黄土高原不同气候区陆面特征及地表凝结水研究
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摘要
独特而大范围的下垫面决定了黄土高原陆面过程的重要性。地表凝结水作为陆面水分的重要组成部分,不仅对地气间能量交换十分重要,而且对干旱半干旱区水资源开发利用有帮助。因此对于黄土高原陆面过程和地表凝结水研究显得十分必要。
利用黄土高原定西、平凉和庆阳观测站资料,分析了黄土高原台塬区陆面过程特征,研究结果表明黄土高原中部冬季晴天辐射各分量的值几乎比夏季值的小一半。冬季9：00时至17：00时之前时间内,地面给大气加热,在17：00时到第二天早晨的9：00时,大气给地表加热。平均辐射与晴天时更接近。无论晴天还平均气候状况,冬季感热在地表能量中都占有很大比重,几乎占到净辐射值的一半；潜热峰值只有感热峰值的1/4左右,土壤热通量介于感热和潜热之间。冬季夜间近地层的湍流交换十分微弱,在一天的2/3时间里,大气给地表传递热量。在无降水时段,地表反照率平均为0.22,降雪的影响使地表反照率的平均值为0.28,增大了接近30%。地表反照率恢复到一个新的准平衡态长达7d。降雪过程对地表反照率的影响是一个非常复杂的过程,这也是地表反照率难以准确参数化的原因之一。
对比三站CO2通量的日变化发现,冬季定西与平凉、庆阳的C02通量日变化几乎完全相反,定西CO2白天处于净排放状态,即是一个源,而平凉和庆阳对CO2则处于吸收状态,即是一个汇。这是由于定西特殊的周围环境造成的。这表明CO2通量受环境影响很大。
在冬季,由于温度较低土壤活动层为10cm左右,比一般的20cm活动层要薄。在20cm左右,有一个相对干的土壤层。干土壤层的形成可能是由于在冬季,地表由于降水而得到水分补充,但是由于温度低,土壤很多时候处在冻结状态导致地表水分难以下渗。同时由于蒸发较弱,深层水分也难以向地表输送从而导致在20cm附近形成一个较干的土壤层。
本文还研究了地表凝结水变化特征及其大气影响因子.研究结果表明：在黄土高原半干旱区秋季,定西日平均凝结量为0.23mm/d,大于平凉和庆阳(分别为0.14mm/d,0.11 mm/d),定西凝结持续时间也比另两个站时间长,凝结持续时间可以长达14小时.
不同高度地表凝结水量值的差异十分明显。50cm处地表凝结水凝结量最大。由于近地面层中,湍流通量及风速、气温、水汽含量等气象要素不确定性很大,或许今后应该注意近地面层的观测问题。用涡动相关法对蒸发(散)量估算时,可能会高估地表蒸发(散)量。本文的结果表明：地表蒸发(散)量与近地层蒸发(散)量差别很大,两者的差别可以达到20%以上。不应将近地层蒸发(散)量简单的代替地表蒸发(散)量。
凝结水的出现频率与风速、大气相对湿度、气温、地—气温差等大气影响因子有显著关系.从凝结水发生频率的分布特征来看,在风速0.5-2m/s、相对湿度>80%及温度—露点差-3-6℃时、地—气温差<±2℃条件下更易形成凝结水.凝结水的形成机理十分复杂,是湿度因子、热力因子和动力因子综合作用的结果
最后本文探讨了近地层内能量不平衡问题,发现垂直速度与平流是导致不平衡的重要原因,其背后深层次的原因还需要进一步深入研究。
Land surface processes over Loess Plateau of China play an important role in climate system as the particular underlying surface. The dew which is a part of land water, is very important not only to energy exchange between land and atmosphere, but also about water resources utility in Loess Plateau region. So it should be paid more attention to land surface processes and dew.
