设计驱动式创新机理与设计模式演化研究
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摘要
随着知识经济的兴起、消费社会的形成以及制造业成本的上升,越来越多企业认识到,良好的设计是其应对市场挑战并获得竞争优势的重要战略工具。大量领先企业开始探索实践“设计驱动式创新”(Design driven innovation),即通过对现存技术元素和社会文化元素的创造性组合来形成创新性的产品解决方案。这种新型的创新模式强调从产品与人、产品与社会的角度出发,通过产品创新来创造人类的可能性。
较之于国际上领先企业的成功经验,中国企业仍面临“设计驱动式创新黑箱”问题,即对设计和创新的关系认识不够全面,对设计主导下的创新过程中资源、能力、创新绩效之间的关系缺乏系统性的理解。针对以上问题,本文在文献研究和企业调研的基础上,提出三个基本的研究问题：(1)企业在实施设计驱动式创新过程中,需要哪些资源,这些资源会形成哪些关键能力,最后如何影响到企业的创新绩效?也即基于资源观的设计驱动式创新机理问题；(2)企业如何通过战略和组织上的变革将自己改造为设计驱动型企业；(3)我国企业和政府如何应对设计驱动式创新的管理挑战?
本文对设计驱动创新、知识网络、资源观和组织学习等相关理论进行了回顾,并对五个较为典型的中国企业设计驱动式创新实践的案例进行了探索性研究,由此归纳出基于资源观的设计驱动式创新机理的概念模型,这一机理可概括为设计资源→设计创新能力→创新绩效；并结合已有研究成果对这一概念模型进行细化,构建了企业设计资源、设计创新能力及创新绩效关系的理论模型,并给出相应假设；最后通过大样本问卷调查和统计分析方法对这些理论假设进行验证。
本文通过对现有文献的整理总结出评价企业设计能力的维度和主要指标,提出“设计模式”的概念,并根据战略和组织两个维度将现有设计模式分为五类。在此基础上,对企业所处设计模式与其设计能力之间的关系提出若干假设,并通过对纺织服装企业的问卷调查来检验假设的合理性。最后针对企业设计模式选择与设计能力升级问题进行典型案例研究。
针对实证研究结果,本文探讨了我国企业和政府面向设计驱动式创新所应采取的管理措施。
本文的研究内容和研究结论主要有以下几个方面：
1.企业的设计资源包含内部设计资源、外部社会文化资源、外部技术资源三个因素。这三个因素对企业提高创新绩效具有重要价值,从对绩效的直接影响来看,其中最重要的是内部设计资源,这说明企业在实施设计驱动式创新中须以我为主,同时又要重视与外部社会文化知识和技术知识间的联系。
2.企业的设计创新能力可分为产品语义设计能力和产品功能设计能力,这两方面能力都对创新绩效有显著的影响,而设计资源对创新绩效的影响实际上是通过这两种能力来完成的。从影响路径来看,企业内部设计资源可通过两种设计能力影响创新绩效,而外部社会文化资源只能通过产品语义设计能力影响创新绩效,外部技术资源只能通过产品功能设计能力影响创新绩效。
3.设计能力可分为基本设计能力、专业设计能力、设计竞争能力、设计创新能力四个层次。企业可通过在战略和组织两方面的主动变革促成自身设计模式演化,进而推动设计能力的升级。
4.由于中国社会文化网络和技术网络之间的分裂及结论2,我国企业往往很难同时拥有较强的产品语义设计能力和产品功能设计能力,且对已拥有的那种设计创新能力形成路径依赖。为解决这一悖论,企业应作好面对社会文化网络和技术网络的双向开放和学习,并从组织、流程和渠道三方面重新整合内部资源；政府应通过政策支持、设计教育、市场教育三种方法来改变外部知识网络的结构。
总的来看,本文的理论和实证研究成果丰富和完善了设计驱动式创新理论,为中国企业提升设计能力、完成转型升级、提高创新绩效提供了有效的理论指导和方法工具。
Due to the rise of the knowledge-based economy, the formation of the consumer society, and the increase of the manufacturing cost, more and more enterprises realize that a good design is the key to the success in market competition. At the same time, some leading enterprises have been exploring and taking a kind of new innovation model, the "design-driven innovation". This model creatively integrates social, cultural and technological factors into an innovative product. It focuses on the enhancement of human creativity through product innovation from the viewpoint of the relationship between the product and the human, as well as that between the product and the society.
However, Chinese enterprises have encountered a "design-driven innovation black box" for they lack a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the design and the innovation. They do not understand the systematic interaction among the resource, the capability and the innovation performance in the design-driven innovation. Under this background, through literature reviews and enterprise case studies, this thesis raises three fundamental problems that need to be addressed. They are (1) what are the elements of design resources for an enterprise to implement design-driven innovation? How do they affect the innovation capabilities and, in turn, the innovation performance? (2) How do enterprises improve their design capabilities by means of strategic and structural reformation. (3) How can government and enterprises conduct design-driven innovation strategy.
