吸力锚锚泊系统安装与服役性状研究
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摘要
我国南海海域的平均水深超过1000米,其蕴含资源丰富,属于世界四大海洋油气聚集中心之一。随着我国油气资源的开采逐渐步入南海深水区,对于海上采油平台的深水锚泊系统提出了更高的要求。基于降低造价及安装费用和实现高效系泊的考量,深水系泊逐渐抛弃了传统的悬链线式锚泊系统,而是采用了多成分锚泊线(钢链、金属索和合成纤维绳等)的张紧或半张紧式锚泊系统。此时,作用在锚体上荷载的角度一般超过海床水平面30°以上,因此能够提供较大竖向荷载的吸力锚基础逐渐得以广泛应用。吸力锚基础的设计、施工及承载机理方面的研究涉及到海洋工程与岩土工程的交叉领域,许多问题仍亟待解决。
吸力锚基础特殊的吸力安装方式、安装结束后的set-up效应(土体再固结和触变)、锚泊线的预张和服役阶段的响应、吸力锚的承载力特性和失效模式等问题,涵盖了从吸力锚安装到服役的整个过程,具有重要的科学意义和研究价值。因此,本文针对这些问题,分别从理论分析,数值计算和模型试验等方面进行了细致的研究和探讨,具体的工作包括了以下内容：
1.利用自行设计并搭建室内模型试验平台依次进行了吸力锚在粘土中的匀速沉贯试验,安装后的set-up过程观测和竖向拉拔试验,对沉贯过程中的初始入泥深度、海床阻力、内部吸力和土塞发展等关键因素进行了深入的分析,基于API规范探讨了需求吸力和容许吸力对于维持沉贯和控制内部土塞发展的意义,并研究了在粘土中吸力锚沉贯时采用间歇式吸力的优势和适用性；针对模型锚安装到位后其周围土体中的超孔隙水压力的消散过程进行了观测,进而评估set-up效应对模型锚竖向拉拔承载力的影响,并探讨了吸力锚在竖向拉拔至失效过程中的受力机理。
2.建立了一种基于坐标轴划分微元段的锚泊线整体分析准静力数值模型,考虑水中悬张段和切入海床段,计算锚泊线在预张过程中的整体形态与张力分布；在此基础上进一步开发了适用于锚泊线服役状态分析的三维空间内的准静力模型。数值计算涵盖了吸力锚基础安装完毕后,从锚泊线的预张过程开始,到其进入服役阶段为止的整个过程,针对在此期间锚泊线-海床的接触问题做了深入的探讨与分析,得到了单根锚泊线在预张和服役时的整体形态与张力变化,最后计算了典型吸力锚基础锚泊系统(包含8根锚泊线)中的上部浮体偏移量与水平回复力的关系曲线。
3.针对进入服役阶段后张紧或半张紧式系泊系统中的吸力锚基础的承载力和失效模式展开试验研究,分析了其在最优加载点附近承受典型30°～50°提升角的张力加载时的侧向短期静承载力与失效模式的转变,并重点探讨了前期一系列低频(0.01HZ)至波频(0.1HZ)范围内的循环加载历程对其侧向短期静承载力和失效模式的影响,其中分别对循环荷载幅值、周期和加载次数的影响进行了参数化研究。
The South China Sea, as one of four sea petroleum and gas accumulation places in the world, is very rich in marine resources, and the average water depth is more than 1000 meters. With the increasing exploration of marine resources in the deep-water zone of the South China Sea. more effective station-keeping systems are required in order to limit the motion of floating structures and lower the construction and installation cost. Taut or semi-taut moorings (TMS) generally contain several short multi-component mooring lines, which are made of steel chain, wire rope and synthesized fiber rope. TMS has been more and more used in the deep-sea anchoring instead of catenary moorings (CMS), because TMS could provide more effective anchoring performance and only need much shorter length of the mooring line. Yet, a larger elevation angle (about 30°from the horizontal) will occur at the anchor point near the seabed, which correspondingly brings higher requirement on the vertical uplift capacity of the anchor, making the suction anchor widely used in the TMS. The design, installation and bearing mechanism of suction anchor involve the crossing field of ocean engineering and geotechnical engineering, and many problems still need to be studied.
