中国东部苏北—合肥新生代大陆玄武岩地球化学研究
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摘要
中国东部广泛出露新生代大陆玄武岩,近三十年来国内外学者对其开展了大量的地质地球化学研究。根据放射成因同位素组成,这些研究识别出不同的地幔源区组分(包括富集和亏损地幔组分),但就其产生的化学地球动力学过程来说,目前仍然存在严重分歧。主流观点包括:软流圈地幔或软流圈地幔与岩石圈地幔相互作用,地幔与拆沉/俯冲大陆基性下地壳(榴辉岩)熔体/残留体相互作用,俯冲洋壳来源熔体与岩石圈地幔相互作用。
为了进一步确定中国东部新生代大陆玄武岩的成因机制,本文选取郯庐断裂带中段江苏北部和安徽东部地区的新生代玄武岩作为研究对象,对其进行了全岩Ar-Ar定年、全岩主量和微量元素、放射成因同位素(Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb)、全岩和单矿物O同位素、微量碳酸盐C-O同位素以及斑晶矿物成分分析。在这些地球化学数据的解释时,强调了主量-微量元素制约与稳定-放射成因同位素制约想结合的方法。结果表明,俯冲脱水后的洋壳部分熔融生成的埃达克质熔体与新生大陆岩石圈地幔相互作用产生辉石岩,辉石岩与地幔橄榄岩的混合源区部分熔融形成了这一地区的新生代玄武岩。
合肥盆地小蜀山和鸡鸣山玄武岩全岩Ar-Ar坪年龄为37.8±0.4-38.3±0.3 Ma。苏北-合肥新生代玄武岩SiO_2含量为41.61-48.57 wt.%,Al_2O_3含量为11.86-15.55 wt.%,Fe_2O_3t含量为11.78-15.45 wt.%,CaO含量为7.56-10.63 wt.%,全碱含量(Na_2O+K_2O)为4.05-10.10 wt.%,Mg#为52.9-68.7,Fe/Mn比值为60.9-74.2。这些玄武岩均为碱性玄武岩,出现标准矿物霞石(Ne)。在稀土配分模式和微量元素蛛网图上都显示出与OIB相似的特征:LREE富集,HREE亏损([La/Yb]N为11-39),Nb和Ta正异常,Rb和Pb负异常。总体上,不相容微量元素含量随碱性程度的增强而增加,轻重稀土分异也随之增加。
苏北-合肥新生代玄武岩具有相对亏损的放射成因同位素(Sr-Nd-Hf)组成,但变化范围较大。全岩Sr~(87)/Sr~(86)初始比值为0.7033-0.7042;ε_Nd(t)值为1.8-7.3,单阶段Nd模式年龄为237-874 Ma;ε_Hf(t)值为6.7-13.1,单阶段Hf模式年龄为177-545 Ma。Pb~(206)/Pb~(204)比值为17.414-18.815 , Pb~(207)/Pb~(204)比值为15.355-15.473 , Pb~(208)/Pb~(204)比值为37.365-38.041。
苏北-合肥新生代玄武岩中橄榄石斑晶的δO~(18)值为4.9-5.9‰,与正常地幔来源橄榄石δO~(18)值(5.2±0.2‰)基本一致。单斜辉石斑晶δO~(18)值为4.1-6.2‰,绝大多数低于正常地幔值5.6±0.2‰。斜长石斑晶δO~(18)值主要为4.4-7.1‰,少数样品δO~(18)值明显偏高(9.6-15.9‰)。这些新生代玄武岩均含有微量碳酸盐,大部分样品的碳酸盐含量低于0.3 wt.%,个别样品大于0.5 wt.%。微量碳酸盐的δC~(13)值-15.6 - -4.7‰,δO~(18)值为14.2-21.3‰。微量碳酸盐低的δC~(13)值和高的δO~(18)值以及部分斜长石斑晶异常高的δO~(18)值表明,在岩浆上升过程中发生了不同程度的CO2去气作用,使得幔源碳酸盐含量下降,并伴随δC~(13)值降低;成岩后经历了不同程度的低温热液蚀变作用,使得碳酸盐和部分斜长石斑晶δO~(18)值升高。全岩δO~(18)值为4.1-6.0‰,类似或略低于新鲜大洋中脊玄武岩的δO~(18)值分布范围,表明后期低温热液蚀变对全岩δO~(18)值的影响较小。
苏北-合肥新生代玄武岩具有OIB型微量元素分布特征。高度不相容元素Nb/U比值为18.9-50.1,ΔNb值为0.11-0.41,与MORB明显不同,指示软流圈地幔不可能是这些玄武岩的直接源区。相对较低的Mg#、较高的Fe/Mn比值以及橄榄石斑晶高的Ni含量表明,其源区含有辉石岩组分。相对亏损但变化的放射成因同位素组成表明,它们来源于不同组分的混合源区(亏损地幔组分和富集组分)。新生大陆岩石圈地幔(SCLM)可以产生同位素组成上与软流圈地幔来源相近的玄武质熔体。斑晶矿物低的δO~(18)值表明,其源区亏损O~(18)。经历过高温海水热液蚀变的洋壳具有低的δO~(18)值,因此可能对新生代玄武岩的形成有所贡献。
综上所述,本文提出一个苏北-合肥新生代玄武岩的成因模型。中生代太平洋板块以低角度俯冲到欧亚大陆之下,低角度俯冲使下部古老SCLM拆沉进入软流圈,从而将俯冲洋壳上部的地幔楔转变成新生SCLM。脱水榴辉岩质洋壳发生部分熔融生成埃达克质熔体,埃达克质熔体上升并与上覆新生SCLM橄榄岩发生反应形成辉石岩,从而形成辉石岩-橄榄岩混合源区。新生代大陆岩石圈拉张引起该这些新生SCLM辉石岩发生部分熔融,从而形成这些OIB型新生代大陆玄武岩。因此,俯冲洋壳衍生熔体与地幔楔橄榄岩之间的相互作用可能是形成大陆玄武岩地幔源区的关键。
