组合微滤工艺去除水中特殊污染物的研究
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摘要
本文采用混凝共沉淀-微滤工艺处理含锶废水。以Na_2CO_3为沉淀剂,FeCl_3为混凝剂,小试试验中进水锶元素浓度约为5 mg/L。在间歇试验中,Na_2CO_3投加量分别为2000 mg/L和1000 mg/L,工艺的平均去污因数(DF)分别为237和158,浓缩倍数(CF)分别为302和462,Na_2CO_3投加量为1000 mg/L时,虽然DF相对较低,但膜比通量(SF)衰减速率显著降低,且处理水量远大于后者;连续性试验中,Na_2CO_3投加量为1000 mg/L,其它条件与间歇试验相同,平均DF和CF分别为157和480,采用连续运行模式可有效克服运行初期锶元素返溶的问题。
在小试实验的基础上,进行了混凝共沉淀-微滤工艺处理含锶废水的中试实验研究,结果表明:工艺平均DF为130;废水中的钙、镁离子浓度对管道混合器内结垢、污泥量和膜污染都有显著影响;浓缩过程在无压情况下进行,排泥较困难,尽管如此,预期在有压情况下,剩余污泥体积可以控制在200 L以内。鉴于管道混合器结垢和试验初期沉淀效果不佳的问题,采用计算流体力学(CFD)比较了小试和中试试验中采用搅拌器与管道混合器的混合效果,并提出搅拌造粒的方式改进工艺。结果表明,虽然在单位时间内搅拌器的混合效率较管道混合器低,但由于相对较长的停留时间以及相对较强的湍动强度,能够弥补混合效率的不足,并使最终的混合效果优于管道混合器。通过造粒实验,验证了改进工艺的可行性。采用搅拌混合,投加晶种和序批操作的模式,能够使出水浊度有效降低,提高沉淀效果,能够避免由于结垢造成的管道混合器的堵塞问题。基于共沉淀和膜污染的机理,预期将有助于提高含锶放射性废水的去污因数和浓缩倍数。
由于阻垢剂生产废水的可生化性差、成分复杂,总磷和氨氮含量高的特点,尝试采用组合微滤工艺处理该废水。结果表明:应用组合微滤工艺,能够使出水的COD、TP和NH_3-N浓度分别降低到174.8、0.48和0.48 mg/L,能够达到天津污水综合排放标准(DB12/356-2008)三级标准要求。
采用混凝-微滤法处理含氟地下水,处理水量为150 m3/d。结果表明,当硫酸铝的投加量为160 mg/L时,可使原水氟化物浓度从2.52 mg/L降至1.0 mg/L以下,其它主要指标满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)。工艺流程简单可靠,运行费用约为1.01元/m3,适合我国农村现状。该研究为模块化膜除氟工艺和装置的推广提供设计、运营等参考。
The study characterized the removal of strontium from an aqueous solution via coagulation coprecipitation followed by microfiltration (CPMF) with a lab-scale device. Sodium carbonate was used as the precipitating agent. Ferric chloride was added as flocculant. The concentration of strontium in the raw water used in this study was about 5 mg/L. In two intermittent tests, where dosages of sodium carbonate were 2000 mg/L and 1000 mg/L, respectively. The mean decontamination factors (DFs) were 237 and 158, and the mean concentration factors (CFs) were 302 and 462, respectively. Although the mean DF value was lower when the sodium carbonate dosage was 1000 mg/L instead of 2000 mg/L, the rate at which the specific flux (SF) of the membrane declined decreased as the amount of the effluent treated increased. The problem of strontium release at the beginning of the operation in the intermittent tests was solved by a continuous test in which the dosage of sodium carbonate still was 1000 mg/L and the other parameters were the same as that in the other tests. The results showed that the mean DF and CF were 157 and 480, respectively.
Based on the lab-scale tests, the removal of strontium from an aqueous solution via CPMF with a pilot-scale device wes studied. The results showed that the mean DF was 130. The concentration of calcium and magnesium affected the scaling of tube mixer, sludge yield and membrane fouling very much. The concentration process was carried out without pressure. However, it is prospected that the residual sludge could be concentrated within 200 L with pressue in real application.
Due to scaling of the pipe mixer on the pilot-scale test and bad effect of settlement in early stage of both the lab-scale and the pilot-scale experiments, Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was adopted to compare mixing effect of stirrer with pipe mixer. And CPMF process was improved with pelleting method. The results showed that though the mixing efficiency of stirrer was lower than the pipe mixer in a unit time, the relative longer hydraulic retention time and stronger turbulent intensity made the general mixing effect of stirrer better than the pipe mixer. The improved process was primarily validated by pelleting experiments, which conducted by mixing with stirrer, adding crystal core and using sequential operation mode. The effect of sediment can be improved with turbidity reduced effectively. Therefore, the scaling problem of pipe mixer can be resolved by utilizing stirrer as the mixing and reacting device. Based on co-precipitation and membrane fouling mechanisms, the DF and CF of the liquid radioactive waste containing strontium will be improved by the new CPMF process.
Due to poor biodegradability, complex components, high amount of total phosphate and ammonia, the scale inhibitor production wastewater is hard to treat. A hybrid microfiltration was used to treat the wastewater. The results of the experiments showed that the COD, TP and NH3-N of the treated wastewater were 174.8 mg/L、0.48 mg/L and 0.48 mg/L, respectively, which can meet the classⅢcriteria in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (DB 12/356-2008) in Tianjin。
Coagulation–precipitation coupled with microfiltration was used to remove fluoride from groundwater. The amount of the water is 150 m3/d. When the dosages of aluminum sulfate were above 160 mg/L, the concentration of fluorine could be reduced to less than 1.0 mg/L from 2.52 mg/L in the raw water, and other main indexes were meet the demands of Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-2006). The running cost is about 1.0 RMB per ton water. The simple flow and equipments provide a reference of design and running for modularization of defluoriding process, which is fit for countryside actuality.
