南黄海DLC70-3孔晚更新世以来的沉积记录与环境响应
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摘要
南黄海是西太平洋典型的半封闭型陆架海,沉积环境十分复杂,黄海陆架在冰期旋回中反复出没,保存在沉积物中的有关过去全球变化的信息丰富,是研究东亚地区古环境演变和古陆—海相互作用的理想场所和关键地区。本研究以南黄海中部泥质区北缘的DLC70-3孔为研究对象,通过多种沉积与地球化学指标,包括粒度、元素地球化学、有机地球化学(生物标志物)等来讨论钻孔陆源沉积物质来源及其记录的古环境和古气候变化。
通过AMS~(14)C以及光释光测年,结合浅地层声学剖面特征,建立了钻孔的年代地层,表明其为末次间冰期以来的沉积,包括MIS5、4、3期,上部大部分地层缺失。稀土元素(REE)化学性质稳定,常常用来作为物源示踪的指标,通过对DLC70-3孔REE分布模式以及分异参数、判别函数FD的研究,并结合微量元素指标分析,表明DLC70-3孔沉积物来源主要为黄河沉积物。
地层中微体古生物特别是有孔虫和介形虫的分布规律是追索与黄海暖流伴生的冷涡沉积的重要依据。选取了冷水面颊虫(Buccella frigida)、具瘤先希望虫(Protelphidium tuberculatum)作为典型的冷水种指标来指示黄海冷水团的形成。DLC70-3孔底栖有孔虫冷水种Buccella frigida和Protelphidium tuberculatum丰度在20~26.4 m和55~71.2 m层位出现高值,而这两个层位对应的时期是MIS 5和MIS 3早期的温暖期,因此冷水种显示的低温环境不是古气候的反映,而是受古冷水团控制,指示了黄海暖流和古冷水团在MIS 5和MIS 3早期高海平面时期的存在。对CaCO_3(%)、MnO(%)和FeO/Fe_2O_3这些对氧化还原条件变化敏感的元素地球化学指标研究表明,黄海暖流及冷水团形成使得钻孔所在区域的氧化还原条件出现了较大的变化,氧化条件明显增强。
XRF Core Scanner是近年来出现的地球化学分析仪器,具有速度快、分辨率高、对样品无损等优点,在黄海地区还没有过柱状样的应用,本研究通过对比XRF Core Scanner扫描数据与XRF测试数据,发现多数数据可靠可信,仅Si和Ba元素的误差较大。
研究发现粒度的敏感粒级5.5~11μm(%)、Na/Fe、CIA和Rb/Zr比值受到化学风化作用所控制,可以做为夏季风的代用指标,这些指标表明在MIS3早期中国北部地区出现超强季风降雨过程,强度相当于MIS5.5期,与全球其他季风记录对比,发现此次季风降雨的增强具有全球性。
对DLC70-3孔陆源生物标志物长链正构烷烃、正构醇的分析显示:长链正构烷烃和正构醇含量都具有间冰期高、冰期低的特征,在MIS3期达到最高值,推测含量变化的主要控制因素是季风降雨造成的河流输送量变化,次要因素是海平面的变化,最有利于烷烃输送的环境条件是低海平面时的潮湿时期。DLC70-3孔正构烷烃主要来源于黄河上中游黄土高原地区,烷烃参数能反映黄土高原地区的植被演化,绝大多数正构烷烃的碳数分布以C31为主峰,样品中的C_(31)/C_(27)基本都大于1,指示源区植被一直以草本植物为优势,与同钻孔中孢粉资料以及黄土高原地区的其他植被记录对应良好。
DLC70-3孔生物标志物指示的浮游植物生产力以及TOC含量指示的海水表层生产力都具有明显的间冰期高、冰期低;暖期高、冷期低的特点。本区的浮游植物群落在晚更新世以来主要为硅藻和甲藻,尽管浮游植物生产力发生大的变化,但是群落结构相对稳定,没有明显变化。初级生产主要控制因素为营养盐的变化,河流输送的营养盐对本区海洋初级生产力的影响较大,陆源物质的输送是南黄海初级生产力变化的主要控制因素。此外,黄海暖流引起的上升流和垂直混合搅拌驱动的底层补充所输入的营养盐也对生产力的高值起到一定的增强作用。
The South Yellow Sea is a typical semi-enclosed epicontinental sea with complicated depositional history. It had submerged by the sea for many times in the history as a response to glacial cycles. It is an ideal place and key area for the research of paleoenvironmental evolution and paleo-land/sea interaction at the margin of East Asia, since there preserved plenty of information of past global changes in the sediments. This study took the DLC70-3 core from the northern central muddy area of South Yellow Sea as the research object, and the provenance of terrigenous materials and the records of paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes were discussed based on the analysis of various depositional and geochemical indexes including granularity, element geochemistry, organic geochemistry (biomakers) etc.