Cenozoic continental basalts widely occur in eastern China, and a great number of geological and geochemical studies were made for them in the past three decades. In view of radiogenic isotope compositions, these studies have identified the existence of distinct mantle components (including both enriched and depleted mantle). However, mantle processes responsible for the Cenozoic basalts are still issues for debate. The dominant viewpoints on their petrogenesis are: derivation from convective asthenosphere or from lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction, inetraction between mantle and eclogite-derived melt/residue formed by delamination/subducted mafic lower continental crust, or reaction between the subducted oceanic crust-derived melt and the mantle wedge peridotite.
In order to constrain the petrogenesis of Cenozoic continental basalts in eastern China, this PhD thesis has made a combined study of whole-rock Ar-Ar dating, whole-rock major and trace elements, radiogenic isotopes Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb, whole-rock and mineral O isotopes, micro-amount carbonate C-O isotopes as well as phenocryst olivine elements for the Cenozoic basalts from eastern Anhui (Hefei) and northern Jiangsu (Subei) in east-central China. In interpreting the geochemical data, the constraints from major and trace elements are integrated with the constraints from stable and radiogenic isotopes. In this regard, the results suggest that these basalts were derived from pyroxenite of juvenile subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) that was generated by the interaction between mantle peridotite and adakitic melts derived from the dehydrated oceanic crust.
Whole-rock Ar-Ar dating for basalts from Xiaoshushan and Jimingshan in the Hefei basin yields Eocene ages of 37.8±0.4 to 38.3±0.3 Ma. The Subei-Hefei basalts have low SiO_2 contents of 41.61 to 48.57 wt.% and Mg# of 52.9 to 68.7 wt.%, high Fe/Mn ratios of 60.9 to 74.2 and alkali contents of 4.05 to 10.10 wt.%. They have relatively narrow range of Al_2O_3 (11.86 to 15.55 wt.%), Fe_2O_3t (11.78 to 15.45 wt.%), and CaO (7.56 to 10.63 wt.%) contents. All these samples are classified into alkali basalts with the occurrence of CIPW normative mineral nepheline (Ne). The basalts are characterized by OIB-like patterns of trace element distribution such as enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE), depletion in heavy rare earth elements (HREE), no depletion in Nb and Ta, but with negative Rb and Pb anomalies on primitive mantle-normalized spidergrams. The contents of incompatible trace elements and the differentiation extents between LREE and HREE are positively correlated with the alkali contents.
