海底热液口温度场声学测量技术研究
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摘要
海底火山活动产生了热液喷口,热液流体的最高温度可达400℃,在喷发的热液流体和周围海水之间形成了陡峭的温度场分布。热液口周围温度场的分布对于海洋环境监测、准确测量热液热通量、研究热液成矿机制及热液口生物群落,有着重要的科学意义。
由于海底热液口高温、高压、浑浊等恶劣环境特性,目前国内外主要采用热电偶等接触式传感器,测量有限点的热液口温度值,尚未建立有效的温度场监测手段。
在国家自然科学基金重点项目“深海热液原位长期观测系统方法与技术研究”(编号：40637037)和国家863计划课题“深海热液温度场及速度场原位声学探测系统的研制”(编号：2007AA09Z213)的资助下,本文在数值仿真分析和实验观测的基础上,结合水声学、信号处理和反问题理论,对海底热液口温度场声学测量技术进行了较为系统的研究,主要研究内容与结论有：
1.从数值模拟和实验观测两方面揭示了高浓度悬浮颗粒物及热液气泡群对声波的衰减规律。采集了台湾龟山岛浅海热液区喷口噪声,并对其进行了频谱特性分析,结果表明,实际海底热液口噪声的频率成分主要分布在3kHz以下的低频段。特别地,在数值仿真和实验观测结果指导下,提出了温度场声学测量系统最优工作频率的选择依据和方法。综合考虑了环境噪声和声波信号在高浓度悬浮颗粒物海水中的衰减特性,最终确定采用频率范围为18kHz-23kHz的扫频信号作为发射声源。
2.建立多径信号时延估计问题信号模型。提出一种已知声源信号直接互相关时延估计方法——ASSCC法,该方法采用已知基准波形,可不考虑发射信号中的噪声干扰,避免了噪声相关对时延估计产生的不利影响,与参照算法相比具有更优的时延估计性能。理论分析了多径信道时延估计的克拉美罗下界,给出了多径信号条件下的时延估计方差。提出了两种新颖的水声换能器声中心距离及响应时间标定方法,为后续的系统研制和实验研究奠定了基础。
3.详细研究了温度场重建算法,提出了基于总体最小二乘法和基于抗差最小二乘法的温度场重建方法。前者针对输入和输出观测数据中均含有噪声的温度场重建问题,进行自适应迭代,提高了算法的鲁棒性,使得算法简单、稳定性好；后者继承并发展了经典最小二乘法的思想,在保留其计算量小等优点的同时,增强抗差性,克服了测量粗差可能导致重建结果奇异的问题,保证了温度场声学重建方法良好的工程实用性。对影响温度场图像重建精度的因素进行了详细的仿真研究,结果表明温度场重建精度除受传感器数量及位置分布影响之外,与测量区域大小、网格划分数、声波飞渡时间测量精度及测量粗差等因素都有直接关系。
4.进行海底热液温度场声学测试系统集成研究。根据系统的实际工况和布放方式,给出了完整的集成方案,提出了新颖的水声换能器机架结构设计、密封舱结构设计。研制了一套海底热液口温度场声学测量系统。系统采用标准水听器作为水下接收／发射换能器,使用高速数据采集系统同步采样多路信号,进行声波飞渡时间延迟估计,最后由上位机软件重建温度场。
5.开展了海底热液口温度场声学测量系统在水池条件下的模拟实验。首先,进行了标定实验,测量得到了每一对水声换能器的声中心距离和响应时间值；然后在试验水池中,测量了模拟温度场,验证了声学测温方法的可行性。在云南省龙陵县茄子山水库热泉区,进行了系统湖试应用研究。湖底热泉位于北纬24°32’33”,东经98°47’44”。实验结果表明,重建温度场的最大相对误差为1.11%。
系统的成功研制和湖试应用,说明了海底热液口温度场声学测量方法的可行性,同时积累了一定量的技术和经验,为今后的海底原位测量铺平了道路。本文的研究成果在水质监测、核物理研究、化学工程及农业工程领域同样具有广阔的应用前景。
The hydrothermal vents are a direct result of the volcanic activity happening under ocean water. Hydrothermal fluid temperatures may be as high as 400℃. Steep temperature fields are formed between the outflowing fluids and the seawater around it. The temperature distributions around the hydrothermal vents in deep-ocean are of fundamental importance in marine environmental monitoring, precise measurement of the heat flux from the hydrothermal vents, submarine hydrothermal mineralization and our understanding of the environmental impacts on the vent organisms.
