银川盆地地壳精细结构、孕震构造与隐伏活断层浅层地震探测
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摘要
银川盆地处于南北地震带北部,新构造运动十分活跃,活动断裂发育,地震频繁发生,是一个具有发生破坏性地震构造条件的地区。地震孕育和发生与地壳深浅构造之间存在多方面的复杂联系,要对一个地区未来地震危险性做出有效评价,必须对深部孕震构造及震源区介质的动力学环境、性质及深浅构造关系进行探测研究。对银川盆地地壳精细结构和构造进行深入研究,将为了解地震发生的深部构造原因提供一个良好窗口。
利用跨银川盆地的深地震反射剖面及跨银川断裂的不同尺度浅层地震反射剖面,对银川盆地地壳精细结构进行由浅到深(浅至第四纪覆盖层内部、深达莫霍面)的解剖,结果表明：
1、银川盆地地壳有明显的纵向分层,横向分块的特点。上地壳上部地层分层特征明显,层位丰富,反射能量强,地层分段连续性较好,呈现典型的断陷沉积盆地特征；上地壳下部分层特征不明显,层位较少。
下地壳反射整体表现较凌乱,仅在剖面部分区段,有倾斜或弧形反射。
莫霍面反射能量较强,呈现延续大于1s的密集反射层,横向不连续,剖面中部较深(约43.5km),东、西两侧较浅(约41.4km)。这种形态表明,银川盆地地壳早期曾经遭受了强烈的汇聚挤压作用。
2、盆地中发育多条断裂,且都是正断层,上断点很浅。黄河断裂是规模最大的一条断裂,倾角较陡,呈现花状走滑断裂特征,向深部以束状形式延伸,并错断莫霍面。贺兰山东麓断裂规模仅次于黄河断裂,是一条东倾的铲型正断层,剖面西段多条断层都归于该断层上,其本身在下地壳归并于黄河断裂上。
3、在深地震反射剖面结果基础上开展的浅层地震反射探测表明,银川断裂已经错断到埋深约12～15m的T02反射界面上。经钻探证实,银川断裂为全新世活动断裂。
4、前人研究认为1739年银川Ms8.0级地震的发震构造为贺兰山东麓断裂(或银川断裂)。本文研究认为,发震构造不局限于某条断裂,而是在区域应力作用下,能量汇聚于不同断裂交汇处,并通过贺兰山东麓断裂及银川断裂将能量向上传递,贺兰山东麓断裂和黄河断裂交汇处可能是发震构造。
本文结合银川盆地开展的深地震反射剖面,讨论了深地震反射探测中的数据采集、处理技术；并根据城市及周边环境的特点,研究了城市环境下的抗干扰浅层地震反射探测方法,根据理论分析和试验结果提出了针对不同探测深度应采用不同采集参数。
作为对地壳自浅层至深层精细结构的整体性研究,结合可能引发地震的活断层探测,本文还研究和探索了浅层折射和横波探测方法,给出了在四川青川和北京的探测实例。
Yinchuan basin is a region with the condition of damage earthquake structure, which is located in the north of the South-North seismic belt. In this area, the new tectonic movement is very active, active faults are developed and earthquakes occur frequently. The seismic preparation and occurrence are related with complicated shallow and deep crustal structures. In order to obtain an efficient probability evaluation of the potential earthquake in a region, the sounding research must be done, including the dynamic environment and material property, as well as the relationship between the shallow and deep structures of the deep seismotectonics in earthquake source zones. The further study of the fine crustal structure and tectonic in Yinchuan basin, will provide a good method to understand the deep tectonic background about the occurrence of earthquakes.
In this paper, the crustal structure of Yinchuan basin from shallow (covering strata of the Quaternary) to deep(Moho) is analyzed, by use of the data of deep seismic reflection profile crossing the Yinchuan basin, as well as the high resolution shallow reflection seismic profiles with different scales crossing the Yinchuan fault. The results are as follows:
1. The crust of Yinchuan basin is obviously characterized by vertical delamination and horizontal block. In the top part of the upper crust, the delamination is clear, the layers is developed, the reflection energy is strong and the continuity of stratum is fine in different segments, which is characterized by the structure of typical grabon sedimentary basins. But in the lower part of the upper crust, the significant delamination feature isn't obvious, and less horizen.
