中国湿地生态补偿机制研究
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摘要
湿地是地球上水陆相互作用形成的独特生境,是自然界最富生物多样性和最具生产力的生态系统之一,在维护国土生态安全中发挥着不可替代的作用。然而在我国,由于人口增长和社会经济迅猛发展的强大驱动,以及湿地保护手段的缺乏,导致湿地保护与经济开发利用之间的利益严重失衡,天然湿地面积日益减少、生态功能和效益急剧下降的趋势无法得到有效控制。也正是在这一背景下,湿地生态补偿呼之欲出。生态补偿作为发达国家普遍运用的经济和政策手段,也是在满足我国社会经济可持续发展的前提下,实现湿地资源可持续利用的必然选择。
本研究的主要目的是,通过理论和实证分析论证开展我国湿地生态补偿的必要性和可行性,并据此制定我国湿地生态补偿机制的基本框架和主要内容,以期为政府决策部门在制定相关政策时提供科学的实证依据。本研究的主要内容和结论包括：(1)首先根据经济学相关理论,对湿地的产权特征、公共物品属性和外部性特征进行了分析,为湿地生态补偿提供了必要的理论支撑；(2)经过分析和归纳得出,我国湿地具有绝对数量大、生物多样性丰富等禀赋特征,然而在区域上呈现较大的不均衡性,湿地生态系统服务年总价值约为16500亿元,这也为我国湿地生态补偿提供了客观的依据；(3)运用定性分析结合社会经济影响的面板数据模型分析得出,在1990-2000年的十年间,社会经济活动的确对我国湿地资源造成了破坏,尤以人口增长和城市化扩张带来的影响最为严重。运用层次分析法对福建、江西等七个省份湿地保护管理人员的调研数据分析得出,湿地保护资金投入不足、湿地保护专项法律缺失、湿地保护手段单一等是目前我国湿地保护管理体制存在的主要问题。综合分析得出,市场失灵和政府失灵是造成我国湿地生态系统退化的主要原因,这也充分体现了开展我国湿地生态补偿的现实必要性；(4)从国家政策、实践经验、财政投入、制度需求四个方面的综合评析认为,我国已经基本具备了实施湿地生态补偿机制的政治意愿、经济基础和技术保障,同时还具有国际、国内两个方面的现实制度需求,湿地生态补偿机制的实行具有一定的可行性。(5)最后,详细制定了以协调湿地保护与利用之间相关者利益关系为目标的,我国湿地生态补偿机制的基本框架、具体实施方案和配套制度。在运用CVM方法对鄱阳湖湿地自然保护区周边社区农户深入调研的基础上,具体设计了对湿地保护正外部性进行补偿的严格保护型湿地生态补偿模式；在借鉴国内外生态补偿的成功经验的基础上,具体设计了用于抑制湿地开发利用中负外部性的、以湿地生态补偿的税费为主要手段的合理利用型湿地生态补偿模式；结合我国湿地保护的现状和主要问题,从湿地生态补偿的法律制度、资源管理、协作制度三个方面制定了我国湿地生态补偿的保障制度。
Wetland is the unique ecosystem formed by land and water interaction, which had the most biological diversity and productivity, and exerts the important effect on maintaining national ecological safety so can't replaced by any ecosystem. Unfortunately, In China, due to the rapid population increasing and social economic development, as well as lacking of wetland conservation measure, the benefits between wetland conservation and utilization had been out of trim seriously, as a result of the quickly decreasing in wetland area along with wetland ecological function and benefits can't been held back by human being. Accordingly, the urgent situation which demonstrates that it's the right time to publish wetland ecological compensation policy. Payment for ecological compensation as the most popular economic and policy measure had been proved to be efficient in coordinate the benefit between nature resources conservation and utilization, and which is also as the necessity choice for wetland resources sustainable utilization under the economic sustainable development in China.
The intent of the research is to provide scientific and empirical foundation for wetland policy formulated by governmental department, which through the theoretical and empirical study to demonstrate necessity and feasibility of wetland ecological compensation, and the main content of wetland ecological compensation mechanism. The main content and conclusion of the research including:(1) provide the theoretical supporting from economic theory of property right, public good and exterior theory; (2) through summarizing and analyzing, provide that the Natural endowment of wetland resources is great absolute quantity and abundant biodiversity, but imbalance distribution in different region, the evaluation of wetland ecosystem function benefit is 165 million yuan each year, all of which provide the objective foundation for wetland compensation mechanism formulation; (3) using qualitative analysis combined with panel data model analysis derive that social economic activity definitely cause serious damage to wetland resources, especially the increase of population and urbanization expansion.Using Analytical Hierarchy Process method do a survey on wetland conservation and management officials in seven provinces derive that inadequate wetland conservation financing, lack of specific law of wetland conservation and variety weland protection approach are the main problems in China's wetland conservation and management system. All of the above analysis conclude that market failure and government failure are the main reason for wetland ecosystem degradation, which is also the realistic nececity for promoting wetland compensation in China; (4) the integrative evaluation in national policy, practice experiences, finance input and institutional demand has been proved that China have the essential requirements to published wetland ecological compensation mechanism, such as political willingness, economic condition, technology security, domestic and international demand; (5) at last, define the wetland ecological compensation framework, specific implementation scheme and supporting system, aim to coordinate human's benefit between wetland conservation and utilization. Firstly, under the practical research on peasant around Poyang Lake wetland nature reserve using CVM method, then design the rigorous conservation wetland ecological compensation mode in order to compensate positive exterior in wetland conservation; secondly, use the international successful experiences in payment for ecological compensation, design the reasonable utilization wetland compensation mode aim to prevent the negative exterior in wetland utilization, which main content is the planning on wetland compensation tax and fee. Thirdly, based on the status and problem in wetland conservation, design the supporting system for wetland ecological compensation in three aspects, such as law institution, resources management and cooperation institution.
