青藏铁路列车行驶多年冻土场地路基振动反应与振陷预测
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摘要
迄今,关于列车行驶冻土场地路基振动反应与稳定性的研究工作在国内外均少有开展,而对于冻土层对路基振动反应的影响与列车长期行驶振陷预测的研究更罕见文献报道。我国冻土分布辽阔,现有一半以上铁路干线位于冻土区。青藏铁路通车不到两个月多年冻土区部分路段便出现路基下沉与开裂现象,从而引起铁路部门的高度重视;并且,专家也严肃指出,列车重复荷载影响青藏铁路冻土工程的问题,已成为过去研究不足而目前则显得越来越突出的一个极其重要的工程问题。鉴于上述,本论文以青藏铁路的运营维护和完善寒区铁路路基抗振设计的技术细节为应用背景,对青藏铁路轨道交通荷载作用下的冻土动力性能、振陷预测、冻土路基振动反应及其主要影响因素做了一些基础性的研究工作。具体研究内容、研究方法与相应成果如下。
针对轨道交通荷载的振动特点,通过低温动三轴试验,系统研究了青藏铁路北麓河试验段路基冻结粘土的动力非线性本构关系、动力学参数及其主要影响因素,特别是提出了这些动力学参数与冻土的负温、围压、含水量、频率、动剪应变幅值、动应力幅值之间变化关系曲线与相应的经验表达式。
通过低温动三轴试验,系统研究了青藏铁路北麓河试验段路基冻结粘土在轨道交通荷载作用下的动残余应变增长速率特性及其主要影响因素;通过引入动静应力比的概念,提出了采用幂函数拟合动静应力比、负温、含水率、频率与轴向动残余应变增长速率之间变化关系曲线,并给出相应的拟合公式;研究了青藏铁路北麓河试验段路基冻结粘土在长期轨道交通荷载作用下的动力累积残余变形特性及其主要影响因素,合理提出了两个振陷预测经验模型(动力残余应变累积模型),尤其是结合冻土动残余应变增长速率试验和长期动荷载试验提出的振陷预测模型二,综合考虑了单元的应力状态、荷载作用的振次和冻土的负温、含水率、频率、围压等因素的影响。
现场监测了青藏多年冻土场地和大庆季节冻土场地铁路列车行驶引起钢轨、轨枕、路堤、场地的振动反应,据此研究了钢轨、轨枕、路堤、场地列车行驶振动反应特性,以及冻土层对路堤振动反应的影响。获得了两点极其有益的认识:⑴青藏铁路、大庆铁路不同季节条件下路堤振动加速度反应沿监测横断面的衰减规律,并给出了相应的拟合函数式;⑵冻结期的冻土层对路堤竖向和纵向振动反应有放大作用,而对横向振动反应有削弱作用,春融期路堤竖向和纵向振动反应较冻结期有所降低,而横向振动反应却被放大。
基于大系统的统一分析理念,建立了列车-钢轨-轨枕-道床-路基动力系统的列车-轨道垂向耦合动力学模型,编研了相应的动力仿真程序ZL-TNTLM,并根据青藏铁路北麓河试验段列车行驶现场监测结果进行了可靠性验证;据此,研究了北麓河试验段路基冻融状态、列车行驶速度、轨缝宽度对路基列车行驶振动荷载的影响。建立了轨枕-道床-路基-场地动力系统的路基振动反应分析模型(非线性粘弹性模型),编研了相应的动力有限元仿真程序ZL-RNTLM;据此,进行了北麓河试验段多年冻土场地列车行驶路基振动反应分析且做了定量评价,并对比研究了季节变化、车辆类型、行车速度、路堤高度对多年冻土场地路基振动反应的影响。
基于青藏铁路北麓河试验段的长期沉降监测记录,研究了多年冻土路基分层(路基顶面、路基底面、冻土上限)沉降变形特性及其影响因素。结果表明,路基沉降变形主要来自原天然上限以下多年冻土层的压缩变形,冻土上限的沉降量随路堤增高、富冰冻土增厚而显著增大,约占路基顶面累积沉降的57.4%~ 69.6%;目前,部分路基沉降变形仍处于匀速变化阶段且无明显衰减趋势,未来的沉降变形量也许达到可观量级,应引起高度重视
基于上述研究成果,首次探讨了青藏铁路列车长期行驶引起多年冻土场地路基冻土上限的振陷预测途径与影响因素,并对北麓河试验段路基未来50年列车行驶引起冻土上限的振陷量进行了预测。
本论文的研究成果,有利于加深理解含融化夹层多年冻土场地和季节冻土场地路基列车行驶振动反应与振害问题。尤其是所做的大量低温动三轴试验、青藏铁路多年冻土场地路基振动反应与长期沉降变形现场监测、大庆季节冻土场地铁路路基振动反应现场监测的数据、成果,以及分析所获得的一些认识,对于进一步深入研究冻土动力学、轨道交通动力学具有重要意义,并为逐步完善寒区铁路路基抗振设计的技术细节积累宝贵的基础资料。
Until recently little work has done on the vibration response and stability of subgrade induced by passing trains in permafrost regions at home and abroad, and specially much less on the effect of frozen layer on vibration response and long-term vibration subsidence of subgrade from trains. The frozen regions are widespread in China, and over half of the trunk railway lines are distributed in those regions. The phenomena of foundation settlement and cracking occurred in the partial sections in two months after the track release of the Qinghai-Tibet railway, which caused the high regard of railway interests. Afterwards, the specialists indicated that, due to less attention before, the permafrost engineering problem of Qinghai-Tibet railway from the repeated load of trains had been gradually becoming a prime important issue. In view of above-mentioned problems, this paper carried out the fundamental research on the dynamic performance of frozen soil, subsidence prediction, and the vibration response of frozen subgrade and its main influencing factors under traffic load in the Qinghai-Tibet railway. The pursuit is to maintain the normal operation of the Qinghai-Tibet railway and perfect the technical detail of anti-vibration design of railway subgrade in cold regions. The specific contents, methods, and results are as fellows.
