高温发汗润滑胞体的接触稳定性研究
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摘要
高温发汗自润滑材料是基于人体汗腺结构及其发汗原理,构建和制备的具有内贯通有序微孔结构和内梯度润滑层的高温自补偿润滑仿生胞体材料。该材料由具有有序微孔结构的多孔基体(胞体)和浸渍于微孔(胞孔)中的固体润滑剂(润滑体)两部分组成。在摩擦过程中,材料基体主要起承担载荷的作用,而润滑剂则主要起降低摩擦表面的摩擦系数,减小磨损的作用。由于摩擦副的外载荷主要由基体承担,因此,要求材料基体具有高的强韧性,以保证摩擦部件在具有高耐磨性的同时,材料微孔中的固体润滑剂能顺利地排出并富集在摩擦表面,从而实现其耐磨性和自补偿润滑功能的统一。该研究是在国家自然科学基金和教育部高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金的资助下完成的。
本文以高温发汗自润滑材料的多孔基体为研究对象,基于其厚壁均质有序微孔结构特征,建立了可表征各种孔结构形态的高温发汗自润滑材料多胞体理论模型,并引入特征值λ,导出了求解其相对密度和孔隙率的广义公式。探讨了其结构特征值对抗压强度的影响,得出了当特征参数λ<0.4时,可将多胞体材料看成连续介质体的重要结论。
建立了高温发汗润滑厚壁胞体的接触力学模型,并应用胞壁等效曲梁计算方法求解其接触力学问题。研究表明：厚壁胞体接触强度的影响因素主要是由胞壁弯曲变形引起的胞孔孔口的应力集中现象。
利用YE-600型液压式压力试验机研究了厚壁胞体的接触稳定性。研究表明：厚壁胞体的接触强度随着孔隙率的增大而减小；胞孔分布半径的增大和胞孔个数的增加均有助于提高厚壁胞体的接触强度；布孔方式和承载方向亦对接触强度有影响。厚壁胞体材料发生接触失效时,其裂纹萌生于最大正号的主应力点,且裂纹沿着应力梯度变化最快的方向扩展,而与外载荷的加载方向无关。提出应用外切接触应力圆法判断厚壁胞体接触过载时裂纹的萌生位置及顺序。
通过构建具有四种典型形状胞孔的异形孔结构厚壁多胞体模型,研究了异形孔结构对厚壁胞体接触稳定性的影响。研究表明：异形孔的存在降低了厚壁胞体材料的接触强度,正三角形、正四边形和正六边形胞孔的相对孔隙率的增加均会导致材料接触强度的降低,其中正三角形胞孔的影响最大。
通过常温及高温试验对比研究得出：温度的升高导致厚壁胞体材料接触强度的降低,变形程度的增大以及裂纹的深化。温度升高主要改变的是材料基体的力学性能,而裂纹萌生位置及扩展方向均与环境温度无关。
研究了切向摩擦力对胞体接触稳定性的影响。研究表明：由于孔结构的对称性,切向力的存在对单孔厚壁胞体的接触稳定性影响不大；但是对多孔厚壁胞体的接触稳定性影响很大。
High temperature sweating and self-lubricating materials is one novel kind of self-compensating and lubricating materials employed at elevate temperature, which is manufactured based on the structure and sweating principle of human sweat glands. The material is constructed of matrix containing orderly micro-pores structures and solid lubricants dipped in the pores. In the friction process, material matrix plays the role of bearing loads, and the solid lubricants play the role of reducing the friction coefficient of the friction surface in order to decrease wear. As the load of friction pair is mainly supported by the matrix, it requests that the matrix possesses high strength and tenacity to ensure that the friction components have the high wear resistance, in the meanwhile, the solid lubricants can expel from the pores smoothly and enrich on the friction surface, in order to achieve the wearability and the function of self-compensating and lubricating simultaneously. The research project has been supported financially by National Natural Science Foundation and National Ministry of Education Doctoral Foundation of China.
