利用天然地震研究地球内部结构与动力学
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摘要
东亚地区地处欧亚板块东南部,四个重要的板块强烈交互作用,形成了诸多俯冲带、造山带及数千公里的大陆离散变形带。本论文通过地震学的方法(地震层析成像,横波分裂和应力反演)研究中国大陆及东北日本的三维速度结构。研究结果对理解这两个地区的地震活动构造和地球动力学过程有重要的意义。
东北日本是大地震发生最频繁的地区之一,大多数地震发生在日本海东缘的地壳内和西太平洋俯冲带的逆冲断层带上。为了研究这些地震的发震原因,本论文利用大量经过sP深度震相重定位的海底地震到时数据反演震源区的三维速度结构。地壳内的大地震大多发生在低速异常区及其边缘。这些区域代表了地壳内受流体作用或岩浆影响而变薄弱的地方,在应力积累的过程中,这里最先发生破裂。俯冲带逆冲断层带是世界上绝大多数八级以上特大地震发生的地方。地震层析成像显示特大地震大多发生在高速异常区。这些区域可能对应着太平洋板块俯冲之前的海岭和海山地区,他们与上覆板块的拼贴结合更加紧密、更容易产生应力的集中而发生大地震,例如2011年3月11日发生在东北日本的9级巨震。
东北日本也是世界上最典型的板块俯冲带。利用地震层析成像和横波分裂方法获得了该区速度结构的横向不均一性和各向异性。结果显示,在地幔楔中广泛分布着低速异常,从火山前线一直延伸到弧后地区,其各向异性快波方向与俯冲方向一致。这表明被俯冲太平洋板片带下去的含水矿物在深部发生了脱水作用,并随着地幔楔中的上升流被运移到浅部。由于俯冲引起的弧后扩张及地幔楔内的次级对流造成了橄榄石晶体定向排列,其快波方向与俯冲方向平行。俯冲的太平洋板片表现为明显的高速异常,其各向异性快波方向与海沟平行。它可能是保留在板片里的、板块在洋中脊处形成时的各向异性,也可能反映了板片俯冲过程中受到挤压而在板片上部形成的断层、微裂隙和橄榄石晶体的定向排列。应力场反演结果表明东北日本地壳的主压应力方向(WNW-ESE)与太平洋板块俯冲方向一致。由于受到地壳流体和火山前线高温岩浆的影响,东北日本的地壳强度变得很弱。台湾地区是由于欧亚板块和菲律宾海板块相互作用而形成的特殊的俯冲带和碰撞带。远震层析成像结果表明在台湾南部,欧亚板块(南中国海板块)向菲律宾海板块下方俯冲；在台湾北部,俯冲的欧亚板块被折断,菲律宾海板块转而向欧亚板块俯冲。东亚地区大规模的俯冲作用,造成了新生代该区强烈的地幔上升流,降低了上地幔的地震波速度。
通过对138个固定台站横波分裂的研究,获得了中国大陆上地幔各向异性及岩石圈和软流圈地幔变形的重要信息。整体上,中国东部的快波方向(WNW-ESE)与绝对板块运动方向和GPS观测的地壳运动方向一致。这表明中国东部的横波分裂主要是由绝对板块运动引起的软流圈内橄榄石晶体的定向排列引起的；而岩石圈变形较弱,对横波分裂的影响较小。在中国西部,快波方向与地表造山带和断层的走向平行,又与水平主压应力方向垂直。这表明由于岩石圈变形引起的岩石圈各向异性是造成横波分裂的重要原因。同时,快波方向也和中国西部的绝对板块运动方向也具有良好的相关性。因此,软流圈内的各向异性也是观测到的横波分裂的重要原因。需要强调的是,由于受到印度板块-欧亚板块陆陆碰撞的影响,中国西部是世界上岩石圈变形最强烈的地区。但即使这样,软流圈内依然发育了十分稳定的各向异性组构。从地震波各向异性的研究结果来看,软流圈的地球动力学演化是相对独立的过程,很少受上覆岩石圈变形的影响。
East Asia is located in the southeastern part of the Eurasian plate where four ma-jor plates are interacting with each other and form subduction zones, active orogens and broad continental diffusion that spreads thousands of kilometers. The present thesis fo-cuses on revealing the seismic structure beneath Mainland China and Northeast Japan by seismological studies, including seismic tomography, shear-wave splitting and stress tensor inversion. The results enable us to better understand the seismotectonics and geo-dynamics in these regions.