The reflections from the lower crust generally appear as disordered, and some inclined and arcurate reflections can be found only in some segments along the profile.
The reflection energy from Moho is very strong, which shows dense reflection layer with the duration more than 1s and horizontal discontinuity. The Moho is deeper in the middle (about 43.5km) and shallower in the east and west sides (about 41.4km) along the profile. It shows the Yinchuan basin suffered strong converging and squeezing actions.
2. A series of faults are developed in Yinchuan basin, and these faults are characterized not only by normal faults, but also by shallow up-breakpoints. The Yellow River fault with steep angle of inclination is the biggest fault in them, which is characterized by flowerlike strike-slipping, it extends down with a bundle-shaped fault, and it dislocates the Moho. The fault in the eastern piedmont of Helanshan mountains is the major fault with smaller scale than the Yellow River fault. It is a listric normal fault, dipping to the east. Some of faults in the west part of the profile converge to this fault, while this fault itself converges to the Yellow River fault in the lower crust.
3. Based on the results of deep seismic reflection profile, the shallow reflection seismic profiles are carried out in this region. It shows that the T02 reflection interface with 12-15m depth is dislocated by Yinchuan fault. The Yinchuan fault is Recent active fault, that is proved by drilling.
4. Based on the former research, the Yinchuan fault or Helanshan Mountain fault is the seismogenic tectonic of the earthquake Ms=8.0 in 1739. But the results in this paper show that the seismogenic tectonic is not limited to single fault and maybe located at the intersection of eastern Helanshan mountain fault and Yellow River fault. The energy is concentrated on the place of the convergence of different faults and is transferred to the upper part through these two faults under the action of regional stress.
In this paper, the data acquisition and processing of deep seismic reflection profiles are also discussed, combining the deep seismic reflection profile launched in Yinchuan basin. According to the environment features of urban area, the shallow reflection seismic exploration with anti-noise method is studied under the background of urban areas. Based on the theoretical analysis and testing results, the different data acquisition parameters are put forward according to different exploration depths.
As the integrative research for the fine structures of the crust from shallow to deep, the method of the shallow refraction and transverse wave exploration are studied specifically, combining the active faults by which earthquake could be triggered. Besides, two examples are provided, one is the shallow refraction seismic exploration experiment in Sichuan Qingchuan area, and the other is transverse wave exploration experiment in Beijing.
利用跨银川盆地的深地震反射剖面及跨银川断裂的不同尺度浅层地震反射剖面,对银川盆地地壳精细结构进行由浅到深(浅至第四纪覆盖层内部、深达莫霍面)的解剖,结果表明：
1、银川盆地地壳有明显的纵向分层,横向分块的特点。上地壳上部地层分层特征明显,层位丰富,反射能量强,地层分段连续性较好,呈现典型的断陷沉积盆地特征；上地壳下部分层特征不明显,层位较少。
下地壳反射整体表现较凌乱,仅在剖面部分区段,有倾斜或弧形反射。
莫霍面反射能量较强,呈现延续大于1s的密集反射层,横向不连续,剖面中部较深(约43.5km),东、西两侧较浅(约41.4km)。这种形态表明,银川盆地地壳早期曾经遭受了强烈的汇聚挤压作用。
2、盆地中发育多条断裂,且都是正断层,上断点很浅。黄河断裂是规模最大的一条断裂,倾角较陡,呈现花状走滑断裂特征,向深部以束状形式延伸,并错断莫霍面。贺兰山东麓断裂规模仅次于黄河断裂,是一条东倾的铲型正断层,剖面西段多条断层都归于该断层上,其本身在下地壳归并于黄河断裂上。
3、在深地震反射剖面结果基础上开展的浅层地震反射探测表明,银川断裂已经错断到埋深约12～15m的T02反射界面上。经钻探证实,银川断裂为全新世活动断裂。
4、前人研究认为1739年银川Ms8.0级地震的发震构造为贺兰山东麓断裂(或银川断裂)。本文研究认为,发震构造不局限于某条断裂,而是在区域应力作用下,能量汇聚于不同断裂交汇处,并通过贺兰山东麓断裂及银川断裂将能量向上传递,贺兰山东麓断裂和黄河断裂交汇处可能是发震构造。
本文结合银川盆地开展的深地震反射剖面,讨论了深地震反射探测中的数据采集、处理技术；并根据城市及周边环境的特点,研究了城市环境下的抗干扰浅层地震反射探测方法,根据理论分析和试验结果提出了针对不同探测深度应采用不同采集参数。
作为对地壳自浅层至深层精细结构的整体性研究,结合可能引发地震的活断层探测,本文还研究和探索了浅层折射和横波探测方法,给出了在四川青川和北京的探测实例。
Yinchuan basin is a region with the condition of damage earthquake structure, which is located in the north of the South-North seismic belt. In this area, the new tectonic movement is very active, active faults are developed and earthquakes occur frequently. The seismic preparation and occurrence are related with complicated shallow and deep crustal structures. In order to obtain an efficient probability evaluation of the potential earthquake in a region, the sounding research must be done, including the dynamic environment and material property, as well as the relationship between the shallow and deep structures of the deep seismotectonics in earthquake source zones. The further study of the fine crustal structure and tectonic in Yinchuan basin, will provide a good method to understand the deep tectonic background about the occurrence of earthquakes.
