多夹层盐岩体中储气库围岩变形规律及安全性研究
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摘要
由于盐岩具有孔隙度低、渗透率小、损伤自恢复、塑性变形能力大、水文地质条件简单和分布广等优良特性,盐穴被公认为石油、天然气储备和高放射性废物处置的理想场所。与国外盐丘型盐岩矿藏相比,我国盐岩矿藏以多夹层盐岩为主,具有盐岩层多、单层厚度薄且盐岩体中一般含有众多夹层(如硬石膏层、泥岩层和钙芒硝层等)等特点,为多夹层盐岩矿藏中储库的设计和安全评价提出了挑战。本文通过室内试验、理论分析和数值模拟计算等方法对多夹层盐岩破坏准则、盐穴储气库在造腔和运行过程中盐穴围岩变形、矿柱顶板稳定性、地表沉降和密封性等问题进行研究,优化盐穴储气库设计和运行参数,提高其使用效率和安全性。具体研究工作和得到结论如下：
(1)考虑到应力状态对多夹层盐岩破坏强度影响较为显著,将应力Lode角参数引入到Mohr-Coulomb准则中,对其进行修正,体现应力状态改变对盐岩破坏强度影响。利用室内盐岩实验数据分别回归出三轴压缩和拉伸应力状态下盐岩失效准则表达式,并与已有的盐岩破坏准则计算结果进行对比。数值模拟计算表明改进Mohr-Coulomb准则比已有的盐岩破坏准则具有优越性,能够较好反映我国多夹层盐岩破坏特征。
(2)对比了4种盐穴储气库设计方案在不同工况下的最大变形量、塑性区体积和体积收缩率等变化规律,给出最优设计方案及建议；讨论了不同参数对盐穴储气库群间矿柱、顶板受力和变形的影响规律。研究结果表明：上部为椭球、下部为半球形状且高径比为3左右,对盐穴储气库整体受力和体积收缩控制较为有利；建议矿柱宽度设计为2-3倍盐穴直径、对于矿柱宽度较小的相邻盐穴储气库采用注采气同步模式运行；埋深越大盐穴顶部结构稳定性越差,顶部相邻夹层弹性模量越大顶部结构稳定性越好,而顶部盐岩厚度和相邻夹层厚度对顶部结构稳定性影响不显著。
(3)考虑到盐穴储气库群间矿柱和顶板失稳破坏过程具有典型的非线性和突变性,建立了矿柱和顶板稳定性评价的尖点位移突变模型。该模型可以有效克服单纯使用有限单元强度折减法在计算矿柱和顶板稳定性全系数中不能精度量化失效判别标准的缺点,提高数值模拟计算精度。利用该模型对影响盐穴储气库群间矿柱及顶板稳定性的因素进行了分析。矿柱稳定性安全系数随着埋深和时间的增加而降低,随着内压和矿柱宽度增加而增加。埋深、顶跨和内压对多夹层盐穴储气库顶部结构稳定性影响较为显著,且在实际设计和运行过程中可以控制,建议在盐穴选择过程中合理选择埋深、严格控制顶跨尺寸、减少盐穴低压运行时间。
(4)将盐穴储气库地表沉降量预测分为造腔和存储两个阶段进行研究,考虑盐岩蠕变影响,采用扩展形式的Gaussian曲线表示沉降区形状,建立了盐穴储气库地表动态沉降量计算模型,推导出相应的计算公式。采用该模型、Schober & Sroka模型、Peter A Fokker模型和FLAC3D对某盐穴储气库地表动态沉降量进行了模拟计算,并对比了计算结果。计算结果表明盐穴储气库地表动态沉降量计算模型具有较高计算精度,可以满足实际工程需要。盐穴储气库地表沉降量随着造腔速率、时间、埋深、直径和高度增加而增加,随着内压增加而降低。
(5)根据天然气在夹层中运移的特点,建立了多夹层盐穴储气库密封性评价的等效渗透率模型,并采用数值模拟计算对该模型进行验证。研究了夹层倾角、渗透非均质性、渗透率、埋深和内压等参数对天然气运移到地面所需时间的影响规律。天然气通过夹层运移到地表所需时间随着渗透非均匀性、埋深增加而增加,随着地层倾角、渗透率和内压的增加而降低。建议在盐穴储气库设计过程中,要着重考虑夹层倾斜角和渗透率对其密封性影响,避免将盐穴储气库建在倾角和垂直渗透率较大的夹层附近。
Due to the unique advantages of rock salt, such as low porosity, low permeability, damage recovery, favorable creep, simple hydrologic geology, and abundant distribution, salt cavern is considered as one of the most suitable place to storage oil, natural gas, and radioactive waste, etc. Comparing to abroad rock salt dome mine, there are many mudstones, anhydrites and glauberites in China bedded rock salt mines, and the salt and non-salt layers with small thickness coming alternately, which make the design and safety assessment of gas storage cavern in bedded rock salt is challengeable. The main motive of the paper is to solve several key problems to improve the safety of bedded rock salt cavern gas storage. Indoor experiments, theory analysis, and numerical simulation are adopted in the dissertation. Many detailed problems are contained, such as bedded salt failure criterion, cavern deformation, volume shrinkage rate, pillar and roof stability, ground subsidence, sealing, etc. Basing on the study results, the optimal cavern dimensions and running parameters are proposed to improve the use efficiency and safety of gas storage cavern in bedded rock salt. The detailed studies are depicted as follows.