Firstly, the paper systematically investigated, in view of the characteristics of rail transit repetitive loading and the low temperature dynamic triaxial test, the dynamic nonlinear constitutive relationship and dynamic parameters of the frozen clay from the subgrade of the Beiluhe test section along the Qinghai-Tibet railway, and in addition their main influencing factors. Moreover, the paper also revealed the relation curves and corresponding empirical expressions of these dynamic parameters versus frozen temperature, confining pressure, moisture content, frequency, dynamic shearing strain amplitude, and dynamic stress amplitude.
Secondly, the properties of dynamic residual strain increasing rate of above-mentioned frozen clay and its major influencing factors were explored based on the low temperature dynamic triaxial test. Adopting the power function fitting the dynamic and static stress ratio, temperature, moisture content, frequency versus axial dynamic residual strain increasing rate was put forward, and then the corresponding fitting expressions were given. Simultaneously, the laws of dynamic accumulated residual deformation of frozen soil mentioned above and its major influencing factors were studied, and the two empirical models of vibration subsidence prediction, i.e. dynamic accumulated residual strain of frozen soil, were brought forward according to the low temperature dynamic triaxial test. Especially the model two, put forward by combining dynamic residual strain increasing rate and long-term dynamic loading test, considers comprehensively the effects of element stress condition, vibration number, and temperature, moisture content, frequency, confining pressure etc. of frozen soil.
Thirdly, based on the field monitoring on vibration response of rail, sleeper, embankment, and site, induced by train traffic, both on the Qinghai-Tibet permafrost site and Daqing seasonally frozen site, the characteristics of the vibration responses of those factors and the effect of the frozen layer on embankment vibration response were investigated. Then the two cognitions were acquired as follows: (1) the embankment attenuation laws and corresponding fitting expressions in different seasons in the Qinghai-Tibet railway and Daqing railway, (2) the amplifying effect of frozen layer, during freezing period, on the vertical and longitudinal vibration responses of embankment, and in the lateral direction to the contrary, relative reduction in the vertical and longitudinal directions, during spring thawing period, and, in contrast, amplifying effect in the lateral direction.
