星载宽幅合成孔径雷达干涉测量形变监测理论与应用研究
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摘要
星载宽幅合成孔径雷达干涉测量是利用SAR卫星扫描模式观测地表而获取其几何信息的技术,又被称为ScanSAR干涉测量。宽幅SAR图像强度信息已应用于资源勘探、环境监测、海洋探测、防灾减灾、土地利用和森林调查、农作物估产、国家安全等方面,取得了重大成效。随着合成孔径雷达卫星设备性能和定轨技术的改善或提高,宽幅SAR干涉的前提条件即扫描同步和极限基线已得到保证；已发射和即将发射多颗具有宽幅模式的SAR卫星能为宽幅SAR干涉研究应用提供丰富的数据资源,故现在ScanSAR干涉测量技术为地壳板块运动及地球动力学研究提供了契机。
ScanSAR干涉测量相对于其他模式干涉测量而言,尽管分辨率较低,但其具有重访周期短和宽幅的优点。重访周期短则易监测地表缓慢变形,宽幅不仅可消除具有累积效应的基线误差,而且在监测精度与IM模式相当的条件下,其获取的宽域形变场更能用于发震机制分析,同时其多模式干涉测量可为干涉图时间序列分析提供条件,故ScanSAR干涉测量理论与方法已成为一个热点研究与应用的新方向。
尽管宽幅SAR模式是星载合成孔径雷达卫星监测模式中的一种,但是由于成像模式不同,其成像原理和干涉测量数据处理过程有很大不同,包括图像拼接、去相干性分析、配准、大气效应校正和大地水准面差距改正等。为了将其应用于干涉测量而获取宽域形变场,本文系统地研究了星载宽幅合成孔径雷达干涉测量理论及其应用,主要包括：
1)研究了宽幅SAR的成像与干涉原理：在介绍了合成孔径雷达基本原理和ScanSAR成像原理的基础上,分析了其成像参数和性能,研究了TCN坐标系中的ScanSAR干涉测量数学模型及其干涉测量流程,与条带干涉测量进行了异同点的比较。
2)宽幅SAR图像拼接：根据条带SAR图像和Burst图像频谱特性的不同,研究了ScanSAR零级数据拼接；在得到单Burst干涉图的基础上,研究了Burst干涉图拼接法；针对利用成像几何关系拼接子条带干涉图的不足,提出了基于配准加权的子条带拼接法,并用实验验证了其有效性。
3)宽幅SAR干涉去相干性研究：比较了与条带干涉测量去相干性的异同点,研究了ScanSAR干涉测量几何去相干和扫描同步去相干。由于宽幅SAR模式分辨单元中的相对高差超过相干高差的概率比条带模式大n倍,从而其极限基线是条带模式的n分之一,而扫描同步性随着科学技术的发展现已不是影响宽幅SAR干涉的最主要因素。
4)研究了影响宽幅SAR干涉测量质量的因素：推导了基线误差和DEM误差影响宽幅SAR干涉测量结果的数学模型,以Bam地震为例对其进行了验证分析,尽管GDEM和SRTM的精度稍有不同,但是ScanSAR干涉是基线较短,故不需考虑其影响,基线误差具有累积效应,故干涉时需选用精度较高的轨道数据。研究了大地水准面差距对星载宽幅SAR干涉结果的影响规律和程度,即使大地准面差距和垂直基线分别仅为20米和100米,其对宽幅SAR差分干涉结果影响将达到6.4mm；阐述了基于EGM96模型计算大地水准面差距的方法,极大地改善了宽幅SAR干涉测量结果。
5)宽幅SAR干涉测量中的大气校正研究：归纳引入条带干涉测量中的大气影响去除方法,研究了基于外部数据和非外部数据的ScanSAR干涉图大气校正方法,尤其是基于MERIS和DEM数据的大气校正方法,最后对宽幅SAR的PS方法进行了初步研究。
6)基于星载宽幅SAR干涉的地震形变场获取研究：基于ScanSAR干涉测量理论,获取了8.0汶川地震和7.3级于田地震宽域形变场；在分析不同模式和不同数据来源非相干区域的基础上,研究了基于多源多模式的变形融合分析方法,融合后的宽域形变场不仅能反映研究区域的形变情况,而且其非相干区域变小,形变场更向断层靠近；同时基于DEM和MERIS数据,分别对于田地震和汶川地震的差分干涉图进行了大气校正,取得了良好的效果。
Wide swath synthetic aperture radar interferometry is a technique which can monitor the earth's surface and process corresponding radar data to get deformation information based on ScanSAR mode of SAR satellites, therefore it is also named as scanning synthetic aperture radar interferometry.Wide swath SAR intensity data has been used and acquired important effect for many aspects such as resource perambulation,monitoring environment,ocean exploration, preventing and dcreasing disasters,land use and forest investiagation,crop assess and nation security.With melioration and enhance of facility and orbit tecqnique of SAR satellite, scanning pattern synchronization and the critical baseline of precondition condition for scanning synthetic aperture radar interferometry have been pledged,at the same time,many SAR satellites have been launched or will be eradiated soon so that they can provide more abundant data for WSInSAR.Therefore,scanning synthetic aperture radar interferometry can offer chance for studing plank movement and geodynamics.