This thesis begins with a thorough review of related work on design-driven innovation, resource-based view, knowledge network and organization study. It presents an exploratory case study on five typical design-driven innovation projects in China. The study concludes with a conceptual model of design-driven innovation which is based on the resource-based view. The model can be summarized as a path of three steps:from the design resources to the design innovation capabilities and,finally, to the innovation performance. This model is further elaborated with a set of hypotheses on these three steps. These hypotheses are then validated through large-scale questionnaires and statistics analysis.
This thesis then surveys the dimensions and metrics used in existing work to measure the design capabilities. A concept of "design pattern" is proposed accordingly. We argue that existing design patterns can be categorized into 5 groups along the dimensions of the strategy and the organization. A set of hypotheses about the relationship between the choice of the design patterns and the design capabilities is proposed, which is tested and validated through a case study on the textile and garment industry in Zhejiang, China. The result suggests that the enterprises'design capabilities of different design patterns have significant differences, and the development of the design capabilities is path-dependent along the evolution of the patterns.
Finally, this thesis suggests management solutions for Chinese enterprises to deal with challenges in the design-driven innovation.
The outline and conclusion of this research is as follows:
1. There are three types of resources including internal design resources, external social-cultural resources, and external technological resources for enterprises. These resources are important to improve the effectiveness and the efficiency of innovation. We argue that internal design resources are of the greatest importance since they have the most direct impact on performance. This implies that an enterprise must depend primarily on itself during the implementation of the design-driven innovation, and in the mean time pay enough attention to potential benefits from external social-cultural knowledge and technological knowledge.
2. Enterprises'capabilities of design innovation have two folds, one of which is the design of the semantics of the product, the other is the design of the functions of the product. This two capabilities have an important effect on design performance. In fact,the impact of design resource on the innovation performance works through these two capabilities. However, the internal design resources affects the innovation performance through both capabilities, while external social-cultural resources can have an impact on the innovation performance through the semantic design capability only. Likewise, the external technological resources affect the innovation performance only through the functional design capability.
3. The design capabilities can be in four different levels including the basic capability, the professional capability, the competitive capability and the innovation capability. An enterprise can promote the evolution of design patterns and improve its design capabilities through active reformation of both its strategy and its structure.
4. Because of the gap between the social-cultural network and the technological network, it is often difficult for Chinese enterprises to have good capabilities in both product design and product semantics. Meanwhile, they typically over rely on their existing approaches to design capabilities. To get out of such a dead loop, this thesis suggests that an enterprise be open to both its social-cultural network and its technological network, and learn to reintegrate its internal resources from its organization, its business process and other channels. It also suggests that the government reconstruct the external knowledge network by means of policy support, design training as well as market training.
The case studies proposed in this thesis enrich the work on the design-driven innovation. The systematic set of theories and methodologies presented helps Chinese enterprises to improve their design capabilities and innovative performances.
较之于国际上领先企业的成功经验,中国企业仍面临“设计驱动式创新黑箱”问题,即对设计和创新的关系认识不够全面,对设计主导下的创新过程中资源、能力、创新绩效之间的关系缺乏系统性的理解。针对以上问题,本文在文献研究和企业调研的基础上,提出三个基本的研究问题：(1)企业在实施设计驱动式创新过程中,需要哪些资源,这些资源会形成哪些关键能力,最后如何影响到企业的创新绩效?也即基于资源观的设计驱动式创新机理问题；(2)企业如何通过战略和组织上的变革将自己改造为设计驱动型企业；(3)我国企业和政府如何应对设计驱动式创新的管理挑战?
本文对设计驱动创新、知识网络、资源观和组织学习等相关理论进行了回顾,并对五个较为典型的中国企业设计驱动式创新实践的案例进行了探索性研究,由此归纳出基于资源观的设计驱动式创新机理的概念模型,这一机理可概括为设计资源→设计创新能力→创新绩效；并结合已有研究成果对这一概念模型进行细化,构建了企业设计资源、设计创新能力及创新绩效关系的理论模型,并给出相应假设；最后通过大样本问卷调查和统计分析方法对这些理论假设进行验证。
本文通过对现有文献的整理总结出评价企业设计能力的维度和主要指标,提出“设计模式”的概念,并根据战略和组织两个维度将现有设计模式分为五类。在此基础上,对企业所处设计模式与其设计能力之间的关系提出若干假设,并通过对纺织服装企业的问卷调查来检验假设的合理性。最后针对企业设计模式选择与设计能力升级问题进行典型案例研究。
针对实证研究结果,本文探讨了我国企业和政府面向设计驱动式创新所应采取的管理措施。
本文的研究内容和研究结论主要有以下几个方面：
1.企业的设计资源包含内部设计资源、外部社会文化资源、外部技术资源三个因素。这三个因素对企业提高创新绩效具有重要价值,从对绩效的直接影响来看,其中最重要的是内部设计资源,这说明企业在实施设计驱动式创新中须以我为主,同时又要重视与外部社会文化知识和技术知识间的联系。
2.企业的设计创新能力可分为产品语义设计能力和产品功能设计能力,这两方面能力都对创新绩效有显著的影响,而设计资源对创新绩效的影响实际上是通过这两种能力来完成的。从影响路径来看,企业内部设计资源可通过两种设计能力影响创新绩效,而外部社会文化资源只能通过产品语义设计能力影响创新绩效,外部技术资源只能通过产品功能设计能力影响创新绩效。
3.设计能力可分为基本设计能力、专业设计能力、设计竞争能力、设计创新能力四个层次。企业可通过在战略和组织两方面的主动变革促成自身设计模式演化,进而推动设计能力的升级。
4.由于中国社会文化网络和技术网络之间的分裂及结论2,我国企业往往很难同时拥有较强的产品语义设计能力和产品功能设计能力,且对已拥有的那种设计创新能力形成路径依赖。为解决这一悖论,企业应作好面对社会文化网络和技术网络的双向开放和学习,并从组织、流程和渠道三方面重新整合内部资源；政府应通过政策支持、设计教育、市场教育三种方法来改变外部知识网络的结构。
总的来看,本文的理论和实证研究成果丰富和完善了设计驱动式创新理论,为中国企业提升设计能力、完成转型升级、提高创新绩效提供了有效的理论指导和方法工具。