Based on the observation data at Dingxi station, Pingliang station and Qingyang station,the characteristics of land surface in winter are analyzed.It is show that Atmosphere is heated by surface at most time of a day(from 17:00 to next 9:00).Each radiation value on clear day in winter is almost an half of that in Summer. The average radiation is close to that on clear day. Whether on clear day or average condition, the sensible heat flux in winter, which is an half of net radiation, is heavy proportion in surface energy. The value of the latent heat flux is only 25% of the sensible heat flux and the soil heat flux is middle between the sensible heat flux and the latent flux. The turbulent exchange in nighttime is very weak. Average value of albedo is 0.22 during the no snow period time and that is 0.28 caused by sonw, which is almost increasing 30%. It needs about 7d when Albedo restore to new quasi-equilibrium state. So the snow process effect on albedo is very complicated.it is one of reason that is difficult to parimaterization albedo.
It is an interesting thing that the CO2 in Dingxi is and source in daylight, but meanwhile, that at Pingliang and Qingyang station show as the sink.Maybe it suggest that the soil respiration over semi-humidity region of Loess Plateau is stronger than that in semi-arid region in winter.
The results about dew show that in the semi-arid regions in Loess Plateau, the daily maximum amount of condensation can reach 0.33mm; the daily minimum is 0.09mm; and the average daily amount is 0.23mm. No obvious correlations are found between the amount of condensation and wind velocity, relative humidity, temperature, or land-air temperature difference. During the process of dew formation, the relative humidity which supplies the water vapor for condensing is the internal factor. The temperature which is power for condensing process is a key factor. The wind speed has an important affect and is uncertainty factor, which both promotes the dew formation and counteracts that. It is also found that the following favor conditions for the condensation process is at wind speed of 0.5-2m/s, relative humidity>80% and land-air temperature difference<±2℃.
The value at different height is different. Maybe the layer close to the surface should be more researched because the meteorological factors such as wind speed, air temperature and water vapor flux etc are uncertain. The value of evaporation or evapotranspiration by eddy covariance method is higher than that.on surface It is show that the difference can reach the 20% ratio between at surface layer and on the surface. The error is caused by evaporation value at surface layer stead of that on surface
Last, the imbalance problem about in surface layer is discussed.it is show that the vertical speed plays an important role. The hide reason should be found at continuous work.
利用黄土高原定西、平凉和庆阳观测站资料,分析了黄土高原台塬区陆面过程特征,研究结果表明黄土高原中部冬季晴天辐射各分量的值几乎比夏季值的小一半。冬季9：00时至17：00时之前时间内,地面给大气加热,在17：00时到第二天早晨的9：00时,大气给地表加热。平均辐射与晴天时更接近。无论晴天还平均气候状况,冬季感热在地表能量中都占有很大比重,几乎占到净辐射值的一半；潜热峰值只有感热峰值的1/4左右,土壤热通量介于感热和潜热之间。冬季夜间近地层的湍流交换十分微弱,在一天的2/3时间里,大气给地表传递热量。在无降水时段,地表反照率平均为0.22,降雪的影响使地表反照率的平均值为0.28,增大了接近30%。地表反照率恢复到一个新的准平衡态长达7d。降雪过程对地表反照率的影响是一个非常复杂的过程,这也是地表反照率难以准确参数化的原因之一。
对比三站CO2通量的日变化发现,冬季定西与平凉、庆阳的C02通量日变化几乎完全相反,定西CO2白天处于净排放状态,即是一个源,而平凉和庆阳对CO2则处于吸收状态,即是一个汇。这是由于定西特殊的周围环境造成的。这表明CO2通量受环境影响很大。
在冬季,由于温度较低土壤活动层为10cm左右,比一般的20cm活动层要薄。在20cm左右,有一个相对干的土壤层。干土壤层的形成可能是由于在冬季,地表由于降水而得到水分补充,但是由于温度低,土壤很多时候处在冻结状态导致地表水分难以下渗。同时由于蒸发较弱,深层水分也难以向地表输送从而导致在20cm附近形成一个较干的土壤层。
本文还研究了地表凝结水变化特征及其大气影响因子.研究结果表明：在黄土高原半干旱区秋季,定西日平均凝结量为0.23mm/d,大于平凉和庆阳(分别为0.14mm/d,0.11 mm/d),定西凝结持续时间也比另两个站时间长,凝结持续时间可以长达14小时.
