框支配筋砌块短肢砌体结构拟动力子结构试验研究
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摘要
框支配筋砌块短肢砌体剪力墙结构是作为替代粘土实心砖建设多层房屋提出的一种节能环保型结构体系,既容易满足人们日益增加的建筑功能需要,又具有较多层钢筋混凝土框架房屋造价低和便于施工等优点,是我国建设底部大空间房屋的一种具有竞争力的结构体系。然而,目前国内外未见有对框支配筋砌块短肢砌体剪力墙结构整体房屋试验研究的报道,其在地震作用下破坏形态和破坏机理,以及能否满足“小震不坏,中震可修,大震不倒”的“三水准”抗震设防理论,是否能经受住地震的考验等等,都是该结构体系在我国应用推广、减少地震损失所亟需解决的科学问题。没有试验作基础,抗震理论难以得到验证和认可,更难以应用到实际工程中去,尤其对于砌体这种非线性异常复杂的材料,进行结构模型的试验研究,其意义是不言而喻的。拟动力子结构试验方法是将计算机的计算、控制与结构试验有机结合起来,既经济方便又可真实模拟地震作用,可以很好的模拟大型复杂结构的地震反应。
鉴于此,根据工程实践,考虑试验室场地及加载装置的限制,在哈尔滨工业大学抗震与结构试验大厅,建成一栋足尺三层框支配筋砌块短肢砌体剪力墙子结构模型,用以模拟六层框支配筋砌块短肢砌体剪力墙结构抗震性能。针对该模型的特点分别进行了拟动力子结构算法研究和拟动力子结构控制方法研究,同时对本文试验模型在地震作用下的破坏形态、破坏机理以及抗震性能进行了研究,并对破坏后的试验模型进行了加固方法初探。
高阶单步法本身是一种无条件收敛的隐式算法,已成功地应用于结构地震非线性反应分析、主动、半主动及智能振动控制、刚度解析表示的动力反应等分析。本文在前人研究的基础上,提出了高阶单步拟动力试验算法及高阶单步拟动力子结构试验算法,结合等效剪切刚度概念,提出了本步刚度的近似假设,实现了将隐式的高阶单步法转换成对拟动力试验的显式算法,方便地实现了高阶单步隐式积分算法的拟动力试验及拟动力子结构试验。数值模拟分析和多自由度试验结果表明,高阶单步法具有较中心差分法有较高的精度和稳定性,将其应用到拟动力试验和拟动力子结构试验是可行的。
针对本文试验模型在峰值加速度较小时属于大刚度试验模型,结合高阶单步法,提出了力控制高阶单步拟动力子结构试验方法。多自由度结构模型试验研究表明,采用力控制试验方法进行大刚度模型拟动力子结构试验,在结构恢复力特性进入下降段之前是可行的,从而丰富和发展了拟动力子结构试验方法。
由于作动器之间的藕联,使得多自由度拟动力子结构试验变得异常复杂,大量用数值模拟分析及单自由度验证过的算法却在多自由度中无法行得通,要么是由于试验误差导致算法发散,要么是根本不能或很难实现算法计算的命令信号,从而引起国内外科研工作人员越来越重视拟动力子结构控制技术的发展。基于此,本文首先对逐步趋近目标位移的软耦合加载系统控制方法进行了研究,试验结果表明,采用软耦合加载控制方法进行多自由度体系的结构拟动力试验时,在一定程度上能够达到减少作动器耦联的目的。但是,没有从根本上解决作动器之间的耦联,随着模型复杂化,自由度的增加将大大增加了试验的控制难度,将使软耦合加载控制方法彻底失效。因此,本文尝试对等效力控制方法进行研究,数值模拟和试验结果表明,等效力控制试验方法具有很好的鲁棒性,通过合理的设置等效力控制器,可以很好的完成多自由度的位移控制,为多自由度试验模型的拟动力子结构试验提供了有效的控制手段。
采用上述拟动力子结构试验技术对本文试验模型进行了地震动峰值加速度分别为35 gal、70 gal、110 gal、220 gal、260 gal、310 gal、350gal下的拟动力子结构试验,试验结果表明,破坏主要发生在底部框架层及与框架层相连的剪力墙层,上部各层发生轻微破坏,未形成明显的薄弱层,整体结构抗震性能良好,可以满足我国抗震规范7~8度区的弹塑性阶段位移验算要求,符合“三水准”抗震设防目标,为底框配筋砌块短肢砌体剪力墙结构体系的抗震性能理论研究及其工程设计提供了参考,推动该结构在多层建筑中的工程应用。
在试验模型完成系统的拟动力子结构试验后,模型的结构构件梁、板、柱、墙均出现不同程度的损坏。本文根据对模型损伤程度的评估,有针对性地制定了加固方案,并通过对加固后的试验模型再次进行的拟动力子结构试验,研究了震后受损结构构件所用加固方法的适用性和加固对恢复结构抗震性能的效果,为框支剪力墙结构形式房屋的震后整体修复提供了技术支持,也为整体结构加固修复提供了理论支持。
Frame-supported reinforced concrete short-leg masonry shear wall structure is used as an alternative to solid clay brick masonry structure for building multi-storey structure. A competitive development space can be provided by the proposed structural system to build the bottom big-space structure in the multi-storey structural system with such advantages as follows: firstly, architectural function can be gained easily by using the structural system; secondly, the structure system has the advantages of both lower cost and more convenient construction process than the reinforced concrete frame structure with the same architectural function. However, so far any theoretical and experimental studies on the proposed structural system have not been done home and abroad. Some scientific problems need to be solved urgently to popularize the structural system and reduce earthquake losses in our country. The first one is how to get the failure mode and failure mechanism through the real