Fourthly, the vertical dynamic coupling model of the train-track system was built, and at the same time the accompanying simulation procedure ZL-TNTLM was programmed based on the unified analytical concept of large-scale system of train, rail, sleeper, ballast and subgrade. Furthermore, the validation of the model reliability was carried out against the field monitoring data of the Beiluhe test section along the Qinghai-Tibet railway induced by train traffic. Subsequently, the effects of subgrade freeze-thaw condition, running speed and width of rail gap on the vibratory load from trains were investigated. Then the analytical model of subgrade vibration response, namely nonlinear viscoelastic model, was built, and, at the same time, the finite element simulation procedure ZL-RNTLM was compiled by the dynamic coupling concept of the sleeper-ballast-subgrade-field system. Thus, the quantitative assessment of permafrost subgrade vibration response from trains, monitored in the Beiluhe test section, was made. Consequently, the effects of seasonal variations, vehicle type, running speed, as well as embankment height on the permafrost subgrade vibration response were analyzed comparatively.
Fifthly, the paper explored the settlement deformation characteristics of the different layers of frozen subgrade and their main influencing factors via the long-term subsidence monitoring on the road bed, embankment base, and permafrost table in the Beiluhe test section. The results indicates that the compression deformation of permafrost is prominent, about 57.4~69.6% of the accumulated settlement of road bed, and increasing with the rising of embankment height and ice-rich permafrost layer thickness. Until now, some sections are in the stage of undamped deformation rate, which should be highly emphasized as the deformation may rise to a considerable magnitude in the future.
Lastly, based on the research findings mentioned above, the paper primarily investigated the train-induced subsidence prediction approach and its influencing factors of permafrost table. Furthermore, the settlement of the subgrade within the future fifty years, induced by train traffic, was forecasted for the Beiluhe test section. The results are favorable for further understanding the vibration response and train-induced diseases of the subgrade both on permafrost site within thawing interlayers and seasonally frozen site. Especially, the date, results, and recognition, obtained by the substantive dynamic triaxial tests of low temperature, the long-term subsidence monitoring of permafrost subgrade in the Qinghai-Tibet railway, along with the field experiments on the vibration response of the subgrade on the permafrost site along the Qinghai-Tibet railway and Daqing seasonally frozen site, have an important significance for further studying both on dynamics of frozen soil and dynamics of track and vehicle, and simultaneously provide valuable basic data for gradually developing the anti-vibratory technicality of subgrade in cold regions.
针对轨道交通荷载的振动特点,通过低温动三轴试验,系统研究了青藏铁路北麓河试验段路基冻结粘土的动力非线性本构关系、动力学参数及其主要影响因素,特别是提出了这些动力学参数与冻土的负温、围压、含水量、频率、动剪应变幅值、动应力幅值之间变化关系曲线与相应的经验表达式。
