原子干涉重力测量原理性实验研究
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摘要
重力加速度g是描述地球重力场的关键参数之一,对其实时实地的精确测量具有重要科学意义。绝对重力测量依赖于高精度的绝对重力仪。原子干涉绝对重力仪因具有较高的灵敏度和测量精度而日益得到重视。
为了开展高精度重力测量和相关引力实验研究,我们进行了冷原子干涉重力测量的原理性实验研究。冷原子重力仪采用自由落体运动的冷原子作为检验质量,用相位相干的Raman光对其进行操控实现原子干涉。干涉相位包含重力加速度g和Raman光位相等信息,通过用激光相位补偿重力加速度引起的相移,可以测量出重力加速度的绝对值。原子干涉重力测量的关键技术有：首先用磁光阱技术实现87Rb原子的冷却和囚禁,并通过改变囚禁光的频率加速原子形成冷原子喷泉；然后用π/2-π-π/2Raman激光脉冲操控原子实现原子干涉；最后通过探测原子处于末态的概率获得原子干涉条纹和重力加速度信息。
本文详细介绍了冷原子重力仪的实验设计、冷原子喷泉的实验搭建过程、操控原子的锁相Raman光研制过程以及利用原子干涉仪测量重力加速度的初步实验结果。实验研究表明：1)原子喷泉高度在1m内可控,上抛后的原子团温度为7μK,原子数目在108量级；2)Raman光相噪在100Hz～100kHz频段达至-90dBc/Hz；3)原子干涉重力测量在203s积分时间对应的噪声水平为6×10-9g,并利用该装置记录了8天的潮汐数据。
为了评估原子干涉重力测量的噪声水平,本文分析了Raman光相噪、Raman光功率波动、磁场波动和地面振动噪声等基本噪声源对该重力仪的影响。分析表明,地面振动噪声是目前限制该重力仪分辨率提高的主要因素。此外,我们实验上证明了磁敏感原子干涉仪可以用来测量真空中的磁场梯度,并指出该方法可以用于修正磁场不均匀导致的测g系统误差。
The local gravity acceleration g is a key parameter for describing the earth's gravity field, while the accuracy of g measurement is dependent on the absolute gravimeters. In recent years, atom interferometry gravimeters have been proved to be a useful tool for absolute gravity measurements. Because of its high potential sensitivity, we are trying to develop a cold atom gravimeter in our cave lab for precision gravity measurements and gravitational experiments.
The cold atom gravimeter is based on the atom interferometry technology by coherently driving the free-falling cold atoms with phase locked Raman beams. By compensating the g induced phase with the well controlled Raman lasers'phase in an atom interferometer, we can find the center of the interferometry fringe, and then get the absolute value of g precisely. In order to experimentally realize an atom inrerferometry gravimeter, cold atoms were prepared in a magnetic-optical trap, launched upward to form an atom fountain, and then coherently manipulated by theπ/2-π-π/2 Raman pulses to obtain an atom interferometry fringe, while the local gravity was deduced from the interference signal.
The experimental setup of atom fountain, the phase locked Raman lasers and the primary results of gravity measurement with our atom gravimeter are presented in this thesis, which shows that:1) about 108 atoms with temperature of 7μK have been launched to a height of lm by the cold atom fountain; 2) Raman lasers with low phase noise of-90dBc/Hz between 100Hz to 100kHz are realized; 3) the resolution of the atom gravimeter is 6×10-9g within 203s integration time, and 8 days earth-solid-tide data was also recorded by our gravimeter.
In order to improve the resolution of this gravimeter, we have analyzed the influences of many possible noise sources. It shows that the sensitivity of our gravimeter is currently limited by the seismic noise. In addition, we have experimentally demonstrated that the magnetic field sensitive atom interferometer could be used to precisely map the magnetic field in vacuum, and this method is useful in correcting the systematic error due to magnetic field inhomogeneity in an atom gravimeter.
为了开展高精度重力测量和相关引力实验研究,我们进行了冷原子干涉重力测量的原理性实验研究。冷原子重力仪采用自由落体运动的冷原子作为检验质量,用相位相干的Raman光对其进行操控实现原子干涉。干涉相位包含重力加速度g和Raman光位相等信息,通过用激光相位补偿重力加速度引起的相移,可以测量出重力加速度的绝对值。原子干涉重力测量的关键技术有：首先用磁光阱技术实现87Rb原子的冷却和囚禁,并通过改变囚禁光的频率加速原子形成冷原子喷泉；然后用π/2-π-π/2Raman激光脉冲操控原子实现原子干涉；最后通过探测原子处于末态的概率获得原子干涉条纹和重力加速度信息。
本文详细介绍了冷原子重力仪的实验设计、冷原子喷泉的实验搭建过程、操控原子的锁相Raman光研制过程以及利用原子干涉仪测量重力加速度的初步实验结果。实验研究表明：1)原子喷泉高度在1m内可控,上抛后的原子团温度为7μK,原子数目在108量级；2)Raman光相噪在100Hz～100kHz频段达至-90dBc/Hz；3)原子干涉重力测量在203s积分时间对应的噪声水平为6×10-9g,并利用该装置记录了8天的潮汐数据。
为了评估原子干涉重力测量的噪声水平,本文分析了Raman光相噪、Raman光功率波动、磁场波动和地面振动噪声等基本噪声源对该重力仪的影响。分析表明,地面振动噪声是目前限制该重力仪分辨率提高的主要因素。此外,我们实验上证明了磁敏感原子干涉仪可以用来测量真空中的磁场梯度,并指出该方法可以用于修正磁场不均匀导致的测g系统误差。
The local gravity acceleration g is a key parameter for describing the earth's gravity field, while the accuracy of g measurement is dependent on the absolute gravimeters. In recent years, atom interferometry gravimeters have been proved to be a useful tool for absolute gravity measurements. Because of its high potential sensitivity, we are trying to develop a cold atom gravimeter in our cave lab for precision gravity measurements and gravitational experiments.
The cold atom gravimeter is based on the atom interferometry technology by coherently driving the free-falling cold atoms with phase locked Raman beams. By compensating the g induced phase with the well controlled Raman lasers'phase in an atom interferometer, we can find the center of the interferometry fringe, and then get the absolute value of g precisely. In order to experimentally realize an atom inrerferometry gravimeter, cold atoms were prepared in a magnetic-optical trap, launched upward to form an atom fountain, and then coherently manipulated by theπ/2-π-π/2 Raman pulses to obtain an atom interferometry fringe, while the local gravity was deduced from the interference signal.
The experimental setup of atom fountain, the phase locked Raman lasers and the primary results of gravity measurement with our atom gravimeter are presented in this thesis, which shows that:1) about 108 atoms with temperature of 7μK have been launched to a height of lm by the cold atom fountain; 2) Raman lasers with low phase noise of-90dBc/Hz between 100Hz to 100kHz are realized; 3) the resolution of the atom gravimeter is 6×10-9g within 203s integration time, and 8 days earth-solid-tide data was also recorded by our gravimeter.
In order to improve the resolution of this gravimeter, we have analyzed the influences of many possible noise sources. It shows that the sensitivity of our gravimeter is currently limited by the seismic noise. In addition, we have experimentally demonstrated that the magnetic field sensitive atom interferometer could be used to precisely map the magnetic field in vacuum, and this method is useful in correcting the systematic error due to magnetic field inhomogeneity in an atom gravimeter.
引文
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