earthquake action. The second is whether the proposed structural system can meet the 3-level seismic requirements of no damage under frequent earthquake, repairable damages under basic earthquake and no collapse under rare earthquake or not. The third is whether the proposed structural system can stand the test of the earthquake or not. Without the experimental results, it is hard to validate the seismic theory and harder to apply it to the practical engineering. Especially to the masonry which is the extremely complicated nonlinear material, it is more important to accomplish the full-scale model test. The substructure pseudo-dynamic test method is an effective method that combines the calculation and control of the computer. This method is both convenient and economical to simulate the true seismic action, so it completely fits to simulating the seismic response of the large and complex structure.
According to the engineering practice and the testing condition, a full-scale three-storey frame-supported reinforced concrete short-leg masonry shear wall test model was constructed in the structural & seismic laboratory of Harbin Institute of Technology. In accordance with the feature of the model, the algorithm and the control method of the substructure pseudo-dynamic test were investigated. Simultaneously this paper studied the failure mode, the failure mechanism and seismic performance under earthquake action. After that, the preliminary study on the strengthened method was finished to the test model damaged by earthquake.
As an unconditionally stable implicit algorithm, the high-order single-step method has been successfully applied to nonlinear seismic response analysis, semi-active, active vibration control and smart vibration control, the dynamic response analysis for analytic expression of stiffness, and so on. Based on the previous research, this paper introduces the equivalent shear stiffness, and proposes the high-order single-step pseudo-dynamic or substructure pseudo-dynamic testing method. The pseudo-dynamic or substructure pseudo-dynamic test is easily conducted with the assumption of calculated stiffness through the implicit high-order single-step algorithm. The numerical simulation and the test results indicate that the proposed method is more accurate and stable than the central difference method, so it is feasible to apply it to the pseudo-dynamic or substructure pseudo-dynamic test.
This paper proposes the force-control high-order single-step substructure pseudo-dynamic testing method to solve the problem that the stiffness of test model is relatively large under small peak acceleration. The MDOF testing results show that the force-control testing method is feasible for the large-stiffness model before descent segment of structure restoring force properties that it can improve and develop the existing substructure pseudo-dynamic test method.
