西昆仑构造地貌与阿什库勒地区活动构造研究
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摘要
西昆仑山脉位于青藏高原西北部,它是在印度大陆与欧亚板块持续碰撞所造成的强烈挤压环境下形成,该区的构造变形强度、地震活动性和火山作用是其它任何地区都无法相比的。其中西昆仑山东段尤为突出,它不仅是青藏高原北部边界方向改变、巨型阿尔金走滑断裂与逆冲断裂和正断裂转换的地区,构造特性极其复杂,而且也是深部作用在地表响应最为直接的地区。现今西昆仑地区构造地貌与活动构造的研究程度相对较低,对此进行深入的研究有助于认识和理解研究区的构造转换及青藏高原的形成演化过程。
本论文以西昆仑山东段为主要研究区,以构造地貌为手段,通过DEM数据处理,遥感卫星影像解译,野外地质、地貌调查和测量,以及宇宙成因核素10Be定年,对以下4方面的内容进行了研究：(1)西昆仑区域地貌特征及其与构造活动的耦合关系；(2)西昆仑东段阿什库勒盆地火山地貌与活动断裂；(3)阿尔金断裂带西段的阿什库勒段晚更新世以来的滑移速率与青藏高原北部的隆升作用；(4)2008年阿什库勒地震地表破裂特征及发震机制和构造意义。
通过以上研究,论文取得如下主要成果和认识：
(1)通过西昆仑区域地貌特征的研究表明,新生代构造活动在西昆仑地区形成了两级夷平面：山顶面和主夷平面,其中在西昆仑山东部现存的山顶面和主夷平面的海拔高度都较西昆仑山西部地区要大。造成这种东西向差异的原因可能是由于在喜马拉雅西构造结形成过程中,帕米尔与西南天山对接挤压使得西昆仑西部物质向东运动,并且在西昆仑西部及帕米尔地区喀喇昆仑断裂和更北部的塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂的右旋走滑作用吸收了高原西北部的部分构造缩短量。
(2)在西昆仑山东端高海拔无人区阿什库勒盆地内,通过详细的活动构造填图,精确厘定了阿什库勒盆地内第四纪火山的分布和不同火山的卫星影像特征、野外特征,结合对盆地内活动断裂的考察和测量,认为火山主要沿阿什库勒断裂的次级正断裂分布,火山的形成与活动阿尔金断裂带的走滑活动密切相关。
(3)对阿什库勒盆地的形成机制和发育过程进行了讨论,认为该盆地是在印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞汇聚和持续的挤压环境下,帕米尔向北挤压推进过程中,造成高原西部和阿尔金断裂西段发生顺时针旋转弯曲并产生近东西向伸展作用,在拉张区域形成断陷盆地,并据此提出一种新的走滑盆地类型：走滑断陷盆地。
(4)阿什库勒东部阿克苏河地区发育七级河流阶地,各级阶地陡坎均被阿什库勒断裂左旋错位,通过全站仪和高精度卫星影像测量,获得阿什库勒断裂错断阿克苏河不同级河流阶地的水平位移量分别为T2/T0陡坎(及T2阶地面上冲沟)：-11m；T3/T2陡坎：-33m；T4/T3陡坎：～105m；T5/T4陡坎：-220m；T6/T5陡坎：-660m。结合T1到T6各级阶地面上获得的宇宙成因核素10Be暴露年龄为：7.7±0.7 ka,32.7±3.1 ka,53.6±2.5 ka,115.7±23.2 ka,166.8±10.4 ka,和195.1±8.5 ka,限定了阿什库勒断裂在不同时段的滑移速率分别为0.34-1.43 mm/yr、～1 mm/yr、0.91-1.96 mm/yr、～1.9 mm/yr、3.38-3.96 mm/yr,总体上阿尔金断裂阿什库勒段晚更新世以来的滑移速率为0.34～1.9 mm/yr,最大可达3.96mm/yr。该速率明显小于阿尔金断裂其他段的速率,由于该区域位于阿尔金断裂转向康西瓦断裂的弧形转弯处,不仅局部处于拉张环境,并且其分枝断裂较多,因此,一系列断裂,尤其是正断层活动吸收了部分水平走滑量。
(5)阿什库勒东部阿克苏河地区发育的七级河流阶地,说明该地区存在多次构造隆升作用。利用野外测量的阿克苏河阶地剖面中各级阶地的拔河高度,结合阶地面石英样品宇宙成因核素10Be暴露年龄确定的阶地面形成时代,估算得出该地区晚更新世以来的河流下切速率为0.2-0.35mm/yr。它可能代表了青藏高原西北部的隆升速率。
(6)通过野外考察,查明了2008年3月21日阿什库勒(于田)地震的同震地表破裂带的位置和分布特征,确定了同震地表破裂带的性质和不同地段的同震位移以及最大同震位移量。结合上世纪以来沿阿尔金断裂发生的一系列地震和火山活动事件,推测下一次大地震可能向西南方向迁移。
The West Kunlun Mountains, which are located in the northwestern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, have experienced much more intensive tectonic deformation, earthquake and volcanic activities than any other place, due to the collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian continent, and to the continuous convergence. The eastern end of the West Kunlun Mountains is an important area where the northern boundary of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau changes its direction, and the Altyn Tagh strike-slip fault transforms to thrust fand normal faults. Surface activities are directly linked to deep processes, and structural characteristics are complex and not well-understood. Therefore, our study on active tectonics in this region will help us better understand the formation processes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the structure transformation here.