The core was dated with AMS~(14)C and OSL methods and a chronostratigraphy was then established with reference to the sub-bottom acoustic profile. Results show that the sequence was deposited since the last interglaciation, and consisted of MIS5, 4, 3, with most of upper part missing. REE is usually considered as provenance tracer for its stable chemical property. Based on the study of REE distribution mode, its differentiation parameters and discrimination function(FD), combined with microelements index analysis, a conclusion was drew that the sediments of DLC70-3 core were mainly from the Yellow River.
The distribution pattern of micropaleobios especially foraminifer and ostracode is one of important proofs to trace the cold eddy associated with the Yellow Sea Warm Current. Buccella frigida and Protelphidium tuberculatum, as typical cold water species, were used as ndicators of the Cold Water Mass. The high abundances of the two species appeared in the layer of 20~26.4m and 55~71.2 m, responding to the warm periods of MIS5 and early MIS3 respectively. Therefore, the low temperature environment indicated by the cold water species was not caused by the paleoclimate at the time, but a response to the paleo-Cold Water Mass, suggesting the co-existence of the Yellow Sea Warm Current and paleo-Cold Water Mass during the high sea level period of MIS5 and early MIS3. Research on the element geochemistry indexes sensitive to the changes in oxidation-reduction condition , such as CaCO_3(%)、MnO(%) and FeO/Fe_2O_3 , indicated that the formation of Yellow Sea Warm Current and Cold Water Mass also changed the oxidation -reduction condition of the study area and the effect of oxidation was obviously increased.
XRF Core Scanner, as an geochemical analysis instrument appeared in recent years, has many advantages such as quick testing, high resolution, nondestructive testing etc.. It has never been applied to columnar samples in Yellow Sea areas. The comparison between XRF Core Scanner continuous scanning data and XRF testing data in the this study provided the evidence that most scanning data are reliable. Relatively large errors only occur in two elements, namely Si and Ba.
The sensitive grain size of 5.5~11μm(%), Na/Fe, CIA and Rb/Zr were controlled by chemical weathering, and could be considered as the proxies of summer monsoon, suggesting the appearance of a heavy monsoon and rainfall process in the northern part of China during early MIS3, which was comparable with that in MIS5.5, and with the monsoon records from other parts around the world. It is believed as a global event.
The analysis of long chain n-Alkanes and n-AlcohoIs reveals that both of the contents of n-Alkanes and n-AlcohoIs were high in interglacial and low in glacial stages. They reached the maximum values in MIS3. It is supposed that the content variation was primarily controlled by the change in fluvial input caused by monsoon rainfall, with sea level change as the secondary factor. Most of the alkane was transpored in the wet period during low sea level. Long chain n-Alkanes of DLC70-3 core were mainly from the Loess Plateau at the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. The alkane index(AI) may reflect the plant evolution of the Loess Plateau. In this study, C_(31) is the main peak of most of the carbon distribution of the long chain n-Alkanes and C_(31)/C_(27) values of the samples are all higher than 1, indicating that herb vegetation dominated in the source area, which coincide with the pollen data in the same core and other vegetation records of the Loess Plateau.
The phytoplankton productivity induced from biomarkers and the seawater surface productivity indicated by TOC content in DLC70-3 core have the same characteristics: high in interglaciations and low in glaciations; high in warm periods and low in cold periods. The phytoplankton in the study area is mainly diatoms and dinoflagellates since the late Pleistocene. Although phytoplankton productivity changed a lot, the community structure remained rather stable, and no significant changes haves been observed. The main controlling factor of primary productivity was the nutrients variation. The nutrients transported by rivers influenced greatly the marine primary productivity of the study area. The input of terrigenous materials is the main controlling factor of the primary productivity in the South Yellow Sea. In addition, the bottom nutrients from upwelling and vertical mixing caused by Yellow Sea Warm Current also played a certain role in enhancing the productivity.