However, in addition to obvious obstacles of high temperature and pressure, the corrosive nature of hydrothermal fluid and high load of particle in the fluid prevent a lot of non-intrusive methods such as infrared, laser and acoustic monitoring from being used to measure temperature of a hydrothermal vent. Placing a matrix of contact-type temperature sensors such as thermocouple sensors and resistance thermocouple sensors near the hydrothermal vents orifice is the most common practice to measure individual 1D profile of temperature around deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
This dissertation is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project title:Methodology and Technical Study of Long-term In-situ Observation System for Seafloor Hydrothermal. Grant No.:40637037) and the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Project title:Development of Acoustic In-situ Detector of Temperature Field and Velocity Field around the Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents. Grant No.: 2007AA09Z213). By means of experimental observations and data analysis, as well as numerical simulation, the acoustic measurement techniques for determining the temperature distribution around seafloor hydrothermal vents are studied in this dissertation. The main contributions of this work are as follows:
1. Ocean is a complicated and changeable channel which may distort the signals and degrade the performance of acoustic measurement system. The attenuation rules in suspended particles and bubble group are investigated numerically. The sound generated by the Kueishantao Island's hydrothermal activity in northeast Taiwan and the ambient noise are measured by the author. The acoustic spectrum of the recorded signals shows that vents radiate significant acoustic energy at all frequencies up to 3 kHz. The vents generate a broadband acoustic signal with power levels 10～30 dB above the ambient noise level. In this thesis we propose optimal frequencies for the acoustic temperature field measurement system around deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Higher frequencies are immune to most natural and artificial sound sources encountered during in-situ measurement. However, from an attenuation and cost perspective, lower frequency operation is more desirable. So the choice of operating frequency in acoustic in-situ detector has to be made by compromise. We choose working frequency band of 18-25 kHz for a given acoustic in-situ detection system.
2. We propose a high resolution multipath time-delay estimation scheme based on the active sound souce cross-correlation (ASSCC). This method uses a known reference waveform that neglects the negative influence caused by noise and has superior performance on time-delay estimation. We study the Cramer-Rao bound of the multipath time-delay estimation scheme, and give the variance of estimation. We also present two novel algorithms to automatically determine the center-to-center distances of underwater transducers in our system for in-situ measurements of temperature distribution around deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
3. We have made a scrutiny into the reconstruction algorithm. Two novel 2-D temperature field reconstruction methods are proposed, which are based on the total least squares (TLS) and the robust least square regression (RLS) respectively. It is shown that in the presence of observation noises, comparing with the results obtained from a conventional least squares approach, a TLS solution leads to significant improvements in the quality of reconstructed images. To deal with the gross errors in measurement, we make use of the RLS method, which is based on the Huber estimate and is computed by means of the iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm. It is shown that even a single outlier can degrade a least squares solution considerably. The robust estimators, thanks to an iterative downweighting process, gradually ignore those outliers that lead to large residuals.
An analysis is performed on the relevant factors affecting reconstruction quality. As our results indicate, the quality of temperature field not only depends on such parameters as the quantity and placement of the transducers, but also depends on the the area of the measurement plane, the number of grids, the accuracy of the time-of-flight measurements, gross errors and other factors.
4. A new acoustic measurement system of temperature distribution around seafloor hydrothermal vents has been developed. Regarding the measuring system, hydrophones are used as transmitters and receivers. The signal correlation analysis is performed to obtain accurate acoustic wave transit time from the transmitted and received acoustic signals. Both the transmitter emission start time and the receiver capture start time are also estimated using a novel algorithm based on the time-of-flight measurements at different water temperatures. The reconstruction of the 2-D temperature field which is an ill-posed problem, is conducted by total least-squares method and the robust least square regression.
5. The laboratory experiments and lake trial have been carried out to study the integrated performance of the acoustic measurement system of temperature distribution around seafloor hydrothermal vents. First we perform the system calibration, and get the response time and the center-to-center distance between a transmitter and a receiver. Next, we confirm the feasibility of the acoustic measurement techniques for determining the temperature distribution around seafloor hydrothermal vents by a tank test. Then, an experimental study is performed on acoustic imaging of underwater temperature fields in Lake Qiezishan, located in Longling Country, Yunnan Province, China. There are hot springs and craters beneath Lake Qiezishan, which lies at 24°32'33" north latitude and 98°47'44" east longitude. Experimental results confirm that acoustic tomography is a powerful tool for studying a small scale temperature field around the hydrothermal vents in seafloor, and stands as a good candidate to replace intrusive methods. The maximum relative error between the data measured by the sound probes and that measured by the thermocouples is within 1.11%.
Surely, as a new and primitive studying method, it needs further improvement and perfection yet. In our opinion, a significant improvement in temperature field reconstruction can only be obtained if high precision measurement of TOF data, a low condition number of matrix A, and an effective inversion method are available. The underwater acoustic measurement system has the advantage that it can also be used in applications such as water quality monitoring, nuclear, chemical engineering and agriculture.