Our approach is based on DEM analysis, interpretation of satellite images, field geological and geomorphic investigation and surveying, and cosmogenic nuclide 10Be dating. We studied:(1) Regional geomorphic characteristics in the West Kunlun area and their coupling relationship with tectonic activities; (2) Volcanic geomorphology and active faulting in the Ashikule Basin, located at the eastern end of the West Kunlun Mountains; (3) Slip-rates along the Ashikule segment of the Altyn Tagh fault and uplift of the northwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; (4) Surface rupture characteristics and rupture mechanics of the 2008 Ashikule earthquake (Ms7.3), and its tectonic implications.
The main results of this thesis are listed as below.
(1) The regional geomorphic investigation of the West Kunlun Mountains indicates that Cenozoic tectonic activities produced two planation surfaces in our study area:the summit planation and the main planation surface, which were both higher in the eastern part of the West Kunlun Mountains than in its western part. We suggest that during the formation of the Western Himalayan Syntaxis, the convergence and squeezing that occurred between the Pamir and the southwestern Tienshan caused eastwards migration of materials, yielding height differences of the planation surfaces. The right-lateral strike-slip Karakorum fault located in the western end of the West Kunlun Mountains and Talas-Fergana fault, which is more to the north, may absorb part of the shortening in the northwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and contribute to the discrepancy in height of planation surfaces.
(2) Through detailed active tectonic mapping on the satellite images and in the field, we precisely determined the distribution of the Quaternary volcanoes and their characteristics, in the Ashikule Basin, the high altitude uninhabited area in the eastern part of the West Kunlun Mountains. Combined with surveying of the active faults in the Ashikule Basin, we confirm that all the volcanoes were distributed along the normal fault strand of the main Ashikule fault. The formation and eruptions of these volcanoes were triggered by strike-slip movement of the Altyn Tagh fault.
(3) Formation and development of the Ashikule Basin. The Ashikule Basin was formed in the local transtensional environment caused by arcuate and clockwise rotation of the Altyn Tagh fault and the northwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, during the progressive northwards extrusion of the Pamir, caused by the India/Eurasian collision. A new type of strike-slip basin such as the Ashikule Basin is suggested here.
(4) At least 7 terraces developed along the Akesu River, east of the Ashikule Basin. All of these terraces were offset by the Ashikule fault. Horizontal displacements of different terraces were measured by retro-deformation on satellite images and total station surveying, and are～11m,～33m,～105m,～220m, and～660m, for the T2/T0 riser, T3/T2 riser, T4/T3 riser, T5/T4 riser, and T6/T5 riser, respectively. Combined the displacements with cosmogenic nuclide 10Be exposure ages, which are 7.7±0.7 ka,32.7±3.1 ka,53.6±2.5 ka,115.7±23.2 ka,166.8±10.4 ka, and 195.1±8.5 ka, for T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6 surface, respectively, slip-rates along the Ashikule fault range from 0.34 to～1.9 mm/yr, possibly up to 3.96 mm/yr. This slip rate is lower than that on other segments of the Altyn Tagh fault. We consider that the Ashikule fault is located in the local transtension environment where the Altyn Tagh fault changes direction and becomes the Karakax fault, with a series of strands splitting from the main fault. The normal faulting activities here absorb part of the horizontal slip, therefore producing a slower strike-slip rate.