As far as scanning synthetic aperture radar interferometry is concerned,although its resolution is very low, it has two merits:i.e,wider swath and short period revisiting target.The merit of short period denotes it can measure easily slow deformation of the earth's surface.The other merit denotes not only baseline error can be removed,but its wider deformation field can be also applied to analyze mechanism of earthquake.At the same time, ScanSAR mode data can be combined with stripmap mode data to form a series of interferograms at a denser temporal spacing than is possible with normal InSAR,therefore scanning synthetic aperture radar interferometry has become a hot topic and new direction of application.
Although wide swath mode is one of modes of spaceborne SAR satellites, their modes are different, and imaging principle and process of interferometry also have a lot of dissimilitudes such as coherence,coregistering,correction of atmosphere effects and geoid undulation.In order to make use of ScanSAR data to get wider deformation field, theory and its application of scanning synthetic aperture radar interferometry are studied, including the following contents:
1) Principles of image and interferometry of wide swath SAR: Based on theory of synthetic aperture radar and ScanSAR,their imaging parameters and capability are analyzed. Compared to IM interferometry, mathematic model and flow of ScanSAR interferometry are studied in TCN corordinate system.
2)Mosaicing of wide swath SAR data:According to different frequcency peculiarity of stripmap mode and burst mode data, mosaic algorithm of ScanSAR level 0 data is studied.After getting single burst interferogram, methods of mosaicing single burst interferogram are introduced. As method of mosaicing sub-swath interferogram by using geometry relation of image has shortage, a method based on coregistering and weight is put forward,and is validated by experiment.
3) Research of removing coherence of wide swath SAR interferometry:After comparing with stripmap interferometry,removing coherence of geometry and azimuth scanning pattern synchronization is investigated, especially relation between geometry coherence and critical baseline of ScanSAR interferometry.For probability which relative high difference within one resolution of wide swath SAR exceeds coherence high difference is n times than image mode.critical baseline of ScanSAR interferometry is (?) of IM interferometry.
4) Ingredient research influenced quality of WSInSAR:ScanSAR interferometry is suffered from many sources of errors such as baseline error and DEM error, so,mathematical model of these errors is duduced and validated by an example of bam earthquake. Although there is a little difference of precision between GDEM and SRTM, ScanSAR interferometry need not be taken into account influence because of shorter baseline.Baseline error takes on cumulation domino offect in the ScanSAR interferogram so that WSInSAR need more precise orbit data.Geoid undulation can also influence ScanSAR interferometry,when Geoid undulation is 20m and perpendicular baseline is 100m, the influence value is 6.4mm.Therefore, geoid undulation is computed by using EGM96 model and it improve greatly results of ScanSAR interferometry.
5) Correction of atmospheric effects on ScanSAR interferogram:In order to remove or reduce atmospheric effects, algorithms of correction of atmospheric effects on IM interferogram are concluded and introduced for ScanSAR interferogram,at the same time,correction methods based on exterior and non-ecterior data are studied for ScanSAR mode,especially MERIS and DEM; permanent scatters ScanSAR Interferometry is invertigated simply.