通过AMS~(14)C以及光释光测年,结合浅地层声学剖面特征,建立了钻孔的年代地层,表明其为末次间冰期以来的沉积,包括MIS5、4、3期,上部大部分地层缺失。稀土元素(REE)化学性质稳定,常常用来作为物源示踪的指标,通过对DLC70-3孔REE分布模式以及分异参数、判别函数FD的研究,并结合微量元素指标分析,表明DLC70-3孔沉积物来源主要为黄河沉积物。
地层中微体古生物特别是有孔虫和介形虫的分布规律是追索与黄海暖流伴生的冷涡沉积的重要依据。选取了冷水面颊虫(Buccella frigida)、具瘤先希望虫(Protelphidium tuberculatum)作为典型的冷水种指标来指示黄海冷水团的形成。DLC70-3孔底栖有孔虫冷水种Buccella frigida和Protelphidium tuberculatum丰度在20~26.4 m和55~71.2 m层位出现高值,而这两个层位对应的时期是MIS 5和MIS 3早期的温暖期,因此冷水种显示的低温环境不是古气候的反映,而是受古冷水团控制,指示了黄海暖流和古冷水团在MIS 5和MIS 3早期高海平面时期的存在。对CaCO_3(%)、MnO(%)和FeO/Fe_2O_3这些对氧化还原条件变化敏感的元素地球化学指标研究表明,黄海暖流及冷水团形成使得钻孔所在区域的氧化还原条件出现了较大的变化,氧化条件明显增强。
XRF Core Scanner是近年来出现的地球化学分析仪器,具有速度快、分辨率高、对样品无损等优点,在黄海地区还没有过柱状样的应用,本研究通过对比XRF Core Scanner扫描数据与XRF测试数据,发现多数数据可靠可信,仅Si和Ba元素的误差较大。
研究发现粒度的敏感粒级5.5~11μm(%)、Na/Fe、CIA和Rb/Zr比值受到化学风化作用所控制,可以做为夏季风的代用指标,这些指标表明在MIS3早期中国北部地区出现超强季风降雨过程,强度相当于MIS5.5期,与全球其他季风记录对比,发现此次季风降雨的增强具有全球性。
对DLC70-3孔陆源生物标志物长链正构烷烃、正构醇的分析显示:长链正构烷烃和正构醇含量都具有间冰期高、冰期低的特征,在MIS3期达到最高值,推测含量变化的主要控制因素是季风降雨造成的河流输送量变化,次要因素是海平面的变化,最有利于烷烃输送的环境条件是低海平面时的潮湿时期。DLC70-3孔正构烷烃主要来源于黄河上中游黄土高原地区,烷烃参数能反映黄土高原地区的植被演化,绝大多数正构烷烃的碳数分布以C31为主峰,样品中的C_(31)/C_(27)基本都大于1,指示源区植被一直以草本植物为优势,与同钻孔中孢粉资料以及黄土高原地区的其他植被记录对应良好。
DLC70-3孔生物标志物指示的浮游植物生产力以及TOC含量指示的海水表层生产力都具有明显的间冰期高、冰期低;暖期高、冷期低的特点。本区的浮游植物群落在晚更新世以来主要为硅藻和甲藻,尽管浮游植物生产力发生大的变化,但是群落结构相对稳定,没有明显变化。初级生产主要控制因素为营养盐的变化,河流输送的营养盐对本区海洋初级生产力的影响较大,陆源物质的输送是南黄海初级生产力变化的主要控制因素。此外,黄海暖流引起的上升流和垂直混合搅拌驱动的底层补充所输入的营养盐也对生产力的高值起到一定的增强作用。
The South Yellow Sea is a typical semi-enclosed epicontinental sea with complicated depositional history. It had submerged by the sea for many times in the history as a response to glacial cycles. It is an ideal place and key area for the research of paleoenvironmental evolution and paleo-land/sea interaction at the margin of East Asia, since there preserved plenty of information of past global changes in the sediments. This study took the DLC70-3 core from the northern central muddy area of South Yellow Sea as the research object, and the provenance of terrigenous materials and the records of paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes were discussed based on the analysis of various depositional and geochemical indexes including granularity, element geochemistry, organic geochemistry (biomakers) etc.