Because of the coupling effect of actuators, the substructure pseudo-dynamic test of MDOF structure model becomes especially complex. Lots of algorithms validated by the numerical and SDOF testing results are invalid for the MDOF model, which either leads to the divergence of the used algorithm or makes the calculated command signal hard to be executed exactly. Therefore, the development of the control technique becomes more and more important for the substructure pseudo-dynamic test home and abroad. Firstly, this paper studies the soft coupling load system control method which is used to approach the command signal step by step. The test results show that the soft coupling load system control method can partly reduce, but can not fundamentally solve the coupling effect of actuators. With the increment of degree of freedom, the control of model test is getting harder, which will result in absolute invalidness of the soft coupling load system control method. Therefore, this paper tries to investigate equivalent force control method. The numerical and testing data demonstrate that equivalent force control method has well robustness. The displacement control of the MDOF system can be realized by rationally setting equivalent force controller that the equivalent force control method can effectually provide a control measure for the substructure pseudo-dynamic test of the MDOF model.
Using the proposed and validated substructure pseudo-dynamic technique, the systemic substructure pseudo-dynamic test of the full-scale model was finished under the different peak accelerates of the earthquake motion which were 35 gal, 70 gal, 110 gal, 220 gal, 260 gal, 310 gal and 350gal, separately. Then the main conclusions can be got by the test results. The major damage intensively appeared in critical areas which were the bottom frame floor and the shear wall floor in connection with the frame floor and the surrounding parts of the structure were slightly damaged, which shows that the obvious weak parts of the structure don’t appear. Therefore, the frame-supported reinforced concrete short-leg masonry shear wall structure has better seismic performance and can meet the check requirements of elastic-plastic deformation and the 3-level seismic requirements in the 7~8 degree seismic intensity region.
After the systematic substructure pseudo-dynamic test on the full-scale three-floor frame-supported reinforced concrete masonry short-leg shear wall structure, different damage degrees of model elements such as beams, plates, columns and walls appeared. Therefore, this paper assesses the damage degree of the whole structural model and draws up the corresponding reinforcement scheme. Then, the strengthened model was tested through the same substructure pseudo-dynamic testing method. The applicability of the proposed strengthening technique was discussed for the building damaged by earthquake. Thus, the seismic performance of the strengthened model is proposed to explore the strengthening technique for the structure damaged by earthquake and provide the important reference value for the post-disaster reconstruction.
鉴于此,根据工程实践,考虑试验室场地及加载装置的限制,在哈尔滨工业大学抗震与结构试验大厅,建成一栋足尺三层框支配筋砌块短肢砌体剪力墙子结构模型,用以模拟六层框支配筋砌块短肢砌体剪力墙结构抗震性能。针对该模型的特点分别进行了拟动力子结构算法研究和拟动力子结构控制方法研究,同时对本文试验模型在地震作用下的破坏形态、破坏机理以及抗震性能进行了研究,并对破坏后的试验模型进行了加固方法初探。