The porous matrix of the high temperature sweating and self-lubricating materials was taken as the research object in this dissertation. Based on its thick-walled homogeneous orderly micro-pores structure, the thick-walled cell was adopted to characterize this special structure and the relatively uniform multi-cell theoretical model for the high temperature sweating and self-lubricating materials was established. Meanwhile, the generalized formulae applied to seeking the relative density and porosity was obtained by introducing the characteristics parameters ofλ. The effects of structure characteristics on the compressive strength were discussed and the important conclusion was obtained that whenλ<0.4, the multi-cells materials can be taken as the continuum mediums.
The thick-walled cell contact mechanics model for high temperature sweating and self-lubricating materials was established, and the equivalent curved beam calculation method was introduced to solve the contact mechanics problems of thick-walled cell. The results show that the contact strength of thick-walled cell mainly depended on the internal orifice stress concentration which was caused by the bending deformation of the cell wall.
The YE-600 hydraulic tester was adopted to measure the contact stability of the thick-walled cell. The research shows that the contact strength of thick-walled cell decreased with the porosity. The increase of the distribution radius and the number of micro-pores were helpful to improve the contact strength of thick-walled cell. Moreover, the pores distribution and the load-bearing direction also affected the contact strength of thick-walled cell largely. When the thick-walled cell came in the contact failure, its crack initiated at the point of the maximum positive main stress, and the crack expanded towards the direction of the fastest of stress gradient changed, which was irrelevant with the loading direction. The method of contact stress excircle was proposed in this dissertation to judge the position and the order of the cracks initiation when the thick-walled cell bears contact overload.
The effect of irregular pores structure on contact stability of thick-walled multi-cells was studied by constructing the model of thick-walled multi-cells with irregular pores structure. The research shows that the existence of irregular pores reduced the contact strength of thick-walled multi-cells. The increase of relative porosity of triangle, quadrilateral and hexagonal pores led to the reduction of contact strength of the material, and the influence of the triangle micro-pore was the largest.
It can be concluded from the comparison of normal and high temperature experiment that the rise of temperature resulted in the reduction of contact strength of the thick-walled cell, the increase of deformation and the deepening of the cracks. The rise of temperature mainly affected the mechanics properties of the matrix, while the crack initiation position and expanding direction were independent on the environmental temperature.
The effect of the tangential frictional force on the contact stability of thick-walled cell was studied. The research shows that due to the symmetry of the pores, the tangential force had little influence on the contact stability of thick-walled single-cell, while it affected the contact stability of thick-walled multi-cells largely.
本文以高温发汗自润滑材料的多孔基体为研究对象,基于其厚壁均质有序微孔结构特征,建立了可表征各种孔结构形态的高温发汗自润滑材料多胞体理论模型,并引入特征值λ,导出了求解其相对密度和孔隙率的广义公式。探讨了其结构特征值对抗压强度的影响,得出了当特征参数λ<0.4时,可将多胞体材料看成连续介质体的重要结论。
建立了高温发汗润滑厚壁胞体的接触力学模型,并应用胞壁等效曲梁计算方法求解其接触力学问题。研究表明：厚壁胞体接触强度的影响因素主要是由胞壁弯曲变形引起的胞孔孔口的应力集中现象。
利用YE-600型液压式压力试验机研究了厚壁胞体的接触稳定性。研究表明：厚壁胞体的接触强度随着孔隙率的增大而减小；胞孔分布半径的增大和胞孔个数的增加均有助于提高厚壁胞体的接触强度；布孔方式和承载方向亦对接触强度有影响。厚壁胞体材料发生接触失效时,其裂纹萌生于最大正号的主应力点,且裂纹沿着应力梯度变化最快的方向扩展,而与外载荷的加载方向无关。提出应用外切接触应力圆法判断厚壁胞体接触过载时裂纹的萌生位置及顺序。
通过构建具有四种典型形状胞孔的异形孔结构厚壁多胞体模型,研究了异形孔结构对厚壁胞体接触稳定性的影响。研究表明：异形孔的存在降低了厚壁胞体材料的接触强度,正三角形、正四边形和正六边形胞孔的相对孔隙率的增加均会导致材料接触强度的降低,其中正三角形胞孔的影响最大。
通过常温及高温试验对比研究得出：温度的升高导致厚壁胞体材料接触强度的降低,变形程度的增大以及裂纹的深化。温度升高主要改变的是材料基体的力学性能,而裂纹萌生位置及扩展方向均与环境温度无关。
研究了切向摩擦力对胞体接触稳定性的影响。研究表明：由于孔结构的对称性,切向力的存在对单孔厚壁胞体的接触稳定性影响不大；但是对多孔厚壁胞体的接触稳定性影响很大。