(1) The improved Mohr-Coulomb criterion is proposed considering the remarkable difference of the failure strength of bedded rock salt in triaxial compression and extension stress state. The corresponding formula is regressed by indoor experimental data of rock salt. A comparison of the improved Mohr-Coulomb criterion, two existing criterions and experimental data is made. The advantages of improved Mohr-Coulomb criterion is that the influences of the failure strength change of salt rock when the stress subjected to salt rock convertes from triaxial compression to triaxial extension stress state on the safety of salt cavern gas storage can be reflected. It is more suitable to China bedded rock salt than other existing criterions.
(2) The rules of maximum deformations, plastic volumes, volume shrinkage rate, etc., of four different proposed salt cavern gas storages under different conditions are compared with each other. Moreover, the optimized cavern dimensions and running parameters of proposed bedded salt cavern gas storage are given. Influences of different parameters on the stresses and deformations of pillar and cavern roof are studied. The calculated results show cavern with the upper ellipsoid and lower hemisphere shape, and high/diameter of about 3 is good for the control of its force and volume shrinkage. The proposed pillar width is 2-3 times cavern diameters, and the synchrony injection-production mode is suggested in caverns with narrow pillars.
(3) Considering the failure of pillars is typical nonlinear catastrophe problems, the cusp catastrophe model is proposed to obtain the stability factors of pillars and cavern roof. It can overcome the shortages of traditional strength reduction finite element method (SR FEM) and greatly improve the accuracy of stability factors obtained by numerical simulations. The influences of different parameters on the pillar and cavern roof stability factors are studied. The pillar stability factors are equidirectional with the increase of gas pressure and pillar width, but reverse to the increase of cavern depth and time. The cavern depth, roof span and gas pressure have significant effects on cavern roof stability.
(4) A new model is proposed to predict the dynamic subsidence of ground surface above salt cavern gas storage during the leaching and storage, which takes into account the creep of rock salt. In the model, the extended form of Gaussian curve is adopted to figure out the shape of subsidence areas. The corresponding theoretical formulas are derived. In addition, parameters are studied to investigate the surface subsidence as a function of the salt ejection rate, internal pressure, cavern depth, diameter, height, running time, etc. Through an example, the subsidence of the salt cavern gas storage located at Jiangsu of China obtained by the new model is compared with those by Peter A F formula, Schober & Sroka formula, and FLAC~(3D). The results showed the proposed model is precise and correct, and can meet engineering demands. The surface subsidence is equidirectional with the increase of salt ejection rate, depth, diameter, height, and running time, but reverse to the increase of internal pressure.