The Subei-Hefei basalts show considerable variations in initial 143Nd/144Nd, Sr~(87)/Sr~(86) and 176Hf/177Hf ratios, being generally depleted in these radiogenic isotopic compositions. They have initial Sr~(87)/Sr~(86) ratios of 0.7033 to 0.7042,ε_Nd(t) values of 1.8 to 7.3 with single-stage Nd model ages of 237 to 874 Ma, andε_Hf(t) values of 6.7 to 13.1 with single-stage Hf model ages of 177 to 545 Ma. They have Pb~(206)/Pb~(204) ratios of 17.414 to 18.815, Pb~(207)/Pb~(204) ratios of 15.355 to 15.473, and Pb~(208)/Pb~(204) ratios of 37.365 to 38.041.
Olivine phenocrysts haveδO~(18) values of 4.9 to 5.9‰, basically similar to normal mantle values of 5.2±0.2‰. TheδO~(18) values of clinopyroxene phenocrysts are 4.1 to 6.2‰, most of which are lower than normal mantle values of 5.6±0.2‰. Most plagioclase phenocrysts haveδO~(18) values of 4.4 to 7.1‰, and several samples have very highδO~(18) values of 9.6 to 15.9‰. Most of the basalts have low carbonate contents (<0.3 wt.%), and some samples have carbonate contents higher than 0.5 wt.%. The minor-amount carbonates haveδC~(13) values of -15.6 to -4.7‰andδO~(18) values of 14.2 to 21.3‰. The presence of lowδC~(13) and highδO~(18) values for the carbonates as well as the highδO~(18) values for some plagioclase phenocrysts suggest the effect of CO2 degassing during magma eruption, which would decrease the minor carbonate contents andδC~(13) values, and the low-T hydrothermal alteration, which would increase theδO~(18) values of some plagioclase phenocrysts and carbonate. However, these basalts haveδO~(18) values of 4.1 to 6.0‰for whole-rock, most of them are close to or slightly lower than the normal mantle values of 5.7±0.5‰. This suggests that theδO~(18) values of these basalts have not been significanty affected by the low-T hydrothermal alteration.
The Subei-Hefei basalts have OIB-like patterns of trace element distribution. They have Nb/U ratios of 18.9 to 50.1 andΔNb values of 0.11 to 0.41, which are significantly different from those of MORB. This suggests that these basalts were unlikely derived from the asthenospheric mantle, the source of MORB. The high Fe/Mn ratios of 60.9 to 74.2, relatively low Mg# of 52.9 to 68.7 and high Ni contents for olivine phenocrysts suggest the existence of pyroxenite in their mantle source. They have relatively depleted but variable radiogenic isotope compositions, suggesting their derivation from a mixed mantle source between depleted and enriched components. The juvenile SCLM is capable of generating basaltic melts with radiogenic isotopic compositions similar to those derived from the asthenospheric mantle. The low-δO~(18) phenocrysts would have crystallized from lowδO~(18) melts and thus the mantle source appears to have been depleted in O~(18) before partial melting. The O~(18) depletion of mantle source would be caused by reaction of mantle peridotites with lowδO~(18) melts that would be derived from partial melting of the dehydrated oceanic crust that experienced high-T seawater-rock interaction during the magma emplacement.
Finally, this study proposes a model for petrogenesis of the Subei-Hefei basalts. It assumes low-angle subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent during the Early Mesozoic, leading to dehydration of the high-T altered oceanic crust below the ancient SCLM in east-central China. The low-angle subduction would delaminate the lower part of the ancient SCLM into the asthenosphere, and transformed the mantle wedge overlying the subducting oceanic crust to the juvenile SCLM. Dehydrated oceanic basalt would initially become eclogite during subduction and then undergo partial melting to generate the adakitic melt. Subsequently, the adakitic melts would ascend rapidly and react with the overlying juvenile SCLM peridotite to form silica-deficient pyroxenites. Thus the juvenile SCLM source is composed of pyroxenite-peridotite mixtures, whose partial melting at the lithosphere-asthenosphere thermal boundary due to continental rifting in the Cenozoic gave rise to the alkalic basaltic magmas. Therefore, the interaction between the oceanic crustal-derived melt and the mantle-wedge peridotite is suggested as a key to formation of the mantle source, and the composition of continental basalts provides a snapshot of SCLM with respect to the regime of plate tectonics.