Northeast Japan is one of the most active regions where many large earthquakes oc-cur frequently. Most of these large earthquakes occurred in the eastern margin of the Japan Sea and in the interplate thrust zone under the Pacific Ocean. To study the seis-motectonics in Northeast Japan, we determined high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) velocity structure in the source areas of these earthquakes by jointly using the arrival-time data from many suboceanic earthquakes that are well relocated with sP depth phases. Many large intraplate crustal earthquakes occurred in or around low-velocity zones which may represent weak sections of the seismogenic crust. Strong heterogeneities are imaged above the subducting Pacific slab under the Pacific Ocean and most large thrust-type in-terplate earthquakes occurred in the high-velocity areas where the Pacific slab and the overriding continental plate may be strongly coupled. Compared with the adjacent low-velocity areas where fluids may exist, stress tends to accumulate near the high-velocity areas and leads to large earthquakes, such as the Tohoku-oki earthquake (M 9.0) occurring on March 11,2011.
To better understand the geodynamics in the subduction zone, we determined high-resolution 3-D velocity structure as well as the anisotropic structure beneath Northeast iv Ph.D. Thesis, Nanjing University-by Z.Huang (DG0829022)
Japan. A notable low-velocity zone is imaged in the mantle wedge with significant along-arc variations under the volcanic front, and it extends westward under the Japan Sea in the back-arc. P-wave anisotropy tomography reveals predominant E-W (subduction-parallel) anisotropy in the mantle wedge, which is consistent with the shear-wave splitting mea-surements for intermediate-depth earthquakes in the subducting slab. These results in-dicate that the fluids brought downward by the subducting Pacific slab are released into the mantle wedge by dehydration and are subsequently transported to surface by the up-welling flow in the mantle wedge. The subduction-parallel anisotropy is the result of the lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine caused by the back-arc spreading due to the subduction of the Pacific plate and the induced mantle-wedge convection. In contrast, high-velocity anomalies and nearly N-S (trench-parallel) anisotropy are imaged in the subducting Pacific slab. The anisotropy may either represent the original fossil anisotropy when the Pacific plate formed in the mid-ocean ridge or reflect the trench-parallel crys-tallographic and shaped preferred orientation in the subducting slab due to the slab bend-ing. Stress inversion result indicates that the maximal horizontal stress (WNW-ESE) is subparallel to the motion direction of the Pacific plate relative to Northeast Japan. The seismogenic layer in Northeast Japan is very weak because of the abundant fluids as well as the high-temperature magma beneath the volcanic front. Taiwan orogen resulting from the interaction between the Eurasian and Philippine Sea (PHS) plates is a subduction and collision zone. Teleseismic tomography using 5671 relative travel-time residuals in Southeast China indicates that the Eurasian plate is subducting eastward beneath the PHS plate under South Taiwan, while in North Taiwan, the subducted Eurasian plate is broken-off and the subduction is flipped, i.e., the PHS plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate. The subduction in East Asia may have driven extensive upwelling mantle flow from the lower mantle during the Cenozoic which results in extensive low-velocity anomalies in the upper mantle.
Shear-wave splitting at 138 permanent seismograph stations provides important con-straints on seismic anisotropy and mantle dynamics under Mainland China. The results show that the fast orientations (p of the anisotropy (WNW-ESE) in eastern China are gen-erally consistent with the absolute plate motion (APM) direction of the Eurasian plate and the crustal movement revealed by GPS, suggesting that the anisotropy is mainly lo-cated in the asthenosphere resulting from the LPO of olivine due to the shear deformation there. The fast axes in western China generally agree with the strikes of the orogens and active faults, while they are perpendicular to the direction of the maximum horizontal stress, suggesting that the anisotropy in the lithosphere contributes significantly to the observed shear-wave splitting. The fast axes in western China are also consistent with the APM direction, suggesting that the APM-driven anisotropy in the asthenosphere is another source of the shear-wave splitting there. These results suggest that APM-driven anisotropy commonly exists under continents, similar to that under oceanic regions, even though the continental lithosphere has suffered extensive deformation.
