,
permeable stratum and the osmosis of soils getting more increase. Meantime, the rate of salt
amassed and returned getting reduced, it is more advantaged to salt drip washing and
physical character.
It is obviously that the content of water of soils could influence the growth of plant and
the physical character of soils. With the planting salt-enduring plants , mucosity of soils
getting more reduced and porosity of soils getting more improved.
After planting salt-enduring plants, the content of full salt of soils and pH reduced in
various degrees;
iii
3 .~ The influence of salt-enduring plants on enzyme of soils
With fixed number of year of planting salt-enduring plants , cellulolytic enzyme , urease,
phosphatase and polyphenoloxidase of soils are increased , transforming enzyme of soils
changes no clearly.
4~ The influence of salt-enduring plants on microorganism of soils
After planting Puccinellia tennjflora and Suaeda glauca , the numbers of microbe of soils
including bacteria, fungi and actinomyces in Aneurolepidium chinese flora are the most, the
velocity of breath and biomass are better than other two plant communities. The changes of
biology characters of soils are in keeping with positive succession of plant community.
5. The influence of various mode of ameliorating soil salinity on nutrition composition of
soils, physical and chemical characters. The best effects are planting salt-enduring plants and
fertilizing various additive in soil salinity at the same time.
引文
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