中国建筑业供应链管理优化模型研究
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摘要
中国建筑业是我国开放较早、开放范围比较广泛的行业。随着建筑市场全球化,我国建筑业规模持续扩大,对国民经济发展的支柱作用日益增强。自1994年至2000年我国固定资产投资中约60%是通过建筑行业实现的。2001年至2003年,建筑业总产值增长率平均超过20%,2003年建筑业产值增长了24.6%,全社会建筑业实现增产值8181.3亿元,占GDP比重的6.9%。更重要的是,建筑业吸纳了3000多万农村富余劳动力进行就业,成为部分地区县域经济增长和农民增加收入的重要来源。2005年中国建筑企业已达到了48688个,其国内生产总值的比重创建国以来最高,仅次于工业、农业、商业,居第四位。为拉动中国经济增长,促进相关产业发展,改善城市面貌和提高人民生活水平做出了贡献。
然而,建筑行业随着市场的不断扩大,建筑业产值利用率却在减少,1978年以来,建筑市场的不断扩大,建筑业产值增长了20多倍,达到34745.79亿元,比上年增长19.7%,完成竣工产值22072.96,增长8.9%,实现增加值10018亿元,按可比价格计算,增长了11.9%,而产值利用率由前年的2.7%降为2.6%。随着国内外建筑市场竞争的加剧,建筑企业整体实力在降低,在国外2003年全球最大225家国际承包公司,中国占47家(包括香港、台湾3家),约占1／5。而国际项目营业额仅占全球总营业额的5%。随着国际建筑业新的集成管理模式在推广,中国建筑业管理在集成而队伍在分散。中国大部分国有企业已转为民营企业,劳动力大部分从农村富余人员中产生。技术要求、管理要求在提高,而企业管理水平和人员素质却在降低,使中国建筑业仍然存在产业集中度低,规模较小,技术粗糙,过度竞争问题；到2005年建筑质量问题仍时有发生,建筑企业经济效益未见好转,国有建筑企业尤为严重。
本文结合国际建筑业与企业管理的先进经验,分析研究了建筑业的现状和特点,针对工程建筑市场竞争日趋激烈的现状,业主需求正发生变化,传统建筑项目管理模式已不能适应市场环境的需要。通过制造业与建筑业的类比,把制造行业日渐成熟且取得良好效果的供应链管理经验引进建筑行业,提出了总承包企业在供应链管理中的核心作用以及建筑业供应链是基于需求的供应链即“需求链”。
在供应链管理的研究方法和证实方面：运用了模型技术,依其复杂程度可以分为线性模型、非线性模型和随模型等类型,除采用了系统动力学与运筹学中最优化方法以外,SCM也广泛使用分布式数据库和网际地理信息系统技术；供应链评价研究中,应用了很多学者采用的Deng TOPSIS选择法、HHP层次分析法,面向顾客需求评价方法,DEA数据包括分析等方法,作为实施研究过程中应用。同时,创造性地应用解释结构模型对建筑业供应链进行分析和研究,以确定最优化的供应链形态的应用。
课题研究运用优化控制,对生产和库存供应链上相互矛盾的两个节点用动态规划的方法对装配生产库存问题进行深入研究。运用网络信息技术与虚拟技术给出了基于网络和建筑供应链集成策略。并分别探讨了建筑业在供应链管理环境下如何建立工程项目发承包、材料采购、库存、运输等模型,对建筑业作业层的采购——库存——运输协调模型进行了分析和检验。建立了建筑业供应链管理的优化模型,提出了中国建筑业应该实施供应链管理组织来管理供应链,大型建筑项目应采取独立于供应链体系成员之外的工程管理公司或供应链管理公司来实施对项目供应链的承包管理。
在合作伙伴选择研究上,应用人工智能的原理和方法进行供应商和销售商的选择,指出供应链条件下选择合作伙伴是为了增强供应链的整体的竞争能力,而合作伙伴的评价是供应链合作关系运行的基础。对供应链管理中业主、核心企业的作用、供应商及合作伙伴的选择逐一进行了研究和验证；阐明了建立合作伙伴关系的实施步骤：①从企业的战略角度来检验是否真的需要建立供应商合作伙伴关系。②确定挑选合作伙伴的准则,评估潜的候选企业。③正式建立伙伴关系。④维持和精练合作伙伴关系,验证了这种实施是可行的。在工程项目中引入供应链的管理机制,有利于形成共同的利益基础,从整体上优化工程的建造环节,降低建造成本,最终增加各组织成员所获得的利益,满足大部分利益相关者。
在供应链的信息流方面,随着信息技术的飞速发展和应用,信息成为供应链各组成员,各环节之间进行沟通协调的载体。企业的供应链面临着多变的市场环境,如何提高对最终用户个性化,需求的响应速度。研究这种基于时间竞争环境下的供应链的特点,在这种不确定性增加的市场竞争环境下,整个供应链的响应速度和系统柔性应该是这种竞争环境下供应链所具有的最突出的特点。根据上述的载体和特点,由此延伸出敏捷性的理论。敏捷理论是构成基于时间竞争环境下供应链的重要因素Christopher。对供应链敏捷性进行分析,阐明了敏捷性供应链具有四个可辨的特征：市场敏感性、虚拟能力、合作伙伴间的协作性以及能充分利用各合作伙伴的核心优势；提出实现这种敏感性的重要技术,信息技术,精敏混合策略、延迟策略、协调机制等,对这一理论的特征和技术条件推广应用做出范例。认为运用第四方物流中心(4PL)理论的真正重要功能不在于虚拟供应链体系的整体创新体系,提出了虚拟供应链的创新体系的三大特征：虚拟化、柔性化、协同化。
通过分别以设计、制造、施工企业为核心企业实施对供应链的管理进行实践验证和对几个具有国际化管理水平的大型项目实施的供应链管理模式展开分析比较,对建筑业供应链管理模型进行了更深一步的研究,从实践验证中提出了供应链管理四个一体化中的“活动一体化”、供应链管理四个效应中的“截流效应”、供应链管理“净收入最大化目标”以及供应链“管理公司”等研究问题和结论。认为中国建筑业实现供应链管理不仅可行而且意义重大,为建筑业供应链管理创造性地积累了行动经验,为进一步提高建筑业管理水平做出贡献。