(5) The equivalent permeability model (EPM) is presented in the paper to calculate the equivalent permeability of non-salt layer, which can make the sealing evaluation of bedded salt cavern natural gas storage by numerical simulation easy and sufficient. The influences of non-salt dipping angle, heterogeneity of permeability, permeability, buried depth, and gas pressure, etc. on the time that the natural gas migrates to the ground surface through the non-salt formation are studied. The time natural gas migrating to the surface ground takes is equidirectional with the increase of heterogeneity of permeability, and buried depth, but reverses to the increase of non-salt dipping angle, permeability, and internal pressure.
(1)考虑到应力状态对多夹层盐岩破坏强度影响较为显著,将应力Lode角参数引入到Mohr-Coulomb准则中,对其进行修正,体现应力状态改变对盐岩破坏强度影响。利用室内盐岩实验数据分别回归出三轴压缩和拉伸应力状态下盐岩失效准则表达式,并与已有的盐岩破坏准则计算结果进行对比。数值模拟计算表明改进Mohr-Coulomb准则比已有的盐岩破坏准则具有优越性,能够较好反映我国多夹层盐岩破坏特征。
(2)对比了4种盐穴储气库设计方案在不同工况下的最大变形量、塑性区体积和体积收缩率等变化规律,给出最优设计方案及建议；讨论了不同参数对盐穴储气库群间矿柱、顶板受力和变形的影响规律。研究结果表明：上部为椭球、下部为半球形状且高径比为3左右,对盐穴储气库整体受力和体积收缩控制较为有利；建议矿柱宽度设计为2-3倍盐穴直径、对于矿柱宽度较小的相邻盐穴储气库采用注采气同步模式运行；埋深越大盐穴顶部结构稳定性越差,顶部相邻夹层弹性模量越大顶部结构稳定性越好,而顶部盐岩厚度和相邻夹层厚度对顶部结构稳定性影响不显著。
(3)考虑到盐穴储气库群间矿柱和顶板失稳破坏过程具有典型的非线性和突变性,建立了矿柱和顶板稳定性评价的尖点位移突变模型。该模型可以有效克服单纯使用有限单元强度折减法在计算矿柱和顶板稳定性全系数中不能精度量化失效判别标准的缺点,提高数值模拟计算精度。利用该模型对影响盐穴储气库群间矿柱及顶板稳定性的因素进行了分析。矿柱稳定性安全系数随着埋深和时间的增加而降低,随着内压和矿柱宽度增加而增加。埋深、顶跨和内压对多夹层盐穴储气库顶部结构稳定性影响较为显著,且在实际设计和运行过程中可以控制,建议在盐穴选择过程中合理选择埋深、严格控制顶跨尺寸、减少盐穴低压运行时间。
(4)将盐穴储气库地表沉降量预测分为造腔和存储两个阶段进行研究,考虑盐岩蠕变影响,采用扩展形式的Gaussian曲线表示沉降区形状,建立了盐穴储气库地表动态沉降量计算模型,推导出相应的计算公式。采用该模型、Schober & Sroka模型、Peter A Fokker模型和FLAC3D对某盐穴储气库地表动态沉降量进行了模拟计算,并对比了计算结果。计算结果表明盐穴储气库地表动态沉降量计算模型具有较高计算精度,可以满足实际工程需要。盐穴储气库地表沉降量随着造腔速率、时间、埋深、直径和高度增加而增加,随着内压增加而降低。
(5)根据天然气在夹层中运移的特点,建立了多夹层盐穴储气库密封性评价的等效渗透率模型,并采用数值模拟计算对该模型进行验证。研究了夹层倾角、渗透非均质性、渗透率、埋深和内压等参数对天然气运移到地面所需时间的影响规律。天然气通过夹层运移到地表所需时间随着渗透非均匀性、埋深增加而增加,随着地层倾角、渗透率和内压的增加而降低。建议在盐穴储气库设计过程中,要着重考虑夹层倾斜角和渗透率对其密封性影响,避免将盐穴储气库建在倾角和垂直渗透率较大的夹层附近。
Due to the unique advantages of rock salt, such as low porosity, low permeability, damage recovery, favorable creep, simple hydrologic geology, and abundant distribution, salt cavern is considered as one of the most suitable place to storage oil, natural gas, and radioactive waste, etc. Comparing to abroad rock salt dome mine, there are many mudstones, anhydrites and glauberites in China bedded rock salt mines, and the salt and non-salt layers with small thickness coming alternately, which make the design and safety assessment of gas storage cavern in bedded rock salt is challengeable. The main motive of the paper is to solve several key problems to improve the safety of bedded rock salt cavern gas storage. Indoor experiments, theory analysis, and numerical simulation are adopted in the dissertation. Many detailed problems are contained, such as bedded salt failure criterion, cavern deformation, volume shrinkage rate, pillar and roof stability, ground subsidence, sealing, etc. Basing on the study results, the optimal cavern dimensions and running parameters are proposed to improve the use efficiency and safety of gas storage cavern in bedded rock salt. The detailed studies are depicted as follows.