由于海底热液口高温、高压、浑浊等恶劣环境特性,目前国内外主要采用热电偶等接触式传感器,测量有限点的热液口温度值,尚未建立有效的温度场监测手段。
在国家自然科学基金重点项目“深海热液原位长期观测系统方法与技术研究”(编号：40637037)和国家863计划课题“深海热液温度场及速度场原位声学探测系统的研制”(编号：2007AA09Z213)的资助下,本文在数值仿真分析和实验观测的基础上,结合水声学、信号处理和反问题理论,对海底热液口温度场声学测量技术进行了较为系统的研究,主要研究内容与结论有：
1.从数值模拟和实验观测两方面揭示了高浓度悬浮颗粒物及热液气泡群对声波的衰减规律。采集了台湾龟山岛浅海热液区喷口噪声,并对其进行了频谱特性分析,结果表明,实际海底热液口噪声的频率成分主要分布在3kHz以下的低频段。特别地,在数值仿真和实验观测结果指导下,提出了温度场声学测量系统最优工作频率的选择依据和方法。综合考虑了环境噪声和声波信号在高浓度悬浮颗粒物海水中的衰减特性,最终确定采用频率范围为18kHz-23kHz的扫频信号作为发射声源。
2.建立多径信号时延估计问题信号模型。提出一种已知声源信号直接互相关时延估计方法——ASSCC法,该方法采用已知基准波形,可不考虑发射信号中的噪声干扰,避免了噪声相关对时延估计产生的不利影响,与参照算法相比具有更优的时延估计性能。理论分析了多径信道时延估计的克拉美罗下界,给出了多径信号条件下的时延估计方差。提出了两种新颖的水声换能器声中心距离及响应时间标定方法,为后续的系统研制和实验研究奠定了基础。
3.详细研究了温度场重建算法,提出了基于总体最小二乘法和基于抗差最小二乘法的温度场重建方法。前者针对输入和输出观测数据中均含有噪声的温度场重建问题,进行自适应迭代,提高了算法的鲁棒性,使得算法简单、稳定性好；后者继承并发展了经典最小二乘法的思想,在保留其计算量小等优点的同时,增强抗差性,克服了测量粗差可能导致重建结果奇异的问题,保证了温度场声学重建方法良好的工程实用性。对影响温度场图像重建精度的因素进行了详细的仿真研究,结果表明温度场重建精度除受传感器数量及位置分布影响之外,与测量区域大小、网格划分数、声波飞渡时间测量精度及测量粗差等因素都有直接关系。
4.进行海底热液温度场声学测试系统集成研究。根据系统的实际工况和布放方式,给出了完整的集成方案,提出了新颖的水声换能器机架结构设计、密封舱结构设计。研制了一套海底热液口温度场声学测量系统。系统采用标准水听器作为水下接收／发射换能器,使用高速数据采集系统同步采样多路信号,进行声波飞渡时间延迟估计,最后由上位机软件重建温度场。
5.开展了海底热液口温度场声学测量系统在水池条件下的模拟实验。首先,进行了标定实验,测量得到了每一对水声换能器的声中心距离和响应时间值；然后在试验水池中,测量了模拟温度场,验证了声学测温方法的可行性。在云南省龙陵县茄子山水库热泉区,进行了系统湖试应用研究。湖底热泉位于北纬24°32’33”,东经98°47’44”。实验结果表明,重建温度场的最大相对误差为1.11%。
系统的成功研制和湖试应用,说明了海底热液口温度场声学测量方法的可行性,同时积累了一定量的技术和经验,为今后的海底原位测量铺平了道路。本文的研究成果在水质监测、核物理研究、化学工程及农业工程领域同样具有广阔的应用前景。
The hydrothermal vents are a direct result of the volcanic activity happening under ocean water. Hydrothermal fluid temperatures may be as high as 400℃. Steep temperature fields are formed between the outflowing fluids and the seawater around it. The temperature distributions around the hydrothermal vents in deep-ocean are of fundamental importance in marine environmental monitoring, precise measurement of the heat flux from the hydrothermal vents, submarine hydrothermal mineralization and our understanding of the environmental impacts on the vent organisms.