为了进一步确定中国东部新生代大陆玄武岩的成因机制,本文选取郯庐断裂带中段江苏北部和安徽东部地区的新生代玄武岩作为研究对象,对其进行了全岩Ar-Ar定年、全岩主量和微量元素、放射成因同位素(Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb)、全岩和单矿物O同位素、微量碳酸盐C-O同位素以及斑晶矿物成分分析。在这些地球化学数据的解释时,强调了主量-微量元素制约与稳定-放射成因同位素制约想结合的方法。结果表明,俯冲脱水后的洋壳部分熔融生成的埃达克质熔体与新生大陆岩石圈地幔相互作用产生辉石岩,辉石岩与地幔橄榄岩的混合源区部分熔融形成了这一地区的新生代玄武岩。
合肥盆地小蜀山和鸡鸣山玄武岩全岩Ar-Ar坪年龄为37.8±0.4-38.3±0.3 Ma。苏北-合肥新生代玄武岩SiO_2含量为41.61-48.57 wt.%,Al_2O_3含量为11.86-15.55 wt.%,Fe_2O_3t含量为11.78-15.45 wt.%,CaO含量为7.56-10.63 wt.%,全碱含量(Na_2O+K_2O)为4.05-10.10 wt.%,Mg#为52.9-68.7,Fe/Mn比值为60.9-74.2。这些玄武岩均为碱性玄武岩,出现标准矿物霞石(Ne)。在稀土配分模式和微量元素蛛网图上都显示出与OIB相似的特征:LREE富集,HREE亏损([La/Yb]N为11-39),Nb和Ta正异常,Rb和Pb负异常。总体上,不相容微量元素含量随碱性程度的增强而增加,轻重稀土分异也随之增加。
苏北-合肥新生代玄武岩具有相对亏损的放射成因同位素(Sr-Nd-Hf)组成,但变化范围较大。全岩Sr~(87)/Sr~(86)初始比值为0.7033-0.7042;ε_Nd(t)值为1.8-7.3,单阶段Nd模式年龄为237-874 Ma;ε_Hf(t)值为6.7-13.1,单阶段Hf模式年龄为177-545 Ma。Pb~(206)/Pb~(204)比值为17.414-18.815 , Pb~(207)/Pb~(204)比值为15.355-15.473 , Pb~(208)/Pb~(204)比值为37.365-38.041。
苏北-合肥新生代玄武岩中橄榄石斑晶的δO~(18)值为4.9-5.9‰,与正常地幔来源橄榄石δO~(18)值(5.2±0.2‰)基本一致。单斜辉石斑晶δO~(18)值为4.1-6.2‰,绝大多数低于正常地幔值5.6±0.2‰。斜长石斑晶δO~(18)值主要为4.4-7.1‰,少数样品δO~(18)值明显偏高(9.6-15.9‰)。这些新生代玄武岩均含有微量碳酸盐,大部分样品的碳酸盐含量低于0.3 wt.%,个别样品大于0.5 wt.%。微量碳酸盐的δC~(13)值-15.6 - -4.7‰,δO~(18)值为14.2-21.3‰。微量碳酸盐低的δC~(13)值和高的δO~(18)值以及部分斜长石斑晶异常高的δO~(18)值表明,在岩浆上升过程中发生了不同程度的CO2去气作用,使得幔源碳酸盐含量下降,并伴随δC~(13)值降低;成岩后经历了不同程度的低温热液蚀变作用,使得碳酸盐和部分斜长石斑晶δO~(18)值升高。全岩δO~(18)值为4.1-6.0‰,类似或略低于新鲜大洋中脊玄武岩的δO~(18)值分布范围,表明后期低温热液蚀变对全岩δO~(18)值的影响较小。
苏北-合肥新生代玄武岩具有OIB型微量元素分布特征。高度不相容元素Nb/U比值为18.9-50.1,ΔNb值为0.11-0.41,与MORB明显不同,指示软流圈地幔不可能是这些玄武岩的直接源区。相对较低的Mg#、较高的Fe/Mn比值以及橄榄石斑晶高的Ni含量表明,其源区含有辉石岩组分。相对亏损但变化的放射成因同位素组成表明,它们来源于不同组分的混合源区(亏损地幔组分和富集组分)。新生大陆岩石圈地幔(SCLM)可以产生同位素组成上与软流圈地幔来源相近的玄武质熔体。斑晶矿物低的δO~(18)值表明,其源区亏损O~(18)。经历过高温海水热液蚀变的洋壳具有低的δO~(18)值,因此可能对新生代玄武岩的形成有所贡献。
综上所述,本文提出一个苏北-合肥新生代玄武岩的成因模型。中生代太平洋板块以低角度俯冲到欧亚大陆之下,低角度俯冲使下部古老SCLM拆沉进入软流圈,从而将俯冲洋壳上部的地幔楔转变成新生SCLM。脱水榴辉岩质洋壳发生部分熔融生成埃达克质熔体,埃达克质熔体上升并与上覆新生SCLM橄榄岩发生反应形成辉石岩,从而形成辉石岩-橄榄岩混合源区。新生代大陆岩石圈拉张引起该这些新生SCLM辉石岩发生部分熔融,从而形成这些OIB型新生代大陆玄武岩。因此,俯冲洋壳衍生熔体与地幔楔橄榄岩之间的相互作用可能是形成大陆玄武岩地幔源区的关键。
Cenozoic continental basalts widely occur in eastern China, and a great number of geological and geochemical studies were made for them in the past three decades. In view of radiogenic isotope compositions, these studies have identified the existence of distinct mantle components (including both enriched and depleted mantle). However, mantle processes responsible for