不同高度地表凝结水量值的差异十分明显。50cm处地表凝结水凝结量最大。由于近地面层中,湍流通量及风速、气温、水汽含量等气象要素不确定性很大,或许今后应该注意近地面层的观测问题。用涡动相关法对蒸发(散)量估算时,可能会高估地表蒸发(散)量。本文的结果表明：地表蒸发(散)量与近地层蒸发(散)量差别很大,两者的差别可以达到20%以上。不应将近地层蒸发(散)量简单的代替地表蒸发(散)量。
凝结水的出现频率与风速、大气相对湿度、气温、地—气温差等大气影响因子有显著关系.从凝结水发生频率的分布特征来看,在风速0.5-2m/s、相对湿度>80%及温度—露点差-3-6℃时、地—气温差<±2℃条件下更易形成凝结水.凝结水的形成机理十分复杂,是湿度因子、热力因子和动力因子综合作用的结果
最后本文探讨了近地层内能量不平衡问题,发现垂直速度与平流是导致不平衡的重要原因,其背后深层次的原因还需要进一步深入研究。
Land surface processes over Loess Plateau of China play an important role in climate system as the particular underlying surface. The dew which is a part of land water, is very important not only to energy exchange between land and atmosphere, but also about water resources utility in Loess Plateau region. So it should be paid more attention to land surface processes and dew.
Based on the observation data at Dingxi station, Pingliang station and Qingyang station,the characteristics of land surface in winter are analyzed.It is show that Atmosphere is heated by surface at most time of a day(from 17:00 to next 9:00).Each radiation value on clear day in winter is almost an half of that in Summer. The average radiation is close to that on clear day. Whether on clear day or average condition, the sensible heat flux in winter, which is an half of net radiation, is heavy proportion in surface energy. The value of the latent heat flux is only 25% of the sensible heat flux and the soil heat flux is middle between the sensible heat flux and the latent flux. The turbulent exchange in nighttime is very weak. Average value of albedo is 0.22 during the no snow period time and that is 0.28 caused by sonw, which is almost increasing 30%. It needs about 7d when Albedo restore to new quasi-equilibrium state. So the snow process effect on albedo is very complicated.it is one of reason that is difficult to parimaterization albedo.
It is an interesting thing that the CO2 in Dingxi is and source in daylight, but meanwhile, that at Pingliang and Qingyang station show as the sink.Maybe it suggest that the soil respiration over semi-humidity region of Loess Plateau is stronger than that in semi-arid region in winter.
The results about dew show that in the semi-arid regions in Loess Plateau, the daily maximum amount of condensation can reach 0.33mm; the daily minimum is 0.09mm; and the average daily amount is 0.23mm. No obvious correlations are found between the amount of condensation and wind velocity, relative humidity, temperature, or land-air temperature difference. During the process of dew formation, the relative humidity which supplies the water vapor for condensing is the internal factor. The temperature which is power for condensing process is a key factor. The wind speed has an important affect and is uncertainty factor, which both promotes the dew formation and counteracts that. It is also found that the following favor conditions for the condensation process is at wind speed of 0.5-2m/s, relative humidity>80% and land-air temperature difference<±2℃.
The value at different height is different. Maybe the layer close to the surface should be more researched because the meteorological factors such as wind speed, air temperature and water vapor flux etc are uncertain. The value of evaporation or evapotranspiration by eddy covariance method is higher than that.on surface It is show that the difference can reach the 20% ratio between at surface layer and on the surface. The error is caused by evaporation value at surface layer stead of that on surface
Last, the imbalance problem about in surface layer is discussed.it is show that the vertical speed plays an important role. The hide reason should be found at continuous work.
引文
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