The construction industry is one of the industries opened to the world earlier and wider in China. With the globalization of the construction market, China's construction industry is extending consistently and playing a more and more important role in the national economy. Since 1994 till 2000,60% of China's fixed assets investment was performed through the construction industry. From 2001 to 2003, the average yearly growth rate is over 20% in the total value of construction, particularly, in 2003, the total value was increased 24.6% year on year up to 6.9% of GDP, i.e. 818.13 billion RMB. More significantly, the construction industry has put more than 30 million surplus labors from rural areas into job market, and become an important element which is greatly influencing some regions'economic growth and farmers'income. In 2005, the number of China's construction enterprises had reached 48688, and their total output in proportion to GDP had become the highest since the founding of the People's Republic of China, taking the fourth place only after industry, agriculture and commerce. So far, the construction industry has been helping to boost national economic growth, facilitate the development of related industries, better city appearances and improve people's living conditions.
However, with the continuous expansion of construction market, the utilization rate of construction output value is falling. Since 1978, the construction market has been gradually expanded; the construction value has been increased 20 times up to 34.74579 trillion Yuan, 19.7% up than the previous year, and the completed output value was increased 10.018 trillion Yuan up to 22.07296 trillion,8.9% up, calculating as per comparable prices,11.9% up. But the output utilization rate was decreased to 2.6% from 2.7% of the previous year. With the more and fiercer competition situation in construction market, the integrated capacity in construction industry is decreasing. In 2003, of 225 largest international construction companies in the world, China accounts for 47 (incl.3 of Hongkong and Taiwan), about 20% of the total, but the turnover for international projects only reaches 5% of the global total. With the promotion of the new "integrated management mode" in international construction industry, China's construction management is being gradually integrated but the construction units is becoming decentralized. In China, most of state-run construction enterprises have been transformed to nongovernmental enterprises and the major labor force are surplus rural labors. At present, technical and management requirements are improved, but the enterprise management level and worker's average ability are falling, thus, China's construction industry is being troubled by the problems such as low industry concentration, small scale, poor techniques, over competition etc. Until 2005, quality problems still occur from time to time, construction profits didn't get better yet, especially for state-run construction enterprises.
