类土质边坡稳定性及其控制技术研究
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摘要
山区高速公路多数路段都位于自然斜坡上,修筑过程中会形成路堑、路堤、桥基、隧道进出口等众多边坡,由坡残积层、全风化层和强风化层组成的类土质边坡是山区高速公路发生滑坡破坏比例最高的边坡,准确区分坡残积层、全风化层和强风化层较为困难,并且它们往往同时出现于同一边坡工程,因此有必要作为一个整体研究。类土质边坡具有与土质边坡和岩质边坡不同的特性,需要分析其破坏机理并提出有针对性的控制技术。本文以作者多年边坡工程勘察、设计、监测的生产实践为基础,结合国家自然科学基金“基于能量渐进耗散的流固耦合作用下土石混合体滑坡演化机制研究”(50878213/E080603)和交通运输部西部交通建设科技项目“西部地区公路地质灾害监测预报技术研究”(2003-318-802-01)、“路基塌方沉陷快速修复技术研究”(2006-318-802-111)、“贵州山区浅变质岩系风化层路基边坡稳定性研究”(2006-318-802-37),开展了以下研究工作:
1)通过对贵州高等级公路边坡破坏情况及工程控制措施的分析,总结了公路类土质边坡的工程特性,选择了具有代表性的类土质边坡研究试验点,并进行了工程地质分析。
2)在试验点上开展了人工降雨诱发类土质边坡破坏的试验,分析了降雨对类土质边坡坡面和坡体的影响规律。
3)阐述了坡面径流的控制方程及考虑坡度影响的坡面流的控制方程和相应的定解条件,结合现场人工降雨试验,分析了坡面径流造成类土质边坡坡面破坏的机理。
4)构建了适用于类土质边坡的损伤函数,并推导了基于损伤理论的Mohr-Coulomb模型。引入损伤比,对瑞典圆弧法进行了改进,并用于分析降雨诱发类土质边坡坡体破坏的机理。
5)提出了基于损伤理论的类土质边坡渗透系数K的动态计算模型,构建了类土质边坡损伤—流-固耦合的数学模型,并应用于基于FLAC3D的数值模拟,分析了降雨诱发类土质边坡坡体破坏的机理。
6)在进行室内模拟试验和物性试验的基础上,研究了基于TDR技术确定边坡滑面方法的可行性;通过与钻孔测斜确定边坡滑面方法的对比,验证了TDR技术应用于实际工程确定滑动面的可靠性、经济性和先进性。
7)针对类土质边坡的工程特性、破坏规律和破坏机理,提出了类土质边坡稳定性控制思路,总结了类土质边坡稳定性工程控制措施。为控制坡面冲刷和减少降雨入渗,开发了浅层压力注浆新技术,提出了相应的设计程序、设计参数和所需的机具设备,并在多个类土质边坡加固中得到应用;为控制坡体破坏,应用能量分析理论分析抗滑桩位置设置对边坡稳定性的影响,提出了抗滑桩设计的简化设计流程,从美观协调的角度改进了抗滑桩的设计,提出了变截面抗滑桩,推导了变截面抗滑桩的桩身变位计算公式,并结合实际工程进行了具体应用。
Most sections of mountainous highways are located on the natural slopes. Many slopes such as cutting, embankment, bridge foundation, tunnel inlet and outlet etc., will come into being in the process of construction, among which the pseudo-soil slopes which are composed of eluvium, completely weathered layer and strong weathered layer are the largest failure rate. It is rather difficult to accurately distinguish completely weathered layer and strong weathered layer, in addition which come into being in the same slope engineering at the same time, so it is necessary to research them as a whole. Pseudo-soil slope has different characters from the ones of soil slope and rock slope, so it is necessary to analyze its failure mechanism and put forward the corresponding control technology. Based on years of slope engineering surveying, designing and monitoring, combining with the projects of National Natural Science Foundation“Study on Evolution Mechanism of Soil and Rock Blending Landslide Under Fluid-solid Coupling Based on Energy Progressive Dissipation”(50878213/E080603),“Research of Highway Geological Disaster Monitoring and Forecasting Techniques for Western Area”(2003-318-802-01) which is supported by the Ministry of Transport, and“Study on Quick Repair Technology of Subgrade Subsidence and Collapse (2006-318- 802-111),“Study on the Stability of Metamorphosed Rock Series Weathered Layer Subgrade Slope in Guizhou Mountainous Areas(2006-318-802 -37)”, this paper carries out the researches as follows:
1) Based on the analysis of highway slope failures in Guizhou and engineering control measures, this paper has summarized the engineering characteristic of highway pseudo-soil slope, chosen representative pseudo-soil slope testing spot, and developed engineering geology analysis.