(5) The 7 terraces at Akesu River site attest of the tectonic uplift in this region. Combined with the cosmogenic ages on different terraces, and the height of each terrace surface compared to the modern river measured in the field with a total station, incision rates of 0.2-0.35 mm/yr were determined for the Akesu River. This may represent a Late Pleistocene uplift rate of the northwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
(6) Based on detailed field investigation and surveying, we mapped the co-seismic surface rupture zone of the 2008 Ashikule earthquake, and determined characteristics of the surface rupture and co-seismic displacement. Considering a series of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions events along the Altyn Tagh fault since the beginning of the last century, we suggest that the next earthquake may migrate to the southwest.
本论文以西昆仑山东段为主要研究区,以构造地貌为手段,通过DEM数据处理,遥感卫星影像解译,野外地质、地貌调查和测量,以及宇宙成因核素10Be定年,对以下4方面的内容进行了研究：(1)西昆仑区域地貌特征及其与构造活动的耦合关系；(2)西昆仑东段阿什库勒盆地火山地貌与活动断裂；(3)阿尔金断裂带西段的阿什库勒段晚更新世以来的滑移速率与青藏高原北部的隆升作用；(4)2008年阿什库勒地震地表破裂特征及发震机制和构造意义。
通过以上研究,论文取得如下主要成果和认识：
(1)通过西昆仑区域地貌特征的研究表明,新生代构造活动在西昆仑地区形成了两级夷平面：山顶面和主夷平面,其中在西昆仑山东部现存的山顶面和主夷平面的海拔高度都较西昆仑山西部地区要大。造成这种东西向差异的原因可能是由于在喜马拉雅西构造结形成过程中,帕米尔与西南天山对接挤压使得西昆仑西部物质向东运动,并且在西昆仑西部及帕米尔地区喀喇昆仑断裂和更北部的塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂的右旋走滑作用吸收了高原西北部的部分构造缩短量。
(2)在西昆仑山东端高海拔无人区阿什库勒盆地内,通过详细的活动构造填图,精确厘定了阿什库勒盆地内第四纪火山的分布和不同火山的卫星影像特征、野外特征,结合对盆地内活动断裂的考察和测量,认为火山主要沿阿什库勒断裂的次级正断裂分布,火山的形成与活动阿尔金断裂带的走滑活动密切相关。
(3)对阿什库勒盆地的形成机制和发育过程进行了讨论,认为该盆地是在印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞汇聚和持续的挤压环境下,帕米尔向北挤压推进过程中,造成高原西部和阿尔金断裂西段发生顺时针旋转弯曲并产生近东西向伸展作用,在拉张区域形成断陷盆地,并据此提出一种新的走滑盆地类型：走滑断陷盆地。
(4)阿什库勒东部阿克苏河地区发育七级河流阶地,各级阶地陡坎均被阿什库勒断裂左旋错位,通过全站仪和高精度卫星影像测量,获得阿什库勒断裂错断阿克苏河不同级河流阶地的水平位移量分别为T2/T0陡坎(及T2阶地面上冲沟)：-11m；T3/T2陡坎：-33m；T4/T3陡坎：～105m；T5/T4陡坎：-220m；T6/T5陡坎：-660m。结合T1到T6各级阶地面上获得的宇宙成因核素10Be暴露年龄为：7.7±0.7 ka,32.7±3.1 ka,53.6±2.5 ka,115.7±23.2 ka,166.8±10.4 ka,和195.1±8.5 ka,限定了阿什库勒断裂在不同时段的滑移速率分别为0.34-1.43 mm/yr、～1 mm/yr、0.91-1.96 mm/yr、～1.9 mm/yr、3.38-3.96 mm/yr,总体上阿尔金断裂阿什库勒段晚更新世以来的滑移速率为0.34～1.9 mm/yr,最大可达3.96mm/yr。该速率明显小于阿尔金断裂其他段的速率,由于该区域位于阿尔金断裂转向康西瓦断裂的弧形转弯处,不仅局部处于拉张环境,并且其分枝断裂较多,因此,一系列断裂,尤其是正断层活动吸收了部分水平走滑量。
(5)阿什库勒东部阿克苏河地区发育的七级河流阶地,说明该地区存在多次构造隆升作用。利用野外测量的阿克苏河阶地剖面中各级阶地的拔河高度,结合阶地面石英样品宇宙成因核素10Be暴露年龄确定的阶地面形成时代,估算得出该地区晚更新世以来的河流下切速率为0.2-0.35mm/yr。它可能代表了青藏高原西北部的隆升速率。
(6)通过野外考察,查明了2008年3月21日阿什库勒(于田)地震的同震地表破裂带的位置和分布特征,确定了同震地表破裂带的性质和不同地段的同震位移以及最大同震位移量。结合上世纪以来沿阿尔金断裂发生的一系列地震和火山活动事件,推测下一次大地震可能向西南方向迁移。
The West Kunlun Mountains, which are located in the northwestern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, have experienced much more intensive tectonic deformation, earthquake and volcanic activities than any other place, due to the collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian continent, and to the continuous convergence. The eastern end of the West Kunlun Mountains is an important area where the northern boundary of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau changes its direction, and the Altyn Tagh strike-slip fault transforms to thrust fand normal faults. Surface activities are directly linked to deep processes, and structural characteristics are complex and not well-understood. Therefore, our study on active tectonics in this region will help us better understand the formation processes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the structure transformation here.