Referring to the advanced management experience of international enterprises, this article analyzes and studies the situation and characteristics of the construction industry in China.
According to the gradually fierce competition conditions, the demands of clients are changing; traditional project management mode will not fulfill the requirement of market environment. By making an analogy between the manufacturing industry and the construction industry, bringing the experienced and effective management mode of "supply chain" used in manufacturing into the construction industry, a conclusion was drawn that the general contracting enterprises play a core role in the management of "supply chain", which is based on demands for the construction industry, namely, "demands chain"
In the aspects of study methods and verification for "supply chain" management:"model technologies" are adopted, which, according to its complex degree, include linear model, nonlinear model and random model etc. except for using the most optimized methods of system dynamics and operations analysis, SCM also widely adopts distributed database technology and inter-network geographical information system technology. During evaluating and studying "supply chain", the methods used by many scholars, such as "Deng TOPSIS Option", HHP Gradation Analysis", "Customer Demands Evaluation", "DEA Data Inclusion Analysis" etc., are applied to help conduct study. In the meantime, in order to make sure that the optimized type of "supply chain" is applied, the "explanation structure model" is creatively used to analyze and study the construction "supply chain".
Used Optimization control to subject study, made a deep study for the stock problems in assembly and production by using a dynamic planning method for the two conflicted nodes in the "supply chain" of production and stock. Worked out the integrated strategy based on the network and construction by applying network information technology and virtual technology, probe how to set up models for the construction industry in project contracting and subcontracting, materials procurement, stock, and transportation etc. under the environment of "supply chain" management. Analyzed and tested the coordinating model for procurement, stock and transportation for the construction workers. Set up the optimized model for construction "supply chain" management, and suggested that China's construction enterprises should manage the "supply chain" through its management organization, and the large-sized construction project should be managed by project management companies or "supply chain" management companies which are independent from the members of the "supply chain" system.
In the aspect of studying the selection of cooperation partners, used the theory and method of artificial intelligence to select suppliers and/or vendors. Pointed out that selecting cooperation partners under the condition of "supply chain" is to improve the entire competition ability of the "supply chain", and the evaluation for cooperation partners is the basis for making cooperation relationship of the "supply chain". Studied and tested the function of clients, core enterprises, the selection of vendors and cooperation partners, in the management of "supply chain". Illustrated the steps to realize cooperative partnership:①Ascertain if it is necessary to set up a cooperative partnership from strategic perspectives of the enterprise.②make sure of the criteria of selecting cooperative partners, evaluate potential candidate enterprises.③formally set up a partnership.④maintain and perfect cooperative partnership, verify that the relationship is applicable. Bringing the management system of "supply chain" into construction projects is beneficial for forming a common interest basis, entirely optimizing the project construction process, decreasing construction cost, finally increasing the interests of each member of the organization and satisfying most of the interest-related members.
In the aspect of information circulation of "supply chain", along with the rapid development and application of information technology, information has become the carrier among organization members and for communication and coordination among different sectors. The "supply chain" of the enterprise is in face of the variable market environment, the personalization requirement for final users and the response speed requirement for demands. Study characteristics of the "supply chain" based on the time competition environment:under such a market competition environment with an increased non-determinacy, the response speed of the entire "supply chain" and the flexibility of the system should be the most prominent characteristic of the "supply chain" under such competition environment. According to the carrier and characteristics foresaid, a theory of agility comes out. The theory is an important element for organizing the "supply chain" under a time competition environment. Analyze the agility for the "supply chain", illustrate that the "supply chain" has four distinguishable characteristics, i.e. market sensitivity,
virtual capability, coordination ability among cooperative partners and being able to utilize each partner's core advantages. Provide significant technologies for realizing this agility, information technology, strategy of combining agility and accuracy, delay strategy, coordination system etc. make examples for the characteristics of this theory and its promotion and application of technological conditions. Point out the real important function for applying the theory of "the fourth-party materials circulation center (4PL)" does not lie in the entire innovation system of the virtual "supply chain". Suggest the three characteristics of the innovation system are: virtualization, flexibility, coordination.