During the installation and the in-service state of suction anchor, there are several important and valuable problems, such as the special suction penetration method, the set-up effect of soil around the anchor (including reconsolidation and thixotropy), the behaviour of mooring line during pretensioning and in service, and the bearing capacity and failure mode of the suction anchor. Aiming to study these key problems from the aspects of theoretical analysis, numerical calculation and model test, we have carried many detailed investigations and discussions, which are listed as follows:
1. On the basis of a self-design model experimental system, several small scale tests were carried out in the soft clay successively, including the anchor penetration with a steady velocity, the set-up process and the vertical pullout of model anchor. Afterwards, we thoroughly analyzed the influences of the initial penetration (under dead-weight) depth of model anchor, seabed soil resistance, inner suction and the development of soil heave. Based on the API method, the meaning of required and allowable suction inside the anchor has been studied, and the feasibility and advantage of a new caisson installation technique, called "intermittent pumping", has been investigated. Then, the dissipation of excess pore pressure in the surrounding soil was measured and recorded, and then the effect of set-up on the vertical uplift capacity of suction anchor could be assessed. Finally, the different forces acting on the model anchor during its pullout process was discussed in detailed and perceived.
2. A novel quasi-static three-dimensional (3D) numerical model suitable for the analysis of the whole mooring line has been presented in this paper, in which the mooring line was divided into a number of infinitesimal segments along the coordinate axis. This numerical model contained two major sections of the mooring line. One section was sustained in the seawater, and the other was embedded in the seabed soil. By using this model, the line profile and tension distribution during pretensioning were firstly calculated, and then the 3D behaviour of mooring line in service could be obtained. The calculation covered both the pretensioning and in-servive states of the mooring line, during which the interaction between the mooring line and the seabed was thoroughly investigated. Then, the response of one mooring line was obtained. Finally, the performance of a typical suction anchor mooring system (containing eight mooring lines) was studied, and the relationship of the top offset versus the horizontal restoring force was obtained.
3. These model tests aimed to investigate the bearing capacity and failure mode of the suction anchor used in TMS in service. When the elevation angle of line tension at the optimal loading point changed from 30°to 50°typically, the short-term static capacity and failure mode of model anchor were invetigated and analyzed. Especially, we have detailly studied the effect of previous cyclic loading (from 0.01 HZ to 0.1 HZ) on the short-term static capacity and failure mode of model anchor, as well as the effects of some key parameters, such as the amplitude, the period and the number of cyclic loading.
吸力锚基础特殊的吸力安装方式、安装结束后的set-up效应(土体再固结和触变)、锚泊线的预张和服役阶段的响应、吸力锚的承载力特性和失效模式等问题,涵盖了从吸力锚安装到服役的整个过程,具有重要的科学意义和研究价值。因此,本文针对这些问题,分别从理论分析,数值计算和模型试验等方面进行了细致的研究和探讨,具体的工作包括了以下内容：
1.利用自行设计并搭建室内模型试验平台依次进行了吸力锚在粘土中的匀速沉贯试验,安装后的set-up过程观测和竖向拉拔试验,对沉贯过程中的初始入泥深度、海床阻力、内部吸力和土塞发展等关键因素进行了深入的分析,基于API规范探讨了需求吸力和容许吸力对于维持沉贯和控制内部土塞发展的意义,并研究了在粘土中吸力锚沉贯时采用间歇式吸力的优势和适用性；针对模型锚安装到位后其周围土体中的超孔隙水压力的消散过程进行了观测,进而评估set-up效应对模型锚竖向拉拔承载力的影响,并探讨了吸力锚在竖向拉拔至失效过程中的受力机理。
2.建立了一种基于坐标轴划分微元段的锚泊线整体分析准静力数值模型,考虑水中悬张段和切入海床段,计算锚泊线在预张过程中的整体形态与张力分布；在此基础上进一步开发了适用于锚泊线服役状态分析的三维空间内的准静力模型。数值计算涵盖了吸力锚基础安装完毕后,从锚泊线的预张过程开始,到其进入服役阶段为止的整个过程,针对在此期间锚泊线-海床的接触问题做了深入的探讨与分析,得到了单根锚泊线在预张和服役时的整体形态与张力变化,最后计算了典型吸力锚基础锚泊系统(包含8根锚泊线)中的上部浮体偏移量与水平回复力的关系曲线。
3.针对进入服役阶段后张紧或半张紧式系泊系统中的吸力锚基础的承载力和失效模式展开试验研究,分析了其在最优加载点附近承受典型30°～50°提升角的张力加载时的侧向短期静承载力与失效模式的转变,并重点探讨了前期一系列低频(0.01HZ)至波频(0.1HZ)范围内的循环加载历程对其侧向短期静承载力和失效模式的影响,其中分别对循环荷载幅值、周期和加载次数的影响进行了参数化研究。