2) By on-the-spot work of developing the pseudo-soil slope failure induced by artificial rainfall experiments, the law of rainfall influence on pseudo-soil slope surface and body is analyzed.
3) The governing equation of runoff on slope surface and the governing equation of slope runoff with consideration of inclination influence and corresponding definite conditions are illustrated. Combining on-the-spot work of developing artificial rainfall experiments, the mechanism of pseudo-soil slope failure caused by slope runoff is analyzed.
4) This paper has constructed a damage function which is suitable for pseudo-soil slope and derived the Mohr-Coulomb model based on damage function, and introduces the damage ratio to improve the Swedish circle method, which is applied to analyzes the mechanism of pseudo-soil slope failure caused by rainfall.
5) The dynamic computational model of pseudo-soil slope permeability coefficient K has been brought up. The mathematical model for seepage-stress coupling damage behavior of pseudo-soil slope has been constructed. This model is applied to numerical simulation based on FLAC3D to analyze the mechanism of pseudo-soil slope failure caused by rainfall.
6) On the basis of laboratory simulation tests and physical test, this paper researches the feasibility of slope slide face confirmation based on TDR technology; and it is proved that TDR technology applied in the actual engineering to confirm slide face is feasible, economical and advanced.
7) Aimed to the engineering characteristic, the failure laws and failure mechanism of pseudo-soil slope, this paper puts forward the thought of stability control, and summaries the control measures for stability engineering control of pseudo-soil slope. In order to control slopewash and reduce rainfall infiltration, hallow pressure grouting technology has been developed and corresponding design program, design parameters and necessary apparatus have been put forward, which are applied in the multiple pseudo-soil slopes reinforcement. To control slope failure this paper has analyzed the anti-slide pile position arrangement influence on slope stability using failure energy analysis method, brought forward the simplified design process of anti-slide pile, advanced the design of anti-slide pile in aesthetic and coordination terms, come up with anti-slide pile with variable cross-section, deduced the calculation formula of anti-slide pile with variable cross-section displacement, and applied the result as above to the actual projects.
1)通过对贵州高等级公路边坡破坏情况及工程控制措施的分析,总结了公路类土质边坡的工程特性,选择了具有代表性的类土质边坡研究试验点,并进行了工程地质分析。
2)在试验点上开展了人工降雨诱发类土质边坡破坏的试验,分析了降雨对类土质边坡坡面和坡体的影响规律。
3)阐述了坡面径流的控制方程及考虑坡度影响的坡面流的控制方程和相应的定解条件,结合现场人工降雨试验,分析了坡面径流造成类土质边坡坡面破坏的机理。
4)构建了适用于类土质边坡的损伤函数,并推导了基于损伤理论的Mohr-Coulomb模型。引入损伤比,对瑞典圆弧法进行了改进,并用于分析降雨诱发类土质边坡坡体破坏的机理。
5)提出了基于损伤理论的类土质边坡渗透系数K的动态计算模型,构建了类土质边坡损伤—流-固耦合的数学模型,并应用于基于FLAC3D的数值模拟,分析了降雨诱发类土质边坡坡体破坏的机理。
6)在进行室内模拟试验和物性试验的基础上,研究了基于TDR技术确定边坡滑面方法的可行性;通过与钻孔测斜确定边坡滑面方法的对比,验证了TDR技术应用于实际工程确定滑动面的可靠性、经济性和先进性。
7)针对类土质边坡的工程特性、破坏规律和破坏机理,提出了类土质边坡稳定性控制思路,总结了类土质边坡稳定性工程控制措施。为控制坡面冲刷和减少降雨入渗,开发了浅层压力注浆新技术,提出了相应的设计程序、设计参数和所需的机具设备,并在多个类土质边坡加固中得到应用;为控制坡体破坏,应用能量分析理论分析抗滑桩位置设置对边坡稳定性的影响,提出了抗滑桩设计的简化设计流程,从美观协调的角度改进了抗滑桩的设计,提出了变截面抗滑桩,推导了变截面抗滑桩的桩身变位计算公式,并结合实际工程进行了具体应用。