(1) The improved Mohr-Coulomb criterion is proposed considering the remarkable difference of the failure strength of bedded rock salt in triaxial compression and extension stress state. The corresponding formula is regressed by indoor experimental data of rock salt. A comparison of the improved Mohr-Coulomb criterion, two existing criterions and experimental data is made. The advantages of improved Mohr-Coulomb criterion is that the influences of the failure strength change of salt rock when the stress subjected to salt rock convertes from triaxial compression to triaxial extension stress state on the safety of salt cavern gas storage can be reflected. It is more suitable to China bedded rock salt than other existing criterions.
(2) The rules of maximum deformations, plastic volumes, volume shrinkage rate, etc., of four different proposed salt cavern gas storages under different conditions are compared with each other. Moreover, the optimized cavern dimensions and running parameters of proposed bedded salt cavern gas storage are given. Influences of different parameters on the stresses and deformations of pillar and cavern roof are studied. The calculated results show cavern with the upper ellipsoid and lower hemisphere shape, and high/diameter of about 3 is good for the control of its force and volume shrinkage. The proposed pillar width is 2-3 times cavern diameters, and the synchrony injection-production mode is suggested in caverns with narrow pillars.
(3) Considering the failure of pillars is typical nonlinear catastrophe problems, the cusp catastrophe model is proposed to obtain the stability factors of pillars and cavern roof. It can overcome the shortages of traditional strength reduction finite element method (SR FEM) and greatly improve the accuracy of stability factors obtained by numerical simulations. The influences of different parameters on the pillar and cavern roof stability factors are studied. The pillar stability factors are equidirectional with the increase of gas pressure and pillar width, but reverse to the increase of cavern depth and time. The cavern depth, roof span and gas pressure have significant effects on cavern roof stability.
(4) A new model is proposed to predict the dynamic subsidence of ground surface above salt cavern gas storage during the leaching and storage, which takes into account the creep of rock salt. In the model, the extended form of Gaussian curve is adopted to figure out the shape of subsidence areas. The corresponding theoretical formulas are derived. In addition, parameters are studied to investigate the surface subsidence as a function of the salt ejection rate, internal pressure, cavern depth, diameter, height, running time, etc. Through an example, the subsidence of the salt cavern gas storage located at Jiangsu of China obtained by the new model is compared with those by Peter A F formula, Schober & Sroka formula, and FLAC~(3D). The results showed the proposed model is precise and correct, and can meet engineering demands. The surface subsidence is equidirectional with the increase of salt ejection rate, depth, diameter, height, and running time, but reverse to the increase of internal pressure.
(5) The equivalent permeability model (EPM) is presented in the paper to calculate the equivalent permeability of non-salt layer, which can make the sealing evaluation of bedded salt cavern natural gas storage by numerical simulation easy and sufficient. The influences of non-salt dipping angle, heterogeneity of permeability, permeability, buried depth, and gas pressure, etc. on the time that the natural gas migrates to the ground surface through the non-salt formation are studied. The time natural gas migrating to the surface ground takes is equidirectional with the increase of heterogeneity of permeability, and buried depth, but reverses to the increase of non-salt dipping angle, permeability, and internal pressure.
引文
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