本研究的主要目的是,通过理论和实证分析论证开展我国湿地生态补偿的必要性和可行性,并据此制定我国湿地生态补偿机制的基本框架和主要内容,以期为政府决策部门在制定相关政策时提供科学的实证依据。本研究的主要内容和结论包括：(1)首先根据经济学相关理论,对湿地的产权特征、公共物品属性和外部性特征进行了分析,为湿地生态补偿提供了必要的理论支撑；(2)经过分析和归纳得出,我国湿地具有绝对数量大、生物多样性丰富等禀赋特征,然而在区域上呈现较大的不均衡性,湿地生态系统服务年总价值约为16500亿元,这也为我国湿地生态补偿提供了客观的依据；(3)运用定性分析结合社会经济影响的面板数据模型分析得出,在1990-2000年的十年间,社会经济活动的确对我国湿地资源造成了破坏,尤以人口增长和城市化扩张带来的影响最为严重。运用层次分析法对福建、江西等七个省份湿地保护管理人员的调研数据分析得出,湿地保护资金投入不足、湿地保护专项法律缺失、湿地保护手段单一等是目前我国湿地保护管理体制存在的主要问题。综合分析得出,市场失灵和政府失灵是造成我国湿地生态系统退化的主要原因,这也充分体现了开展我国湿地生态补偿的现实必要性；(4)从国家政策、实践经验、财政投入、制度需求四个方面的综合评析认为,我国已经基本具备了实施湿地生态补偿机制的政治意愿、经济基础和技术保障,同时还具有国际、国内两个方面的现实制度需求,湿地生态补偿机制的实行具有一定的可行性。(5)最后,详细制定了以协调湿地保护与利用之间相关者利益关系为目标的,我国湿地生态补偿机制的基本框架、具体实施方案和配套制度。在运用CVM方法对鄱阳湖湿地自然保护区周边社区农户深入调研的基础上,具体设计了对湿地保护正外部性进行补偿的严格保护型湿地生态补偿模式；在借鉴国内外生态补偿的成功经验的基础上,具体设计了用于抑制湿地开发利用中负外部性的、以湿地生态补偿的税费为主要手段的合理利用型湿地生态补偿模式；结合我国湿地保护的现状和主要问题,从湿地生态补偿的法律制度、资源管理、协作制度三个方面制定了我国湿地生态补偿的保障制度。
Wetland is the unique ecosystem formed by land and water interaction, which had the most biological diversity and productivity, and exerts the important effect on maintaining national ecological safety so can't replaced by any ecosystem. Unfortunately, In China, due to the rapid population increasing and social economic development, as well as lacking of wetland conservation measure, the benefits between wetland conservation and utilization had been out of trim seriously, as a result of the quickly decreasing in wetland area along with wetland ecological function and benefits can't been held back by human being. Accordingly, the urgent situation which demonstrates that it's the right time to publish wetland ecological compensation policy. Payment for ecological compensation as the most popular economic and policy measure had been proved to be efficient in coordinate the benefit between nature resources conservation and utilization, and which is also as the necessity choice for wetland resources sustainable utilization under the economic sustainable development in China.
The intent of the research is to provide scientific and empirical foundation for wetland policy formulated by governmental department, which through the theoretical and empirical study to demonstrate necessity and feasibility of wetland ecological compensation, and the main content of wetland ecological compensation mechanism. The main content and conclusion of the research including:(1) provide the theoretical supporting from economic theory of property right, public good and exterior theory; (2) through summarizing and analyzing, provide that the Natural endowment of wetland resources is great absolute quantity and abundant biodiversity, but imbalance distribution in different region, the evaluation of wetland ecosystem function benefit is 165 million yuan each year, all of which provide the objective foundation for wetland compensation mechanism formulation; (3) using qualitative analysis combined with panel data model analysis derive that social economic activity definitely cause serious damage to wetland resources, especially the increase of population and urbanization expansion.Using Analytical Hierarchy Process method do a survey on wetland conservation and management officials in seven provinces derive that inadequate wetland conservation financing, lack of specific law of wetland conservation and variety weland protection approach are the main problems in China's wetland conservation and management system. All of the above analysis conclude that market failure and government failure are the main reason for wetland ecosystem degradation, which is also the realistic nececity for promoting wetland compensation in China; (4) the integrative evaluation in national policy, practice experiences, finance input and institutional demand has been proved that China have the essential requirements to published wetland ecological compensation mechanism, such as political willingness, economic condition, technology security, domestic and international demand; (5) at last, define the wetland ecological compensation framework, specific implementation scheme and supporting system, aim to coordinate human's benefit between wetland conservation and utilization. Firstly, under the practical research on peasant around Poyang Lake wetland nature reserve using CVM method, then design the rigorous conservation wetland ecological compensation mode in order to compensate positive exterior in wetland conservation; secondly, use the international successful experiences in payment for ecological compensation, design the reasonable utilization wetland compensation mode aim to prevent the negative exterior in wetland utilization, which main content is the planning on wetland compensation tax and fee. Thirdly, based on the status and problem in wetland conservation, design the supporting system for wetland ecological compensation in three aspects, such as law institution, resources management and cooperation institution.
引文
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