The South China Sea, as one of four sea petroleum and gas accumulation places in the world, is very rich in marine resources, and the average water depth is more than 1000 meters. With the increasing exploration of marine resources in the deep-water zone of the South China Sea. more effective station-keeping systems are required in order to limit the motion of floating structures and lower the construction and installation cost. Taut or semi-taut moorings (TMS) generally contain several short multi-component mooring lines, which are made of steel chain, wire rope and synthesized fiber rope. TMS has been more and more used in the deep-sea anchoring instead of catenary moorings (CMS), because TMS could provide more effective anchoring performance and only need much shorter length of the mooring line. Yet, a larger elevation angle (about 30°from the horizontal) will occur at the anchor point near the seabed, which correspondingly brings higher requirement on the vertical uplift capacity of the anchor, making the suction anchor widely used in the TMS. The design, installation and bearing mechanism of suction anchor involve the crossing field of ocean engineering and geotechnical engineering, and many problems still need to be studied.
During the installation and the in-service state of suction anchor, there are several important and valuable problems, such as the special suction penetration method, the set-up effect of soil around the anchor (including reconsolidation and thixotropy), the behaviour of mooring line during pretensioning and in service, and the bearing capacity and failure mode of the suction anchor. Aiming to study these key problems from the aspects of theoretical analysis, numerical calculation and model test, we have carried many detailed investigations and discussions, which are listed as follows:
1. On the basis of a self-design model experimental system, several small scale tests were carried out in the soft clay successively, including the anchor penetration with a steady velocity, the set-up process and the vertical pullout of model anchor. Afterwards, we thoroughly analyzed the influences of the initial penetration (under dead-weight) depth of model anchor, seabed soil resistance, inner suction and the development of soil heave. Based on the API method, the meaning of required and allowable suction inside the anchor has been studied, and the feasibility and advantage of a new caisson installation technique, called "intermittent pumping", has been investigated. Then, the dissipation of excess pore pressure in the surrounding soil was measured and recorded, and then the effect of set-up on the vertical uplift capacity of suction anchor could be assessed. Finally, the different forces acting on the model anchor during its pullout process was discussed in detailed and perceived.
2. A novel quasi-static three-dimensional (3D) numerical model suitable for the analysis of the whole mooring line has been presented in this paper, in which the mooring line was divided into a number of infinitesimal segments along the coordinate axis. This numerical model contained two major sections of the mooring line. One section was sustained in the seawater, and the other was embedded in the seabed soil. By using this model, the line profile and tension distribution during pretensioning were firstly calculated, and then the 3D behaviour of mooring line in service could be obtained. The calculation covered both the pretensioning and in-servive states of the mooring line, during which the interaction between the mooring line and the seabed was thoroughly investigated. Then, the response of one mooring line was obtained. Finally, the performance of a typical suction anchor mooring system (containing eight mooring lines) was studied, and the relationship of the top offset versus the horizontal restoring force was obtained.
3. These model tests aimed to investigate the bearing capacity and failure mode of the suction anchor used in TMS in service. When the elevation angle of line tension at the optimal loading point changed from 30°to 50°typically, the short-term static capacity and failure mode of model anchor were invetigated and analyzed. Especially, we have detailly studied the effect of previous cyclic loading (from 0.01 HZ to 0.1 HZ) on the short-term static capacity and failure mode of model anchor, as well as the effects of some key parameters, such as the amplitude, the period and the number of cyclic loading.
引文
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