东北日本是大地震发生最频繁的地区之一,大多数地震发生在日本海东缘的地壳内和西太平洋俯冲带的逆冲断层带上。为了研究这些地震的发震原因,本论文利用大量经过sP深度震相重定位的海底地震到时数据反演震源区的三维速度结构。地壳内的大地震大多发生在低速异常区及其边缘。这些区域代表了地壳内受流体作用或岩浆影响而变薄弱的地方,在应力积累的过程中,这里最先发生破裂。俯冲带逆冲断层带是世界上绝大多数八级以上特大地震发生的地方。地震层析成像显示特大地震大多发生在高速异常区。这些区域可能对应着太平洋板块俯冲之前的海岭和海山地区,他们与上覆板块的拼贴结合更加紧密、更容易产生应力的集中而发生大地震,例如2011年3月11日发生在东北日本的9级巨震。
东北日本也是世界上最典型的板块俯冲带。利用地震层析成像和横波分裂方法获得了该区速度结构的横向不均一性和各向异性。结果显示,在地幔楔中广泛分布着低速异常,从火山前线一直延伸到弧后地区,其各向异性快波方向与俯冲方向一致。这表明被俯冲太平洋板片带下去的含水矿物在深部发生了脱水作用,并随着地幔楔中的上升流被运移到浅部。由于俯冲引起的弧后扩张及地幔楔内的次级对流造成了橄榄石晶体定向排列,其快波方向与俯冲方向平行。俯冲的太平洋板片表现为明显的高速异常,其各向异性快波方向与海沟平行。它可能是保留在板片里的、板块在洋中脊处形成时的各向异性,也可能反映了板片俯冲过程中受到挤压而在板片上部形成的断层、微裂隙和橄榄石晶体的定向排列。应力场反演结果表明东北日本地壳的主压应力方向(WNW-ESE)与太平洋板块俯冲方向一致。由于受到地壳流体和火山前线高温岩浆的影响,东北日本的地壳强度变得很弱。台湾地区是由于欧亚板块和菲律宾海板块相互作用而形成的特殊的俯冲带和碰撞带。远震层析成像结果表明在台湾南部,欧亚板块(南中国海板块)向菲律宾海板块下方俯冲；在台湾北部,俯冲的欧亚板块被折断,菲律宾海板块转而向欧亚板块俯冲。东亚地区大规模的俯冲作用,造成了新生代该区强烈的地幔上升流,降低了上地幔的地震波速度。
通过对138个固定台站横波分裂的研究,获得了中国大陆上地幔各向异性及岩石圈和软流圈地幔变形的重要信息。整体上,中国东部的快波方向(WNW-ESE)与绝对板块运动方向和GPS观测的地壳运动方向一致。这表明中国东部的横波分裂主要是由绝对板块运动引起的软流圈内橄榄石晶体的定向排列引起的；而岩石圈变形较弱,对横波分裂的影响较小。在中国西部,快波方向与地表造山带和断层的走向平行,又与水平主压应力方向垂直。这表明由于岩石圈变形引起的岩石圈各向异性是造成横波分裂的重要原因。同时,快波方向也和中国西部的绝对板块运动方向也具有良好的相关性。因此,软流圈内的各向异性也是观测到的横波分裂的重要原因。需要强调的是,由于受到印度板块-欧亚板块陆陆碰撞的影响,中国西部是世界上岩石圈变形最强烈的地区。但即使这样,软流圈内依然发育了十分稳定的各向异性组构。从地震波各向异性的研究结果来看,软流圈的地球动力学演化是相对独立的过程,很少受上覆岩石圈变形的影响。
East Asia is located in the southeastern part of the Eurasian plate where four ma-jor plates are interacting with each other and form subduction zones, active orogens and broad continental diffusion that spreads thousands of kilometers. The present thesis fo-cuses on revealing the seismic structure beneath Mainland China and Northeast Japan by seismological studies, including seismic tomography, shear-wave splitting and stress tensor inversion. The results enable us to better understand the seismotectonics and geo-dynamics in these regions.