通过低温动三轴试验,系统研究了青藏铁路北麓河试验段路基冻结粘土在轨道交通荷载作用下的动残余应变增长速率特性及其主要影响因素;通过引入动静应力比的概念,提出了采用幂函数拟合动静应力比、负温、含水率、频率与轴向动残余应变增长速率之间变化关系曲线,并给出相应的拟合公式;研究了青藏铁路北麓河试验段路基冻结粘土在长期轨道交通荷载作用下的动力累积残余变形特性及其主要影响因素,合理提出了两个振陷预测经验模型(动力残余应变累积模型),尤其是结合冻土动残余应变增长速率试验和长期动荷载试验提出的振陷预测模型二,综合考虑了单元的应力状态、荷载作用的振次和冻土的负温、含水率、频率、围压等因素的影响。
现场监测了青藏多年冻土场地和大庆季节冻土场地铁路列车行驶引起钢轨、轨枕、路堤、场地的振动反应,据此研究了钢轨、轨枕、路堤、场地列车行驶振动反应特性,以及冻土层对路堤振动反应的影响。获得了两点极其有益的认识:⑴青藏铁路、大庆铁路不同季节条件下路堤振动加速度反应沿监测横断面的衰减规律,并给出了相应的拟合函数式;⑵冻结期的冻土层对路堤竖向和纵向振动反应有放大作用,而对横向振动反应有削弱作用,春融期路堤竖向和纵向振动反应较冻结期有所降低,而横向振动反应却被放大。
基于大系统的统一分析理念,建立了列车-钢轨-轨枕-道床-路基动力系统的列车-轨道垂向耦合动力学模型,编研了相应的动力仿真程序ZL-TNTLM,并根据青藏铁路北麓河试验段列车行驶现场监测结果进行了可靠性验证;据此,研究了北麓河试验段路基冻融状态、列车行驶速度、轨缝宽度对路基列车行驶振动荷载的影响。建立了轨枕-道床-路基-场地动力系统的路基振动反应分析模型(非线性粘弹性模型),编研了相应的动力有限元仿真程序ZL-RNTLM;据此,进行了北麓河试验段多年冻土场地列车行驶路基振动反应分析且做了定量评价,并对比研究了季节变化、车辆类型、行车速度、路堤高度对多年冻土场地路基振动反应的影响。
基于青藏铁路北麓河试验段的长期沉降监测记录,研究了多年冻土路基分层(路基顶面、路基底面、冻土上限)沉降变形特性及其影响因素。结果表明,路基沉降变形主要来自原天然上限以下多年冻土层的压缩变形,冻土上限的沉降量随路堤增高、富冰冻土增厚而显著增大,约占路基顶面累积沉降的57.4%~ 69.6%;目前,部分路基沉降变形仍处于匀速变化阶段且无明显衰减趋势,未来的沉降变形量也许达到可观量级,应引起高度重视
基于上述研究成果,首次探讨了青藏铁路列车长期行驶引起多年冻土场地路基冻土上限的振陷预测途径与影响因素,并对北麓河试验段路基未来50年列车行驶引起冻土上限的振陷量进行了预测。
本论文的研究成果,有利于加深理解含融化夹层多年冻土场地和季节冻土场地路基列车行驶振动反应与振害问题。尤其是所做的大量低温动三轴试验、青藏铁路多年冻土场地路基振动反应与长期沉降变形现场监测、大庆季节冻土场地铁路路基振动反应现场监测的数据、成果,以及分析所获得的一些认识,对于进一步深入研究冻土动力学、轨道交通动力学具有重要意义,并为逐步完善寒区铁路路基抗振设计的技术细节积累宝贵的基础资料。
Until recently little work has done on the vibration response and stability of subgrade induced by passing trains in permafrost regions at home and abroad, and specially much less on the effect of frozen layer on vibration response and long-term vibration subsidence of subgrade from trains. The frozen regions are widespread in China, and over half of the trunk railway lines are distributed in those regions. The phenomena of foundation settlement and cracking occurred in the partial sections in two months after the track release of the Qinghai-Tibet railway, which caused the high regard of railway interests. Afterwards, the specialists indicated that, due to less attention before, the permafrost engineering problem of Qinghai-Tibet railway from the repeated load of trains had been gradually becoming a prime important issue. In view of above-mentioned problems, this paper carried out the fundamental research on the dynamic performance of frozen soil, subsidence prediction, and the vibration response of frozen subgrade and its main influencing factors under traffic load in the Qinghai-Tibet railway. The pursuit is to maintain the normal operation of the Qinghai-Tibet railway and perfect the technical detail of anti-vibration design of railway subgrade in cold regions. The specific contents, methods, and results are as fellows.
Firstly, the paper systematically investigated, in view of the characteristics of rail transit repetitive loading and the low temperature dynamic triaxial test, the dynamic nonlinear constitutive relationship and dynamic parameters of the frozen clay from the subgrade of the Beiluhe test section along the Qinghai-Tibet railway, and in addition their main influencing factors. Moreover, the paper also revealed the relation curves and corresponding empirical expressions of these dynamic parameters versus frozen temperature, confining pressure, moisture content, frequency, dynamic shearing strain amplitude, and dynamic stress amplitude.