the Cenozoic basalts are still issues for debate. The dominant viewpoints on their petrogenesis are: derivation from convective asthenosphere or from lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction, inetraction between mantle and eclogite-derived melt/residue formed by delamination/subducted mafic lower continental crust, or reaction between the subducted oceanic crust-derived melt and the mantle wedge peridotite.
In order to constrain the petrogenesis of Cenozoic continental basalts in eastern China, this PhD thesis has made a combined study of whole-rock Ar-Ar dating, whole-rock major and trace elements, radiogenic isotopes Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb, whole-rock and mineral O isotopes, micro-amount carbonate C-O isotopes as well as phenocryst olivine elements for the Cenozoic basalts from eastern Anhui (Hefei) and northern Jiangsu (Subei) in east-central China. In interpreting the geochemical data, the constraints from major and trace elements are integrated with the constraints from stable and radiogenic isotopes. In this regard, the results suggest that these basalts were derived from pyroxenite of juvenile subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) that was generated by the interaction between mantle peridotite and adakitic melts derived from the dehydrated oceanic crust.
Whole-rock Ar-Ar dating for basalts from Xiaoshushan and Jimingshan in the Hefei basin yields Eocene ages of 37.8±0.4 to 38.3±0.3 Ma. The Subei-Hefei basalts have low SiO_2 contents of 41.61 to 48.57 wt.% and Mg# of 52.9 to 68.7 wt.%, high Fe/Mn ratios of 60.9 to 74.2 and alkali contents of 4.05 to 10.10 wt.%. They have relatively narrow range of Al_2O_3 (11.86 to 15.55 wt.%), Fe_2O_3t (11.78 to 15.45 wt.%), and CaO (7.56 to 10.63 wt.%) contents. All these samples are classified into alkali basalts with the occurrence of CIPW normative mineral nepheline (Ne). The basalts are characterized by OIB-like patterns of trace element distribution such as enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE), depletion in heavy rare earth elements (HREE), no depletion in Nb and Ta, but with negative Rb and Pb anomalies on primitive mantle-normalized spidergrams. The contents of incompatible trace elements and the differentiation extents between LREE and HREE are positively correlated with the alkali contents.