The core was dated with AMS~(14)C and OSL methods and a chronostratigraphy was then established with reference to the sub-bottom acoustic profile. Results show that the sequence was deposited since the last interglaciation, and consisted of MIS5, 4, 3, with most of upper part missing. REE is usually considered as provenance tracer for its stable chemical property. Based on the study of REE distribution mode, its differentiation parameters and discrimination function(FD), combined with microelements index analysis, a conclusion was drew that the sediments of DLC70-3 core were mainly from the Yellow River.
The distribution pattern of micropaleobios especially foraminifer and ostracode is one of important proofs to trace the cold eddy associated with the Yellow Sea Warm Current. Buccella frigida and Protelphidium tuberculatum, as typical cold water species, were used as ndicators of the Cold Water Mass. The high abundances of the two species appeared in the layer of 20~26.4m and 55~71.2 m, responding to the warm periods of MIS5 and early MIS3 respectively. Therefore, the low temperature environment indicated by the cold water species was not caused by the paleoclimate at the time, but a response to the paleo-Cold Water Mass, suggesting the co-existence of the Yellow Sea Warm Current and paleo-Cold Water Mass during the high sea level period of MIS5 and early MIS3. Research on the element geochemistry indexes sensitive to the changes in oxidation-reduction condition , such as CaCO_3(%)、MnO(%) and FeO/Fe_2O_3 , indicated that the formation of Yellow Sea Warm Current and Cold Water Mass also changed the oxidation -reduction condition of the study area and the effect of oxidation was obviously increased.
XRF Core Scanner, as an geochemical analysis instrument appeared in recent years, has many advantages such as quick testing, high resolution, nondestructive testing etc.. It has never been applied to columnar samples in Yellow Sea areas. The comparison between XRF Core Scanner continuous scanning data and XRF testing data in the this study provided the evidence that most scanning data are reliable. Relatively large errors only occur in two elements, namely Si and Ba.
The sensitive grain size of 5.5~11μm(%), Na/Fe, CIA and Rb/Zr were controlled by chemical weathering, and could be considered as the proxies of summer monsoon, suggesting the appearance of a heavy monsoon and rainfall process in the northern part of China during early MIS3, which was comparable with that in MIS5.5, and with the monsoon records from other parts around the world. It is believed as a global event.
The analysis of long chain n-Alkanes and n-AlcohoIs reveals that both of the contents of n-Alkanes and n-AlcohoIs were high in interglacial and low in glacial stages. They reached the maximum values in MIS3. It is supposed that the content variation was primarily controlled by the change in fluvial input caused by monsoon rainfall, with sea level change as the secondary factor. Most of the alkane was transpored in the wet period during low sea level. Long chain n-Alkanes of DLC70-3 core were mainly from the Loess Plateau at the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. The alkane index(AI) may reflect the plant evolution of the Loess Plateau. In this study, C_(31) is the main peak of most of the carbon distribution of the long chain n-Alkanes and C_(31)/C_(27) values of the samples are all higher than 1, indicating that herb vegetation dominated in the source area, which coincide with the pollen data in the same core and other vegetation records of the Loess Plateau.
The phytoplankton productivity induced from biomarkers and the seawater surface productivity indicated by TOC content in DLC70-3 core have the same characteristics: high in interglaciations and low in glaciations; high in warm periods and low in cold periods. The phytoplankton in the study area is mainly diatoms and dinoflagellates since the late Pleistocene. Although phytoplankton productivity changed a lot, the community structure remained rather stable, and no significant changes haves been observed. The main controlling factor of primary productivity was the nutrients variation. The nutrients transported by rivers influenced greatly the marine primary productivity of the study area. The input of terrigenous materials is the main controlling factor of the primary productivity in the South Yellow Sea. In addition, the bottom nutrients from upwelling and vertical mixing caused by Yellow Sea Warm Current also played a certain role in enhancing the productivity.
引文
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