高阶单步法本身是一种无条件收敛的隐式算法,已成功地应用于结构地震非线性反应分析、主动、半主动及智能振动控制、刚度解析表示的动力反应等分析。本文在前人研究的基础上,提出了高阶单步拟动力试验算法及高阶单步拟动力子结构试验算法,结合等效剪切刚度概念,提出了本步刚度的近似假设,实现了将隐式的高阶单步法转换成对拟动力试验的显式算法,方便地实现了高阶单步隐式积分算法的拟动力试验及拟动力子结构试验。数值模拟分析和多自由度试验结果表明,高阶单步法具有较中心差分法有较高的精度和稳定性,将其应用到拟动力试验和拟动力子结构试验是可行的。
针对本文试验模型在峰值加速度较小时属于大刚度试验模型,结合高阶单步法,提出了力控制高阶单步拟动力子结构试验方法。多自由度结构模型试验研究表明,采用力控制试验方法进行大刚度模型拟动力子结构试验,在结构恢复力特性进入下降段之前是可行的,从而丰富和发展了拟动力子结构试验方法。
由于作动器之间的藕联,使得多自由度拟动力子结构试验变得异常复杂,大量用数值模拟分析及单自由度验证过的算法却在多自由度中无法行得通,要么是由于试验误差导致算法发散,要么是根本不能或很难实现算法计算的命令信号,从而引起国内外科研工作人员越来越重视拟动力子结构控制技术的发展。基于此,本文首先对逐步趋近目标位移的软耦合加载系统控制方法进行了研究,试验结果表明,采用软耦合加载控制方法进行多自由度体系的结构拟动力试验时,在一定程度上能够达到减少作动器耦联的目的。但是,没有从根本上解决作动器之间的耦联,随着模型复杂化,自由度的增加将大大增加了试验的控制难度,将使软耦合加载控制方法彻底失效。因此,本文尝试对等效力控制方法进行研究,数值模拟和试验结果表明,等效力控制试验方法具有很好的鲁棒性,通过合理的设置等效力控制器,可以很好的完成多自由度的位移控制,为多自由度试验模型的拟动力子结构试验提供了有效的控制手段。
采用上述拟动力子结构试验技术对本文试验模型进行了地震动峰值加速度分别为35 gal、70 gal、110 gal、220 gal、260 gal、310 gal、350gal下的拟动力子结构试验,试验结果表明,破坏主要发生在底部框架层及与框架层相连的剪力墙层,上部各层发生轻微破坏,未形成明显的薄弱层,整体结构抗震性能良好,可以满足我国抗震规范7~8度区的弹塑性阶段位移验算要求,符合“三水准”抗震设防目标,为底框配筋砌块短肢砌体剪力墙结构体系的抗震性能理论研究及其工程设计提供了参考,推动该结构在多层建筑中的工程应用。
在试验模型完成系统的拟动力子结构试验后,模型的结构构件梁、板、柱、墙均出现不同程度的损坏。本文根据对模型损伤程度的评估,有针对性地制定了加固方案,并通过对加固后的试验模型再次进行的拟动力子结构试验,研究了震后受损结构构件所用加固方法的适用性和加固对恢复结构抗震性能的效果,为框支剪力墙结构形式房屋的震后整体修复提供了技术支持,也为整体结构加固修复提供了理论支持。
Frame-supported reinforced concrete short-leg masonry shear wall structure is used as an alternative to solid clay brick masonry structure for building multi-storey structure. A competitive development space can be provided by the proposed structural system to build the bottom big-space structure in the multi-storey structural system with such advantages as follows: firstly, architectural function can be gained easily by using the structural system; secondly, the structure system has the advantages of both lower cost and more convenient construction process than the reinforced concrete frame structure with the same architectural function. However, so far any theoretical and experimental studies on the proposed structural system have not been done home and abroad. Some scientific problems need to be solved urgently to popularize the structural system and reduce earthquake losses in our country. The first one is how to get the failure mode and failure mechanism through the real earthquake action. The second is whether the proposed structural system can meet the 3-level seismic requirements of no damage under frequent earthquake, repairable damages under basic earthquake and no collapse under rare earthquake or not. The third is whether the proposed structural system can stand the test of the earthquake or not. Without the experimental results, it is hard to validate the seismic theory and harder to apply it to the practical engineering. Especially to the masonry which is the extremely complicated nonlinear material, it is more important to accomplish the full-scale model test. The substructure pseudo-dynamic test method is an effective method that combines the calculation and control of the computer. This method is both convenient and economical to simulate the true seismic action, so it completely fits to simulating the seismic response of the large and complex structure.