在小试实验的基础上,进行了混凝共沉淀-微滤工艺处理含锶废水的中试实验研究,结果表明:工艺平均DF为130;废水中的钙、镁离子浓度对管道混合器内结垢、污泥量和膜污染都有显著影响;浓缩过程在无压情况下进行,排泥较困难,尽管如此,预期在有压情况下,剩余污泥体积可以控制在200 L以内。鉴于管道混合器结垢和试验初期沉淀效果不佳的问题,采用计算流体力学(CFD)比较了小试和中试试验中采用搅拌器与管道混合器的混合效果,并提出搅拌造粒的方式改进工艺。结果表明,虽然在单位时间内搅拌器的混合效率较管道混合器低,但由于相对较长的停留时间以及相对较强的湍动强度,能够弥补混合效率的不足,并使最终的混合效果优于管道混合器。通过造粒实验,验证了改进工艺的可行性。采用搅拌混合,投加晶种和序批操作的模式,能够使出水浊度有效降低,提高沉淀效果,能够避免由于结垢造成的管道混合器的堵塞问题。基于共沉淀和膜污染的机理,预期将有助于提高含锶放射性废水的去污因数和浓缩倍数。
由于阻垢剂生产废水的可生化性差、成分复杂,总磷和氨氮含量高的特点,尝试采用组合微滤工艺处理该废水。结果表明:应用组合微滤工艺,能够使出水的COD、TP和NH_3-N浓度分别降低到174.8、0.48和0.48 mg/L,能够达到天津污水综合排放标准(DB12/356-2008)三级标准要求。
采用混凝-微滤法处理含氟地下水,处理水量为150 m3/d。结果表明,当硫酸铝的投加量为160 mg/L时,可使原水氟化物浓度从2.52 mg/L降至1.0 mg/L以下,其它主要指标满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)。工艺流程简单可靠,运行费用约为1.01元/m3,适合我国农村现状。该研究为模块化膜除氟工艺和装置的推广提供设计、运营等参考。
The study characterized the removal of strontium from an aqueous solution via coagulation coprecipitation followed by microfiltration (CPMF) with a lab-scale device. Sodium carbonate was used as the precipitating agent. Ferric chloride was added as flocculant. The concentration of strontium in the raw water used in this study was about 5 mg/L. In two intermittent tests, where dosages of sodium carbonate were 2000 mg/L and 1000 mg/L, respectively. The mean decontamination factors (DFs) were 237 and 158, and the mean concentration factors (CFs) were 302 and 462, respectively. Although the mean DF value was lower when the sodium carbonate dosage was 1000 mg/L instead of 2000 mg/L, the rate at which the specific flux (SF) of the membrane declined decreased as the amount of the effluent treated increased. The problem of strontium release at the beginning of the operation in the intermittent tests was solved by a continuous test in which the dosage of sodium carbonate still was 1000 mg/L and the other parameters were the same as that in the other tests. The results showed that the mean DF and CF were 157 and 480, respectively.
Based on the lab-scale tests, the removal of strontium from an aqueous solution via CPMF with a pilot-scale device wes studied. The results showed that the mean DF was 130. The concentration of calcium and magnesium affected the scaling of tube mixer, sludge yield and membrane fouling very much. The concentration process was carried out without pressure. However, it is prospected that the residual sludge could be concentrated within 200 L with pressue in real application.
Due to scaling of the pipe mixer on the pilot-scale test and bad effect of settlement in early stage of both the lab-scale and the pilot-scale experiments, Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was adopted to compare mixing effect of stirrer with pipe mixer. And CPMF process was improved with pelleting method. The results showed that though the mixing efficiency of stirrer was lower than the pipe mixer in a unit time, the relative longer hydraulic retention time and stronger turbulent intensity made the general mixing effect of stirrer better than the pipe mixer. The improved process was primarily validated by pelleting experiments, which conducted by mixing with stirrer, adding crystal core and using sequential operation mode. The effect of sediment can be improved with turbidity reduced effectively. Therefore, the scaling problem of pipe mixer can be resolved by utilizing stirrer as the mixing and reacting device. Based on co-precipitation and membrane fouling mechanisms, the DF and CF of the liquid radioactive waste containing strontium will be improved by the new CPMF process.
Due to poor biodegradability, complex components, high amount of total phosphate and ammonia, the scale inhibitor production wastewater is hard to treat. A hybrid microfiltration was used to treat the wastewater. The results of the experiments showed that the COD, TP and NH3-N of the treated wastewater were 174.8 mg/L、0.48 mg/L and 0.48 mg/L, respectively, which can meet the classⅢcriteria in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (DB 12/356-2008) in Tianjin。
Coagulation–precipitation coupled with microfiltration was used to remove fluoride from groundwater. The amount of the water is 150 m3/d. When the dosages of aluminum sulfate were above 160 mg/L, the concentration of fluorine could be reduced to less than 1.0 mg/L from 2.52 mg/L in the raw water, and other main indexes were meet the demands of Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-2006). The running cost is about 1.0 RMB per ton water. The simple flow and equipments provide a reference of design and running for modularization of defluoriding process, which is fit for countryside actuality.
引文
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