By implementing and verifying the "supply chain" management in some enterprises respectively characteristic of design, manufacturing and construction, and by analyzing and comparing the management mode of the "supply chain" implemented by internationalized large project management, further studied for construction "supply chain" management models, brought forward by verifications the "activities integration" among the four integrations, the "shut-off effect" of the four effects, of the "supply chain" management, and put forward some problems and conclusions about "net revenue maximum goals" for supply chain management, management companies for managing the "supply chain". Believe that realizing the "supply chain" management in China's construction industry is not only applicable but also of great importance, implementation experiences were innovatively accumulated in the construction "supply chain" management., further contributing to the higher construction management level.
然而,建筑行业随着市场的不断扩大,建筑业产值利用率却在减少,1978年以来,建筑市场的不断扩大,建筑业产值增长了20多倍,达到34745.79亿元,比上年增长19.7%,完成竣工产值22072.96,增长8.9%,实现增加值10018亿元,按可比价格计算,增长了11.9%,而产值利用率由前年的2.7%降为2.6%。随着国内外建筑市场竞争的加剧,建筑企业整体实力在降低,在国外2003年全球最大225家国际承包公司,中国占47家(包括香港、台湾3家),约占1／5。而国际项目营业额仅占全球总营业额的5%。随着国际建筑业新的集成管理模式在推广,中国建筑业管理在集成而队伍在分散。中国大部分国有企业已转为民营企业,劳动力大部分从农村富余人员中产生。技术要求、管理要求在提高,而企业管理水平和人员素质却在降低,使中国建筑业仍然存在产业集中度低,规模较小,技术粗糙,过度竞争问题；到2005年建筑质量问题仍时有发生,建筑企业经济效益未见好转,国有建筑企业尤为严重。
本文结合国际建筑业与企业管理的先进经验,分析研究了建筑业的现状和特点,针对工程建筑市场竞争日趋激烈的现状,业主需求正发生变化,传统建筑项目管理模式已不能适应市场环境的需要。通过制造业与建筑业的类比,把制造行业日渐成熟且取得良好效果的供应链管理经验引进建筑行业,提出了总承包企业在供应链管理中的核心作用以及建筑业供应链是基于需求的供应链即“需求链”。
在供应链管理的研究方法和证实方面：运用了模型技术,依其复杂程度可以分为线性模型、非线性模型和随模型等类型,除采用了系统动力学与运筹学中最优化方法以外,SCM也广泛使用分布式数据库和网际地理信息系统技术；供应链评价研究中,应用了很多学者采用的Deng TOPSIS选择法、HHP层次分析法,面向顾客需求评价方法,DEA数据包括分析等方法,作为实施研究过程中应用。同时,创造性地应用解释结构模型对建筑业供应链进行分析和研究,以确定最优化的供应链形态的应用。
课题研究运用优化控制,对生产和库存供应链上相互矛盾的两个节点用动态规划的方法对装配生产库存问题进行深入研究。运用网络信息技术与虚拟技术给出了基于网络和建筑供应链集成策略。并分别探讨了建筑业在供应链管理环境下如何建立工程项目发承包、材料采购、库存、运输等模型,对建筑业作业层的采购——库存——运输协调模型进行了分析和检验。建立了建筑业供应链管理的优化模型,提出了中国建筑业应该实施供应链管理组织来管理供应链,大型建筑项目应采取独立于供应链体系成员之外的工程管理公司或供应链管理公司来实施对项目供应链的承包管理。
在合作伙伴选择研究上,应用人工智能的原理和方法进行供应商和销售商的选择,指出供应链条件下选择合作伙伴是为了增强供应链的整体的竞争能力,而合作伙伴的评价是供应链合作关系运行的基础。对供应链管理中业主、核心企业的作用、供应商及合作伙伴的选择逐一进行了研究和验证；阐明了建立合作伙伴关系的实施步骤：①从企业的战略角度来检验是否真的需要建立供应商合作伙伴关系。②确定挑选合作伙伴的准则,评估潜的候选企业。③正式建立伙伴关系。④维持和精练合作伙伴关系,验证了这种实施是可行的。在工程项目中引入供应链的管理机制,有利于形成共同的利益基础,从整体上优化工程的建造环节,降低建造成本,最终增加各组织成员所获得的利益,满足大部分利益相关者。
在供应链的信息流方面,随着信息技术的飞速发展和应用,信息成为供应链各组成员,各环节之间进行沟通协调的载体。企业的供应链面临着多变的市场环境,如何提高对最终用户个性化,需求的响应速度。研究这种基于时间竞争环境下的供应链的特点,在这种不确定性增加的市场竞争环境下,整个供应链的响应速度和系统柔性应该是这种竞争环境下供应链所具有的最突出的特点。根据上述的载体和特点,由此延伸出敏捷性的理论。敏捷理论是构成基于时间竞争环境下供应链的重要因素Christopher。对供应链敏捷性进行分析,阐明了敏捷性供应链具有四个可辨的特征：市场敏感性、虚拟能力、合作伙伴间的协作性以及能充分利用各合作伙伴的核心优势；提出实现这种敏感性的重要技术,信息技术,精敏混合策略、延迟策略、协调机制等,对这一理论的特征和技术条件推广应用做出范例。认为运用第四方物流中心(4PL)理论的真正重要功能不在于虚拟供应链体系的整体创新体系,提出了虚拟供应链的创新体系的三大特征：虚拟化、柔性化、协同化。
通过分别以设计、制造、施工企业为核心企业实施对供应链的管理进行实践验证和对几个具有国际化管理水平的大型项目实施的供应链管理模式展开分析比较,对建筑业供应链管理模型进行了更深一步的研究,从实践验证中提出了供应链管理四个一体化中的“活动一体化”、供应链管理四个效应中的“截流效应”、供应链管理“净收入最大化目标”以及供应链“管理公司”等研究问题和结论。认为中国建筑业实现供应链管理不仅可行而且意义重大,为建筑业供应链管理创造性地积累了行动经验,为进一步提高建筑业管理水平做出贡献。