Secondly, the properties of dynamic residual strain increasing rate of above-mentioned frozen clay and its major influencing factors were explored based on the low temperature dynamic triaxial test. Adopting the power function fitting the dynamic and static stress ratio, temperature, moisture content, frequency versus axial dynamic residual strain increasing rate was put forward, and then the corresponding fitting expressions were given. Simultaneously, the laws of dynamic accumulated residual deformation of frozen soil mentioned above and its major influencing factors were studied, and the two empirical models of vibration subsidence prediction, i.e. dynamic accumulated residual strain of frozen soil, were brought forward according to the low temperature dynamic triaxial test. Especially the model two, put forward by combining dynamic residual strain increasing rate and long-term dynamic loading test, considers comprehensively the effects of element stress condition, vibration number, and temperature, moisture content, frequency, confining pressure etc. of frozen soil.
Thirdly, based on the field monitoring on vibration response of rail, sleeper, embankment, and site, induced by train traffic, both on the Qinghai-Tibet permafrost site and Daqing seasonally frozen site, the characteristics of the vibration responses of those factors and the effect of the frozen layer on embankment vibration response were investigated. Then the two cognitions were acquired as follows: (1) the embankment attenuation laws and corresponding fitting expressions in different seasons in the Qinghai-Tibet railway and Daqing railway, (2) the amplifying effect of frozen layer, during freezing period, on the vertical and longitudinal vibration responses of embankment, and in the lateral direction to the contrary, relative reduction in the vertical and longitudinal directions, during spring thawing period, and, in contrast, amplifying effect in the lateral direction.
Fourthly, the vertical dynamic coupling model of the train-track system was built, and at the same time the accompanying simulation procedure ZL-TNTLM was programmed based on the unified analytical concept of large-scale system of train, rail, sleeper, ballast and subgrade. Furthermore, the validation of the model reliability was carried out against the field monitoring data of the Beiluhe test section along the Qinghai-Tibet railway induced by train traffic. Subsequently, the effects of subgrade freeze-thaw condition, running speed and width of rail gap on the vibratory load from trains were investigated. Then the analytical model of subgrade vibration response, namely nonlinear viscoelastic model, was built, and, at the same time, the finite element simulation procedure ZL-RNTLM was compiled by the dynamic coupling concept of the sleeper-ballast-subgrade-field system. Thus, the quantitative assessment of permafrost subgrade vibration response from trains, monitored in the Beiluhe test section, was made. Consequently, the effects of seasonal variations, vehicle type, running speed, as well as embankment height on the permafrost subgrade vibration response were analyzed comparatively.
Fifthly, the paper explored the settlement deformation characteristics of the different layers of frozen subgrade and their main influencing factors via the long-term subsidence monitoring on the road bed, embankment base, and permafrost table in the Beiluhe test section. The results indicates that the compression deformation of permafrost is prominent, about 57.4~69.6% of the accumulated settlement of road bed, and increasing with the rising of embankment height and ice-rich permafrost layer thickness. Until now, some sections are in the stage of undamped deformation rate, which should be highly emphasized as the deformation may rise to a considerable magnitude in the future.
Lastly, based on the research findings mentioned above, the paper primarily investigated the train-induced subsidence prediction approach and its influencing factors of permafrost table. Furthermore, the settlement of the subgrade within the future fifty years, induced by train traffic, was forecasted for the Beiluhe test section. The results are favorable for further understanding the vibration response and train-induced diseases of the subgrade both on permafrost site within thawing interlayers and seasonally frozen site. Especially, the date, results, and recognition, obtained by the substantive dynamic triaxial tests of low temperature, the long-term subsidence monitoring of permafrost subgrade in the Qinghai-Tibet railway, along with the field experiments on the vibration response of the subgrade on the permafrost site along the Qinghai-Tibet railway and Daqing seasonally frozen site, have an important significance for further studying both on dynamics of frozen soil and dynamics of track and vehicle, and simultaneously provide valuable basic data for gradually developing the anti-vibratory technicality of subgrade in cold regions.
引文
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