Most sections of mountainous highways are located on the natural slopes. Many slopes such as cutting, embankment, bridge foundation, tunnel inlet and outlet etc., will come into being in the process of construction, among which the pseudo-soil slopes which are composed of eluvium, completely weathered layer and strong weathered layer are the largest failure rate. It is rather difficult to accurately distinguish completely weathered layer and strong weathered layer, in addition which come into being in the same slope engineering at the same time, so it is necessary to research them as a whole. Pseudo-soil slope has different characters from the ones of soil slope and rock slope, so it is necessary to analyze its failure mechanism and put forward the corresponding control technology. Based on years of slope engineering surveying, designing and monitoring, combining with the projects of National Natural Science Foundation“Study on Evolution Mechanism of Soil and Rock Blending Landslide Under Fluid-solid Coupling Based on Energy Progressive Dissipation”(50878213/E080603),“Research of Highway Geological Disaster Monitoring and Forecasting Techniques for Western Area”(2003-318-802-01) which is supported by the Ministry of Transport, and“Study on Quick Repair Technology of Subgrade Subsidence and Collapse (2006-318- 802-111),“Study on the Stability of Metamorphosed Rock Series Weathered Layer Subgrade Slope in Guizhou Mountainous Areas(2006-318-802 -37)”, this paper carries out the researches as follows:
1) Based on the analysis of highway slope failures in Guizhou and engineering control measures, this paper has summarized the engineering characteristic of highway pseudo-soil slope, chosen representative pseudo-soil slope testing spot, and developed engineering geology analysis.
2) By on-the-spot work of developing the pseudo-soil slope failure induced by artificial rainfall experiments, the law of rainfall influence on pseudo-soil slope surface and body is analyzed.
3) The governing equation of runoff on slope surface and the governing equation of slope runoff with consideration of inclination influence and corresponding definite conditions are illustrated. Combining on-the-spot work of developing artificial rainfall experiments, the mechanism of pseudo-soil slope failure caused by slope runoff is analyzed.
4) This paper has constructed a damage function which is suitable for pseudo-soil slope and derived the Mohr-Coulomb model based on damage function, and introduces the damage ratio to improve the Swedish circle method, which is applied to analyzes the mechanism of pseudo-soil slope failure caused by rainfall.
5) The dynamic computational model of pseudo-soil slope permeability coefficient K has been brought up. The mathematical model for seepage-stress coupling damage behavior of pseudo-soil slope has been constructed. This model is applied to numerical simulation based on FLAC3D to analyze the mechanism of pseudo-soil slope failure caused by rainfall.
6) On the basis of laboratory simulation tests and physical test, this paper researches the feasibility of slope slide face confirmation based on TDR technology; and it is proved that TDR technology applied in the actual engineering to confirm slide face is feasible, economical and advanced.
7) Aimed to the engineering characteristic, the failure laws and failure mechanism of pseudo-soil slope, this paper puts forward the thought of stability control, and summaries the control measures for stability engineering control of pseudo-soil slope. In order to control slopewash and reduce rainfall infiltration, hallow pressure grouting technology has been developed and corresponding design program, design parameters and necessary apparatus have been put forward, which are applied in the multiple pseudo-soil slopes reinforcement. To control slope failure this paper has analyzed the anti-slide pile position arrangement influence on slope stability using failure energy analysis method, brought forward the simplified design process of anti-slide pile, advanced the design of anti-slide pile in aesthetic and coordination terms, come up with anti-slide pile with variable cross-section, deduced the calculation formula of anti-slide pile with variable cross-section displacement, and applied the result as above to the actual projects.
引文
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