High temperature sweating and self-lubricating materials is one novel kind of self-compensating and lubricating materials employed at elevate temperature, which is manufactured based on the structure and sweating principle of human sweat glands. The material is constructed of matrix containing orderly micro-pores structures and solid lubricants dipped in the pores. In the friction process, material matrix plays the role of bearing loads, and the solid lubricants play the role of reducing the friction coefficient of the friction surface in order to decrease wear. As the load of friction pair is mainly supported by the matrix, it requests that the matrix possesses high strength and tenacity to ensure that the friction components have the high wear resistance, in the meanwhile, the solid lubricants can expel from the pores smoothly and enrich on the friction surface, in order to achieve the wearability and the function of self-compensating and lubricating simultaneously. The research project has been supported financially by National Natural Science Foundation and National Ministry of Education Doctoral Foundation of China.
The porous matrix of the high temperature sweating and self-lubricating materials was taken as the research object in this dissertation. Based on its thick-walled homogeneous orderly micro-pores structure, the thick-walled cell was adopted to characterize this special structure and the relatively uniform multi-cell theoretical model for the high temperature sweating and self-lubricating materials was established. Meanwhile, the generalized formulae applied to seeking the relative density and porosity was obtained by introducing the characteristics parameters ofλ. The effects of structure characteristics on the compressive strength were discussed and the important conclusion was obtained that whenλ<0.4, the multi-cells materials can be taken as the continuum mediums.
The thick-walled cell contact mechanics model for high temperature sweating and self-lubricating materials was established, and the equivalent curved beam calculation method was introduced to solve the contact mechanics problems of thick-walled cell. The results show that the contact strength of thick-walled cell mainly depended on the internal orifice stress concentration which was caused by the bending deformation of the cell wall.
The YE-600 hydraulic tester was adopted to measure the contact stability of the thick-walled cell. The research shows that the contact strength of thick-walled cell decreased with the porosity. The increase of the distribution radius and the number of micro-pores were helpful to improve the contact strength of thick-walled cell. Moreover, the pores distribution and the load-bearing direction also affected the contact strength of thick-walled cell largely. When the thick-walled cell came in the contact failure, its crack initiated at the point of the maximum positive main stress, and the crack expanded towards the direction of the fastest of stress gradient changed, which was irrelevant with the loading direction. The method of contact stress excircle was proposed in this dissertation to judge the position and the order of the cracks initiation when the thick-walled cell bears contact overload.
The effect of irregular pores structure on contact stability of thick-walled multi-cells was studied by constructing the model of thick-walled multi-cells with irregular pores structure. The research shows that the existence of irregular pores reduced the contact strength of thick-walled multi-cells. The increase of relative porosity of triangle, quadrilateral and hexagonal pores led to the reduction of contact strength of the material, and the influence of the triangle micro-pore was the largest.
It can be concluded from the comparison of normal and high temperature experiment that the rise of temperature resulted in the reduction of contact strength of the thick-walled cell, the increase of deformation and the deepening of the cracks. The rise of temperature mainly affected the mechanics properties of the matrix, while the crack initiation position and expanding direction were independent on the environmental temperature.
The effect of the tangential frictional force on the contact stability of thick-walled cell was studied. The research shows that due to the symmetry of the pores, the tangential force had little influence on the contact stability of thick-walled single-cell, while it affected the contact stability of thick-walled multi-cells largely.
引文
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