6) Capture of earthquake deformation field based on spacebome wide swath interferometry: After analysis of non coherent region for different mode and different wavelength, deformation fusion method based on mulit-mode and multi-wavelength is put forward and applied to get fused deformation field.Defomation field after fusion not only can reflect earthquake deformation,but also non coherent region diminish. Deformation field of 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and 7.3 Yutian earthquake are gained by making use of ScanSAR interferometry;at the same time, atmospheric effects of these deformation field have been corrected based on MERIS and DEM data respectively.
ScanSAR干涉测量相对于其他模式干涉测量而言,尽管分辨率较低,但其具有重访周期短和宽幅的优点。重访周期短则易监测地表缓慢变形,宽幅不仅可消除具有累积效应的基线误差,而且在监测精度与IM模式相当的条件下,其获取的宽域形变场更能用于发震机制分析,同时其多模式干涉测量可为干涉图时间序列分析提供条件,故ScanSAR干涉测量理论与方法已成为一个热点研究与应用的新方向。
尽管宽幅SAR模式是星载合成孔径雷达卫星监测模式中的一种,但是由于成像模式不同,其成像原理和干涉测量数据处理过程有很大不同,包括图像拼接、去相干性分析、配准、大气效应校正和大地水准面差距改正等。为了将其应用于干涉测量而获取宽域形变场,本文系统地研究了星载宽幅合成孔径雷达干涉测量理论及其应用,主要包括：
1)研究了宽幅SAR的成像与干涉原理：在介绍了合成孔径雷达基本原理和ScanSAR成像原理的基础上,分析了其成像参数和性能,研究了TCN坐标系中的ScanSAR干涉测量数学模型及其干涉测量流程,与条带干涉测量进行了异同点的比较。
2)宽幅SAR图像拼接：根据条带SAR图像和Burst图像频谱特性的不同,研究了ScanSAR零级数据拼接；在得到单Burst干涉图的基础上,研究了Burst干涉图拼接法；针对利用成像几何关系拼接子条带干涉图的不足,提出了基于配准加权的子条带拼接法,并用实验验证了其有效性。
3)宽幅SAR干涉去相干性研究：比较了与条带干涉测量去相干性的异同点,研究了ScanSAR干涉测量几何去相干和扫描同步去相干。由于宽幅SAR模式分辨单元中的相对高差超过相干高差的概率比条带模式大n倍,从而其极限基线是条带模式的n分之一,而扫描同步性随着科学技术的发展现已不是影响宽幅SAR干涉的最主要因素。
4)研究了影响宽幅SAR干涉测量质量的因素：推导了基线误差和DEM误差影响宽幅SAR干涉测量结果的数学模型,以Bam地震为例对其进行了验证分析,尽管GDEM和SRTM的精度稍有不同,但是ScanSAR干涉是基线较短,故不需考虑其影响,基线误差具有累积效应,故干涉时需选用精度较高的轨道数据。研究了大地水准面差距对星载宽幅SAR干涉结果的影响规律和程度,即使大地准面差距和垂直基线分别仅为20米和100米,其对宽幅SAR差分干涉结果影响将达到6.4mm；阐述了基于EGM96模型计算大地水准面差距的方法,极大地改善了宽幅SAR干涉测量结果。
5)宽幅SAR干涉测量中的大气校正研究：归纳引入条带干涉测量中的大气影响去除方法,研究了基于外部数据和非外部数据的ScanSAR干涉图大气校正方法,尤其是基于MERIS和DEM数据的大气校正方法,最后对宽幅SAR的PS方法进行了初步研究。
6)基于星载宽幅SAR干涉的地震形变场获取研究：基于ScanSAR干涉测量理论,获取了8.0汶川地震和7.3级于田地震宽域形变场；在分析不同模式和不同数据来源非相干区域的基础上,研究了基于多源多模式的变形融合分析方法,融合后的宽域形变场不仅能反映研究区域的形变情况,而且其非相干区域变小,形变场更向断层靠近；同时基于DEM和MERIS数据,分别对于田地震和汶川地震的差分干涉图进行了大气校正,取得了良好的效果。
Wide swath synthetic aperture radar interferometry is a technique which can monitor the earth's surface and process corresponding radar data to get deformation information based on ScanSAR mode of SAR satellites, therefore it is also named as scanning synthetic aperture radar interferometry.Wide swath SAR intensity data has been used and acquired important effect for many aspects such as resource perambulation,monitoring environment,ocean exploration, preventing and dcreasing disasters,land use and forest investiagation,crop assess and nation security.With melioration and enhance of facility and orbit tecqnique of SAR satellite, scanning pattern synchronization and the critical baseline of precondition condition for scanning synthetic aperture radar interferometry have been pledged,at the same time,many SAR satellites have been launched or will be eradiated soon so that they can provide more abundant data for WSInSAR.Therefore,scanning synthetic aperture radar interferometry can offer chance for studing plank movement and geodynamics.