The construction industry is one of the industries opened to the world earlier and wider in China. With the globalization of the construction market, China's construction industry is extending consistently and playing a more and more important role in the national economy. Since 1994 till 2000,60% of China's fixed assets investment was performed through the construction industry. From 2001 to 2003, the average yearly growth rate is over 20% in the total value of construction, particularly, in 2003, the total value was increased 24.6% year on year up to 6.9% of GDP, i.e. 818.13 billion RMB. More significantly, the construction industry has put more than 30 million surplus labors from rural areas into job market, and become an important element which is greatly influencing some regions'economic growth and farmers'income. In 2005, the number of China's construction enterprises had reached 48688, and their total output in proportion to GDP had become the highest since the founding of the People's Republic of China, taking the fourth place only after industry, agriculture and commerce. So far, the construction industry has been helping to boost national economic growth, facilitate the development of related industries, better city appearances and improve people's living conditions.
However, with the continuous expansion of construction market, the utilization rate of construction output value is falling. Since 1978, the construction market has been gradually expanded; the construction value has been increased 20 times up to 34.74579 trillion Yuan, 19.7% up than the previous year, and the completed output value was increased 10.018 trillion Yuan up to 22.07296 trillion,8.9% up, calculating as per comparable prices,11.9% up. But the output utilization rate was decreased to 2.6% from 2.7% of the previous year. With the more and fiercer competition situation in construction market, the integrated capacity in construction industry is decreasing. In 2003, of 225 largest international construction companies in the world, China accounts for 47 (incl.3 of Hongkong and Taiwan), about 20% of the total, but the turnover for international projects only reaches 5% of the global total. With the promotion of the new "integrated management mode" in international construction industry, China's construction management is being gradually integrated but the construction units is becoming decentralized. In China, most of state-run construction enterprises have been transformed to nongovernmental enterprises and the major labor force are surplus rural labors. At present, technical and management requirements are improved, but the enterprise management level and worker's average ability are falling, thus, China's construction industry is being troubled by the problems such as low industry concentration, small scale, poor techniques, over competition etc. Until 2005, quality problems still occur from time to time, construction profits didn't get better yet, especially for state-run construction enterprises.
Referring to the advanced management experience of international enterprises, this article analyzes and studies the situation and characteristics of the construction industry in China.