Due to the rise of the knowledge-based economy, the formation of the consumer society, and the increase of the manufacturing cost, more and more enterprises realize that a good design is the key to the success in market competition. At the same time, some leading enterprises have been exploring and taking a kind of new innovation model, the "design-driven innovation". This model creatively integrates social, cultural and technological factors into an innovative product. It focuses on the enhancement of human creativity through product innovation from the viewpoint of the relationship between the product and the human, as well as that between the product and the society.
However, Chinese enterprises have encountered a "design-driven innovation black box" for they lack a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the design and the innovation. They do not understand the systematic interaction among the resource, the capability and the innovation performance in the design-driven innovation. Under this background, through literature reviews and enterprise case studies, this thesis raises three fundamental problems that need to be addressed. They are (1) what are the elements of design resources for an enterprise to implement design-driven innovation? How do they affect the innovation capabilities and, in turn, the innovation performance? (2) How do enterprises improve their design capabilities by means of strategic and structural reformation. (3) How can government and enterprises conduct design-driven innovation strategy.
This thesis begins with a thorough review of related work on design-driven innovation, resource-based view, knowledge network and organization study. It presents an exploratory case study on five typical design-driven innovation projects in China. The study concludes with a conceptual model of design-driven innovation which is based on the resource-based view. The model can be summarized as a path of three steps:from the design resources to the design innovation capabilities and,finally, to the innovation performance. This model is further elaborated with a set of hypotheses on these three steps. These hypotheses are then validated through large-scale questionnaires and statistics analysis.
This thesis then surveys the dimensions and metrics used in existing work to measure the design capabilities. A concept of "design pattern" is proposed accordingly. We argue that existing design patterns can be categorized into 5 groups along the dimensions of the strategy and the organization. A set of hypotheses about the relationship between the choice of the design patterns and the design capabilities is proposed, which is tested and validated through a case study on the textile and garment industry in Zhejiang, China. The result suggests that the enterprises'design capabilities of different design patterns have significant differences, and the development of the design capabilities is path-dependent along the evolution of the patterns.
Finally, this thesis suggests management solutions for Chinese enterprises to deal with challenges in the design-driven innovation.
The outline and conclusion of this research is as follows:
1. There are three types of resources including internal design resources, external social-cultural resources, and external technological resources for enterprises. These resources are important to improve the effectiveness and the efficiency of innovation. We argue that internal design resources are of the greatest importance since they have the most direct impact on performance. This implies that an enterprise must depend primarily on itself during the implementation of the design-driven innovation, and in the mean time pay enough attention to potential benefits from external social-cultural knowledge and technological knowledge.
2. Enterprises'capabilities of design innovation have two folds, one of which is the design of the semantics of the product, the other is the design of the functions of the product. This two capabilities have an important effect on design performance. In fact,the impact of design resource on the innovation performance works through these two capabilities. However, the internal design resources affects the innovation performance through both capabilities, while external social-cultural resources can have an impact on the innovation performance through the semantic design capability only. Likewise, the external technological resources affect the innovation performance only through the functional design capability.
3. The design capabilities can be in four different levels including the basic capability, the professional capability, the competitive capability and the innovation capability. An enterprise can promote the evolution of design patterns and improve its design capabilities through active reformation of both its strategy and its structure.
4. Because of the gap between the social-cultural network and the technological network, it is often difficult for Chinese enterprises to have good capabilities in both product design and product semantics. Meanwhile, they typically over rely on their existing approaches to design capabilities. To get out of such a dead loop, this thesis suggests that an enterprise be open to both its social-cultural network and its technological network, and learn to reintegrate its internal resources from its organization, its business process and other channels. It also suggests that the government reconstruct the external knowledge network by means of policy support, design training as well as market training.
The case studies proposed in this thesis enrich the work on the design-driven innovation. The systematic set of theories and methodologies presented helps Chinese enterprises to improve their design capabilities and innovative performances.
引文
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