As far as scanning synthetic aperture radar interferometry is concerned,although its resolution is very low, it has two merits:i.e,wider swath and short period revisiting target.The merit of short period denotes it can measure easily slow deformation of the earth's surface.The other merit denotes not only baseline error can be removed,but its wider deformation field can be also applied to analyze mechanism of earthquake.At the same time, ScanSAR mode data can be combined with stripmap mode data to form a series of interferograms at a denser temporal spacing than is possible with normal InSAR,therefore scanning synthetic aperture radar interferometry has become a hot topic and new direction of application.
Although wide swath mode is one of modes of spaceborne SAR satellites, their modes are different, and imaging principle and process of interferometry also have a lot of dissimilitudes such as coherence,coregistering,correction of atmosphere effects and geoid undulation.In order to make use of ScanSAR data to get wider deformation field, theory and its application of scanning synthetic aperture radar interferometry are studied, including the following contents:
1) Principles of image and interferometry of wide swath SAR: Based on theory of synthetic aperture radar and ScanSAR,their imaging parameters and capability are analyzed. Compared to IM interferometry, mathematic model and flow of ScanSAR interferometry are studied in TCN corordinate system.
2)Mosaicing of wide swath SAR data:According to different frequcency peculiarity of stripmap mode and burst mode data, mosaic algorithm of ScanSAR level 0 data is studied.After getting single burst interferogram, methods of mosaicing single burst interferogram are introduced. As method of mosaicing sub-swath interferogram by using geometry relation of image has shortage, a method based on coregistering and weight is put forward,and is validated by experiment.
3) Research of removing coherence of wide swath SAR interferometry:After comparing with stripmap interferometry,removing coherence of geometry and azimuth scanning pattern synchronization is investigated, especially relation between geometry coherence and critical baseline of ScanSAR interferometry.For probability which relative high difference within one resolution of wide swath SAR exceeds coherence high difference is n times than image mode.critical baseline of ScanSAR interferometry is (?) of IM interferometry.
4) Ingredient research influenced quality of WSInSAR:ScanSAR interferometry is suffered from many sources of errors such as baseline error and DEM error, so,mathematical model of these errors is duduced and validated by an example of bam earthquake. Although there is a little difference of precision between GDEM and SRTM, ScanSAR interferometry need not be taken into account influence because of shorter baseline.Baseline error takes on cumulation domino offect in the ScanSAR interferogram so that WSInSAR need more precise orbit data.Geoid undulation can also influence ScanSAR interferometry,when Geoid undulation is 20m and perpendicular baseline is 100m, the influence value is 6.4mm.Therefore, geoid undulation is computed by using EGM96 model and it improve greatly results of ScanSAR interferometry.
5) Correction of atmospheric effects on ScanSAR interferogram:In order to remove or reduce atmospheric effects, algorithms of correction of atmospheric effects on IM interferogram are concluded and introduced for ScanSAR interferogram,at the same time,correction methods based on exterior and non-ecterior data are studied for ScanSAR mode,especially MERIS and DEM; permanent scatters ScanSAR Interferometry is invertigated simply.
6) Capture of earthquake deformation field based on spacebome wide swath interferometry: After analysis of non coherent region for different mode and different wavelength, deformation fusion method based on mulit-mode and multi-wavelength is put forward and applied to get fused deformation field.Defomation field after fusion not only can reflect earthquake deformation,but also non coherent region diminish. Deformation field of 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and 7.3 Yutian earthquake are gained by making use of ScanSAR interferometry;at the same time, atmospheric effects of these deformation field have been corrected based on MERIS and DEM data respectively.
引文
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