According to the gradually fierce competition conditions, the demands of clients are changing; traditional project management mode will not fulfill the requirement of market environment. By making an analogy between the manufacturing industry and the construction industry, bringing the experienced and effective management mode of "supply chain" used in manufacturing into the construction industry, a conclusion was drawn that the general contracting enterprises play a core role in the management of "supply chain", which is based on demands for the construction industry, namely, "demands chain"
In the aspects of study methods and verification for "supply chain" management:"model technologies" are adopted, which, according to its complex degree, include linear model, nonlinear model and random model etc. except for using the most optimized methods of system dynamics and operations analysis, SCM also widely adopts distributed database technology and inter-network geographical information system technology. During evaluating and studying "supply chain", the methods used by many scholars, such as "Deng TOPSIS Option", HHP Gradation Analysis", "Customer Demands Evaluation", "DEA Data Inclusion Analysis" etc., are applied to help conduct study. In the meantime, in order to make sure that the optimized type of "supply chain" is applied, the "explanation structure model" is creatively used to analyze and study the construction "supply chain".
Used Optimization control to subject study, made a deep study for the stock problems in assembly and production by using a dynamic planning method for the two conflicted nodes in the "supply chain" of production and stock. Worked out the integrated strategy based on the network and construction by applying network information technology and virtual technology, probe how to set up models for the construction industry in project contracting and subcontracting, materials procurement, stock, and transportation etc. under the environment of "supply chain" management. Analyzed and tested the coordinating model for procurement, stock and transportation for the construction workers. Set up the optimized model for construction "supply chain" management, and suggested that China's construction enterprises should manage the "supply chain" through its management organization, and the large-sized construction project should be managed by project management companies or "supply chain" management companies which are independent from the members of the "supply chain" system.
In the aspect of studying the selection of cooperation partners, used the theory and method of artificial intelligence to select suppliers and/or vendors. Pointed out that selecting cooperation partners under the condition of "supply chain" is to improve the entire competition ability of the "supply chain", and the evaluation for cooperation partners is the basis for making cooperation relationship of the "supply chain". Studied and tested the function of clients, core enterprises, the selection of vendors and cooperation partners, in the management of "supply chain". Illustrated the steps to realize cooperative partnership:①Ascertain if it is necessary to set up a cooperative partnership from strategic perspectives of the enterprise.②make sure of the criteria of selecting cooperative partners, evaluate potential candidate enterprises.③formally set up a partnership.④maintain and perfect cooperative partnership, verify that the relationship is applicable. Bringing the management system of "supply chain" into construction projects is beneficial for forming a common interest basis, entirely optimizing the project construction process, decreasing construction cost, finally increasing the interests of each member of the organization and satisfying most of the interest-related members.
In the aspect of information circulation of "supply chain", along with the rapid development and application of information technology, information has become the carrier among organization members and for communication and coordination among different sectors. The "supply chain" of the enterprise is in face of the variable market environment, the personalization requirement for final users and the response speed requirement for demands. Study characteristics of the "supply chain" based on the time competition environment:under such a market competition environment with an increased non-determinacy, the response speed of the entire "supply chain" and the flexibility of the system should be the most prominent characteristic of the "supply chain" under such competition environment. According to the carrier and characteristics foresaid, a theory of agility comes out. The theory is an important element for organizing the "supply chain" under a time competition environment. Analyze the agility for the "supply chain", illustrate that the "supply chain" has four distinguishable characteristics, i.e. market sensitivity,
virtual capability, coordination ability among cooperative partners and being able to utilize each partner's core advantages. Provide significant technologies for realizing this agility, information technology, strategy of combining agility and accuracy, delay strategy, coordination system etc. make examples for the characteristics of this theory and its promotion and application of technological conditions. Point out the real important function for applying the theory of "the fourth-party materials circulation center (4PL)" does not lie in the entire innovation system of the virtual "supply chain". Suggest the three characteristics of the innovation system are: virtualization, flexibility, coordination.
By implementing and verifying the "supply chain" management in some enterprises respectively characteristic of design, manufacturing and construction, and by analyzing and comparing the management mode of the "supply chain" implemented by internationalized large project management, further studied for construction "supply chain" management models, brought forward by verifications the "activities integration" among the four integrations, the "shut-off effect" of the four effects, of the "supply chain" management, and put forward some problems and conclusions about "net revenue maximum goals" for supply chain management, management companies for managing the "supply chain". Believe that realizing the "supply chain" management in China's construction industry is not only applicable but also of great importance, implementation experiences were innovatively accumulated in the construction "supply chain" management., further contributing to the higher construction management level.
引文
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