Northeast Japan is one of the most active regions where many large earthquakes oc-cur frequently. Most of these large earthquakes occurred in the eastern margin of the Japan Sea and in the interplate thrust zone under the Pacific Ocean. To study the seis-motectonics in Northeast Japan, we determined high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) velocity structure in the source areas of these earthquakes by jointly using the arrival-time data from many suboceanic earthquakes that are well relocated with sP depth phases. Many large intraplate crustal earthquakes occurred in or around low-velocity zones which may represent weak sections of the seismogenic crust. Strong heterogeneities are imaged above the subducting Pacific slab under the Pacific Ocean and most large thrust-type in-terplate earthquakes occurred in the high-velocity areas where the Pacific slab and the overriding continental plate may be strongly coupled. Compared with the adjacent low-velocity areas where fluids may exist, stress tends to accumulate near the high-velocity areas and leads to large earthquakes, such as the Tohoku-oki earthquake (M 9.0) occurring on March 11,2011.
To better understand the geodynamics in the subduction zone, we determined high-resolution 3-D velocity structure as well as the anisotropic structure beneath Northeast iv Ph.D. Thesis, Nanjing University-by Z.Huang (DG0829022)
Japan. A notable low-velocity zone is imaged in the mantle wedge with significant along-arc variations under the volcanic front, and it extends westward under the Japan Sea in the back-arc. P-wave anisotropy tomography reveals predominant E-W (subduction-parallel) anisotropy in the mantle wedge, which is consistent with the shear-wave splitting mea-surements for intermediate-depth earthquakes in the subducting slab. These results in-dicate that the fluids brought downward by the subducting Pacific slab are released into the mantle wedge by dehydration and are subsequently transported to surface by the up-welling flow in the mantle wedge. The subduction-parallel anisotropy is the result of the lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine caused by the back-arc spreading due to the subduction of the Pacific plate and the induced mantle-wedge convection. In contrast, high-velocity anomalies and nearly N-S (trench-parallel) anisotropy are imaged in the subducting Pacific slab. The anisotropy may either represent the original fossil anisotropy when the Pacific plate formed in the mid-ocean ridge or reflect the trench-parallel crys-tallographic and shaped preferred orientation in the subducting slab due to the slab bend-ing. Stress inversion result indicates that the maximal horizontal stress (WNW-ESE) is subparallel to the motion direction of the Pacific plate relative to Northeast Japan. The seismogenic layer in Northeast Japan is very weak because of the abundant fluids as well as the high-temperature magma beneath the volcanic front. Taiwan orogen resulting from the interaction between the Eurasian and Philippine Sea (PHS) plates is a subduction and collision zone. Teleseismic tomography using 5671 relative travel-time residuals in Southeast China indicates that the Eurasian plate is subducting eastward beneath the PHS plate under South Taiwan, while in North Taiwan, the subducted Eurasian plate is broken-off and the subduction is flipped, i.e., the PHS plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate. The subduction in East Asia may have driven extensive upwelling mantle flow from the lower mantle during the Cenozoic which results in extensive low-velocity anomalies in the upper mantle.
Shear-wave splitting at 138 permanent seismograph stations provides important con-straints on seismic anisotropy and mantle dynamics under Mainland China. The results show that the fast orientations (p of the anisotropy (WNW-ESE) in eastern China are gen-erally consistent with the absolute plate motion (APM) direction of the Eurasian plate and the crustal movement revealed by GPS, suggesting that the anisotropy is mainly lo-cated in the asthenosphere resulting from the LPO of olivine due to the shear deformation there. The fast axes in western China generally agree with the strikes of the orogens and active faults, while they are perpendicular to the direction of the maximum horizontal stress, suggesting that the anisotropy in the lithosphere contributes significantly to the observed shear-wave splitting. The fast axes in western China are also consistent with the APM direction, suggesting that the APM-driven anisotropy in the asthenosphere is another source of the shear-wave splitting there. These results suggest that APM-driven anisotropy commonly exists under continents, similar to that under oceanic regions, even though the continental lithosphere has suffered extensive deformation.
引文
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