Our approach is based on DEM analysis, interpretation of satellite images, field geological and geomorphic investigation and surveying, and cosmogenic nuclide 10Be dating. We studied:(1) Regional geomorphic characteristics in the West Kunlun area and their coupling relationship with tectonic activities; (2) Volcanic geomorphology and active faulting in the Ashikule Basin, located at the eastern end of the West Kunlun Mountains; (3) Slip-rates along the Ashikule segment of the Altyn Tagh fault and uplift of the northwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; (4) Surface rupture characteristics and rupture mechanics of the 2008 Ashikule earthquake (Ms7.3), and its tectonic implications.
The main results of this thesis are listed as below.
(1) The regional geomorphic investigation of the West Kunlun Mountains indicates that Cenozoic tectonic activities produced two planation surfaces in our study area:the summit planation and the main planation surface, which were both higher in the eastern part of the West Kunlun Mountains than in its western part. We suggest that during the formation of the Western Himalayan Syntaxis, the convergence and squeezing that occurred between the Pamir and the southwestern Tienshan caused eastwards migration of materials, yielding height differences of the planation surfaces. The right-lateral strike-slip Karakorum fault located in the western end of the West Kunlun Mountains and Talas-Fergana fault, which is more to the north, may absorb part of the shortening in the northwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and contribute to the discrepancy in height of planation surfaces.
(2) Through detailed active tectonic mapping on the satellite images and in the field, we precisely determined the distribution of the Quaternary volcanoes and their characteristics, in the Ashikule Basin, the high altitude uninhabited area in the eastern part of the West Kunlun Mountains. Combined with surveying of the active faults in the Ashikule Basin, we confirm that all the volcanoes were distributed along the normal fault strand of the main Ashikule fault. The formation and eruptions of these volcanoes were triggered by strike-slip movement of the Altyn Tagh fault.
(3) Formation and development of the Ashikule Basin. The Ashikule Basin was formed in the local transtensional environment caused by arcuate and clockwise rotation of the Altyn Tagh fault and the northwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, during the progressive northwards extrusion of the Pamir, caused by the India/Eurasian collision. A new type of strike-slip basin such as the Ashikule Basin is suggested here.
(4) At least 7 terraces developed along the Akesu River, east of the Ashikule Basin. All of these terraces were offset by the Ashikule fault. Horizontal displacements of different terraces were measured by retro-deformation on satellite images and total station surveying, and are～11m,～33m,～105m,～220m, and～660m, for the T2/T0 riser, T3/T2 riser, T4/T3 riser, T5/T4 riser, and T6/T5 riser, respectively. Combined the displacements with cosmogenic nuclide 10Be exposure ages, which are 7.7±0.7 ka,32.7±3.1 ka,53.6±2.5 ka,115.7±23.2 ka,166.8±10.4 ka, and 195.1±8.5 ka, for T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6 surface, respectively, slip-rates along the Ashikule fault range from 0.34 to～1.9 mm/yr, possibly up to 3.96 mm/yr. This slip rate is lower than that on other segments of the Altyn Tagh fault. We consider that the Ashikule fault is located in the local transtension environment where the Altyn Tagh fault changes direction and becomes the Karakax fault, with a series of strands splitting from the main fault. The normal faulting activities here absorb part of the horizontal slip, therefore producing a slower strike-slip rate.
(5) The 7 terraces at Akesu River site attest of the tectonic uplift in this region. Combined with the cosmogenic ages on different terraces, and the height of each terrace surface compared to the modern river measured in the field with a total station, incision rates of 0.2-0.35 mm/yr were determined for the Akesu River. This may represent a Late Pleistocene uplift rate of the northwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
(6) Based on detailed field investigation and surveying, we mapped the co-seismic surface rupture zone of the 2008 Ashikule earthquake, and determined characteristics of the surface rupture and co-seismic displacement. Considering a series of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions events along the Altyn Tagh fault since the beginning of the last century, we suggest that the next earthquake may migrate to the southwest.
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