However, in addition to obvious obstacles of high temperature and pressure, the corrosive nature of hydrothermal fluid and high load of particle in the fluid prevent a lot of non-intrusive methods such as infrared, laser and acoustic monitoring from being used to measure temperature of a hydrothermal vent. Placing a matrix of contact-type temperature sensors such as thermocouple sensors and resistance thermocouple sensors near the hydrothermal vents orifice is the most common practice to measure individual 1D profile of temperature around deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
This dissertation is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project title:Methodology and Technical Study of Long-term In-situ Observation System for Seafloor Hydrothermal. Grant No.:40637037) and the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Project title:Development of Acoustic In-situ Detector of Temperature Field and Velocity Field around the Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents. Grant No.: 2007AA09Z213). By means of experimental observations and data analysis, as well as numerical simulation, the acoustic measurement techniques for determining the temperature distribution around seafloor hydrothermal vents are studied in this dissertation. The main contributions of this work are as follows:
1. Ocean is a complicated and changeable channel which may distort the signals and degrade the performance of acoustic measurement system. The attenuation rules in suspended particles and bubble group are investigated numerically. The sound generated by the Kueishantao Island's hydrothermal activity in northeast Taiwan and the ambient noise are measured by the author. The acoustic spectrum of the recorded signals shows that vents radiate significant acoustic energy at all frequencies up to 3 kHz. The vents generate a broadband acoustic signal with power levels 10～30 dB above the ambient noise level. In this thesis we propose optimal frequencies for the acoustic temperature field measurement system around deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Higher frequencies are immune to most natural and artificial sound sources encountered during in-situ measurement. However, from an attenuation and cost perspective, lower frequency operation is more desirable. So the choice of operating frequency in acoustic in-situ detector has to be made by compromise. We choose working frequency band of 18-25 kHz for a given acoustic in-situ detection system.
2. We propose a high resolution multipath time-delay estimation scheme based on the active sound souce cross-correlation (ASSCC). This method uses a known reference waveform that neglects the negative influence caused by noise and has superior performance on time-delay estimation. We study the Cramer-Rao bound of the multipath time-delay estimation scheme, and give the variance of estimation. We also present two novel algorithms to automatically determine the center-to-center distances of underwater transducers in our system for in-situ measurements of temperature distribution around deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
3. We have made a scrutiny into the reconstruction algorithm. Two novel 2-D temperature field reconstruction methods are proposed, which are based on the total least squares (TLS) and the robust least square regression (RLS) respectively. It is shown that in the presence of observation noises, comparing with the results obtained from a conventional least squares approach, a TLS solution leads to significant improvements in the quality of reconstructed images. To deal with the gross errors in measurement, we make use of the RLS method, which is based on the Huber estimate and is computed by means of the iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm. It is shown that even a single outlier can degrade a least squares solution considerably. The robust estimators, thanks to an iterative downweighting process, gradually ignore those outliers that lead to large residuals.
An analysis is performed on the relevant factors affecting reconstruction quality. As our results indicate, the quality of temperature field not only depends on such parameters as the quantity and placement of the transducers, but also depends on the the area of the measurement plane, the number of grids, the accuracy of the time-of-flight measurements, gross errors and other factors.
4. A new acoustic measurement system of temperature distribution around seafloor hydrothermal vents has been developed. Regarding the measuring system, hydrophones are used as transmitters and receivers. The signal correlation analysis is performed to obtain accurate acoustic wave transit time from the transmitted and received acoustic signals. Both the transmitter emission start time and the receiver capture start time are also estimated using a novel algorithm based on the time-of-flight measurements at different water temperatures. The reconstruction of the 2-D temperature field which is an ill-posed problem, is conducted by total least-squares method and the robust least square regression.
5. The laboratory experiments and lake trial have been carried out to study the integrated performance of the acoustic measurement system of temperature distribution around seafloor hydrothermal vents. First we perform the system calibration, and get the response time and the center-to-center distance between a transmitter and a receiver. Next, we confirm the feasibility of the acoustic measurement techniques for determining the temperature distribution around seafloor hydrothermal vents by a tank test. Then, an experimental study is performed on acoustic imaging of underwater temperature fields in Lake Qiezishan, located in Longling Country, Yunnan Province, China. There are hot springs and craters beneath Lake Qiezishan, which lies at 24°32'33" north latitude and 98°47'44" east longitude. Experimental results confirm that acoustic tomography is a powerful tool for studying a small scale temperature field around the hydrothermal vents in seafloor, and stands as a good candidate to replace intrusive methods. The maximum relative error between the data measured by the sound probes and that measured by the thermocouples is within 1.11%.
Surely, as a new and primitive studying method, it needs further improvement and perfection yet. In our opinion, a significant improvement in temperature field reconstruction can only be obtained if high precision measurement of TOF data, a low condition number of matrix A, and an effective inversion method are available. The underwater acoustic measurement system has the advantage that it can also be used in applications such as water quality monitoring, nuclear, chemical engineering and agriculture.
引文
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