In this paper, the crustal structure of Yinchuan basin from shallow (covering strata of the Quaternary) to deep(Moho) is analyzed, by use of the data of deep seismic reflection profile crossing the Yinchuan basin, as well as the high resolution shallow reflection seismic profiles with different scales crossing the Yinchuan fault. The results are as follows:
1. The crust of Yinchuan basin is obviously characterized by vertical delamination and horizontal block. In the top part of the upper crust, the delamination is clear, the layers is developed, the reflection energy is strong and the continuity of stratum is fine in different segments, which is characterized by the structure of typical grabon sedimentary basins. But in the lower part of the upper crust, the significant delamination feature isn't obvious, and less horizen.
The reflections from the lower crust generally appear as disordered, and some inclined and arcurate reflections can be found only in some segments along the profile.
The reflection energy from Moho is very strong, which shows dense reflection layer with the duration more than 1s and horizontal discontinuity. The Moho is deeper in the middle (about 43.5km) and shallower in the east and west sides (about 41.4km) along the profile. It shows the Yinchuan basin suffered strong converging and squeezing actions.
2. A series of faults are developed in Yinchuan basin, and these faults are characterized not only by normal faults, but also by shallow up-breakpoints. The Yellow River fault with steep angle of inclination is the biggest fault in them, which is characterized by flowerlike strike-slipping, it extends down with a bundle-shaped fault, and it dislocates the Moho. The fault in the eastern piedmont of Helanshan mountains is the major fault with smaller scale than the Yellow River fault. It is a listric normal fault, dipping to the east. Some of faults in the west part of the profile converge to this fault, while this fault itself converges to the Yellow River fault in the lower crust.
3. Based on the results of deep seismic reflection profile, the shallow reflection seismic profiles are carried out in this region. It shows that the T02 reflection interface with 12-15m depth is dislocated by Yinchuan fault. The Yinchuan fault is Recent active fault, that is proved by drilling.
4. Based on the former research, the Yinchuan fault or Helanshan Mountain fault is the seismogenic tectonic of the earthquake Ms=8.0 in 1739. But the results in this paper show that the seismogenic tectonic is not limited to single fault and maybe located at the intersection of eastern Helanshan mountain fault and Yellow River fault. The energy is concentrated on the place of the convergence of different faults and is transferred to the upper part through these two faults under the action of regional stress.
In this paper, the data acquisition and processing of deep seismic reflection profiles are also discussed, combining the deep seismic reflection profile launched in Yinchuan basin. According to the environment features of urban area, the shallow reflection seismic exploration with anti-noise method is studied under the background of urban areas. Based on the theoretical analysis and testing results, the different data acquisition parameters are put forward according to different exploration depths.
As the integrative research for the fine structures of the crust from shallow to deep, the method of the shallow refraction and transverse wave exploration are studied specifically, combining the active faults by which earthquake could be triggered. Besides, two examples are provided, one is the shallow refraction seismic exploration experiment in Sichuan Qingchuan area, and the other is transverse wave exploration experiment in Beijing.
引文
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