The Subei-Hefei basalts show considerable variations in initial 143Nd/144Nd, Sr~(87)/Sr~(86) and 176Hf/177Hf ratios, being generally depleted in these radiogenic isotopic compositions. They have initial Sr~(87)/Sr~(86) ratios of 0.7033 to 0.7042,ε_Nd(t) values of 1.8 to 7.3 with single-stage Nd model ages of 237 to 874 Ma, andε_Hf(t) values of 6.7 to 13.1 with single-stage Hf model ages of 177 to 545 Ma. They have Pb~(206)/Pb~(204) ratios of 17.414 to 18.815, Pb~(207)/Pb~(204) ratios of 15.355 to 15.473, and Pb~(208)/Pb~(204) ratios of 37.365 to 38.041.
Olivine phenocrysts haveδO~(18) values of 4.9 to 5.9‰, basically similar to normal mantle values of 5.2±0.2‰. TheδO~(18) values of clinopyroxene phenocrysts are 4.1 to 6.2‰, most of which are lower than normal mantle values of 5.6±0.2‰. Most plagioclase phenocrysts haveδO~(18) values of 4.4 to 7.1‰, and several samples have very highδO~(18) values of 9.6 to 15.9‰. Most of the basalts have low carbonate contents (<0.3 wt.%), and some samples have carbonate contents higher than 0.5 wt.%. The minor-amount carbonates haveδC~(13) values of -15.6 to -4.7‰andδO~(18) values of 14.2 to 21.3‰. The presence of lowδC~(13) and highδO~(18) values for the carbonates as well as the highδO~(18) values for some plagioclase phenocrysts suggest the effect of CO2 degassing during magma eruption, which would decrease the minor carbonate contents andδC~(13) values, and the low-T hydrothermal alteration, which would increase theδO~(18) values of some plagioclase phenocrysts and carbonate. However, these basalts haveδO~(18) values of 4.1 to 6.0‰for whole-rock, most of them are close to or slightly lower than the normal mantle values of 5.7±0.5‰. This suggests that theδO~(18) values of these basalts have not been significanty affected by the low-T hydrothermal alteration.
The Subei-Hefei basalts have OIB-like patterns of trace element distribution. They have Nb/U ratios of 18.9 to 50.1 andΔNb values of 0.11 to 0.41, which are significantly different from those of MORB. This suggests that these basalts were unlikely derived from the asthenospheric mantle, the source of MORB. The high Fe/Mn ratios of 60.9 to 74.2, relatively low Mg# of 52.9 to 68.7 and high Ni contents for olivine phenocrysts suggest the existence of pyroxenite in their mantle source. They have relatively depleted but variable radiogenic isotope compositions, suggesting their derivation from a mixed mantle source between depleted and enriched components. The juvenile SCLM is capable of generating basaltic melts with radiogenic isotopic compositions similar to those derived from the asthenospheric mantle. The low-δO~(18) phenocrysts would have crystallized from lowδO~(18) melts and thus the mantle source appears to have been depleted in O~(18) before partial melting. The O~(18) depletion of mantle source would be caused by reaction of mantle peridotites with lowδO~(18) melts that would be derived from partial melting of the dehydrated oceanic crust that experienced high-T seawater-rock interaction during the magma emplacement.
Finally, this study proposes a model for petrogenesis of the Subei-Hefei basalts. It assumes low-angle subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent during the Early Mesozoic, leading to dehydration of the high-T altered oceanic crust below the ancient SCLM in east-central China. The low-angle subduction would delaminate the lower part of the ancient SCLM into the asthenosphere, and transformed the mantle wedge overlying the subducting oceanic crust to the juvenile SCLM. Dehydrated oceanic basalt would initially become eclogite during subduction and then undergo partial melting to generate the adakitic melt. Subsequently, the adakitic melts would ascend rapidly and react with the overlying juvenile SCLM peridotite to form silica-deficient pyroxenites. Thus the juvenile SCLM source is composed of pyroxenite-peridotite mixtures, whose partial melting at the lithosphere-asthenosphere thermal boundary due to continental rifting in the Cenozoic gave rise to the alkalic basaltic magmas. Therefore, the interaction between the oceanic crustal-derived melt and the mantle-wedge peridotite is suggested as a key to formation of the mantle source, and the composition of continental basalts provides a snapshot of SCLM with respect to the regime of plate tectonics.
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