According to the engineering practice and the testing condition, a full-scale three-storey frame-supported reinforced concrete short-leg masonry shear wall test model was constructed in the structural & seismic laboratory of Harbin Institute of Technology. In accordance with the feature of the model, the algorithm and the control method of the substructure pseudo-dynamic test were investigated. Simultaneously this paper studied the failure mode, the failure mechanism and seismic performance under earthquake action. After that, the preliminary study on the strengthened method was finished to the test model damaged by earthquake.
As an unconditionally stable implicit algorithm, the high-order single-step method has been successfully applied to nonlinear seismic response analysis, semi-active, active vibration control and smart vibration control, the dynamic response analysis for analytic expression of stiffness, and so on. Based on the previous research, this paper introduces the equivalent shear stiffness, and proposes the high-order single-step pseudo-dynamic or substructure pseudo-dynamic testing method. The pseudo-dynamic or substructure pseudo-dynamic test is easily conducted with the assumption of calculated stiffness through the implicit high-order single-step algorithm. The numerical simulation and the test results indicate that the proposed method is more accurate and stable than the central difference method, so it is feasible to apply it to the pseudo-dynamic or substructure pseudo-dynamic test.
This paper proposes the force-control high-order single-step substructure pseudo-dynamic testing method to solve the problem that the stiffness of test model is relatively large under small peak acceleration. The MDOF testing results show that the force-control testing method is feasible for the large-stiffness model before descent segment of structure restoring force properties that it can improve and develop the existing substructure pseudo-dynamic test method.
Because of the coupling effect of actuators, the substructure pseudo-dynamic test of MDOF structure model becomes especially complex. Lots of algorithms validated by the numerical and SDOF testing results are invalid for the MDOF model, which either leads to the divergence of the used algorithm or makes the calculated command signal hard to be executed exactly. Therefore, the development of the control technique becomes more and more important for the substructure pseudo-dynamic test home and abroad. Firstly, this paper studies the soft coupling load system control method which is used to approach the command signal step by step. The test results show that the soft coupling load system control method can partly reduce, but can not fundamentally solve the coupling effect of actuators. With the increment of degree of freedom, the control of model test is getting harder, which will result in absolute invalidness of the soft coupling load system control method. Therefore, this paper tries to investigate equivalent force control method. The numerical and testing data demonstrate that equivalent force control method has well robustness. The displacement control of the MDOF system can be realized by rationally setting equivalent force controller that the equivalent force control method can effectually provide a control measure for the substructure pseudo-dynamic test of the MDOF model.
Using the proposed and validated substructure pseudo-dynamic technique, the systemic substructure pseudo-dynamic test of the full-scale model was finished under the different peak accelerates of the earthquake motion which were 35 gal, 70 gal, 110 gal, 220 gal, 260 gal, 310 gal and 350gal, separately. Then the main conclusions can be got by the test results. The major damage intensively appeared in critical areas which were the bottom frame floor and the shear wall floor in connection with the frame floor and the surrounding parts of the structure were slightly damaged, which shows that the obvious weak parts of the structure don’t appear. Therefore, the frame-supported reinforced concrete short-leg masonry shear wall structure has better seismic performance and can meet the check requirements of elastic-plastic deformation and the 3-level seismic requirements in the 7~8 degree seismic intensity region.
After the systematic substructure pseudo-dynamic test on the full-scale three-floor frame-supported reinforced concrete masonry short-leg shear wall structure, different damage degrees of model elements such as beams, plates, columns and walls appeared. Therefore, this paper assesses the damage degree of the whole structural model and draws up the corresponding reinforcement scheme. Then, the strengthened model was tested through the same substructure pseudo-dynamic testing method. The applicability of the proposed strengthening technique was discussed for the building damaged by earthquake. Thus, the seismic performance of the strengthened model is proposed to explore the strengthening technique for the structure damaged by earthquake and provide the important reference value for the post-disaster reconstruction.
引文
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