青海南祁连造山带内生金属矿床成矿作用研究
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摘要
南祁连地区位于柴达木盆地北缘,内生金属矿产蕴藏丰富,是我国中央造山带重要的多金属成矿带之一。本文以最新造山带构造理论为指导思想,通过对青海南祁连地区的地球动力学演化重新厘定,研究得出南祁连地区是一个具有复杂演化历史的多期次大构造旋回的复合造山带,主要经历了中元古代陆块形成、新元古代古陆裂解和有限洋盆拉张形成、加里东期始特提斯洋构造域内微陆块间洋盆开始闭合,发生弧-陆及陆-陆拼贴碰撞造山、晚加里东期柴北洋斜向俯冲、华力西期“剪刀式“闭合,全面转入陆内造山运动、华力西中晚期宗务隆增生楔造山及中新生代北东向构造演化等阶段。
南祁连地区内生金属矿床成矿与地球动力学演化具有耦合性关系。造山型金矿床的成矿时代与柴北带、拉脊山带、党河南山带及宗务隆带的构造演化相一致,具有自北向南变新的趋势:柴北带金矿床具晚加里东-华力西期多期次叠生性;党河南山带金矿床不具备多期次成矿特征;而宗务隆带金矿床成矿作用与晚华力西-印支期岩浆—构造活动密不可分;中低温脉型矿床只在早古生代柴北带发育,而在拉脊山、党河南山及宗务隆带均尚未发现;而矽卡岩型金矿床只在拉脊山带内发现,且受限于高钙海相火山岩的围岩条件。
南祁连地区金矿床赋矿地层主要为前寒武纪沉积地层(万洞沟群)、早古生代海相火山岩沉积建造地层(滩间山群)、奥陶纪浅海相-河流相碎屑岩地层(盐池湾组)、早古生代中基性海相火山熔岩沉积建造地层(六道沟组)及早古生代海相复理石建造,尽管围岩岩性及形成时代均不同,但产出的金矿床具有相似的地质-地球化学特征和成因联系,与定义的造山型金矿床特征相似。C、H、O、S同位素研究显示,成矿物质主要来源于上地幔和围岩地层,成矿流体主要以大气降水、岩浆水及变质水为主,硫来源主要具有深源性,成矿具有多阶段演化特点。
大量流体包裹体地球化学研究结果显示,本区金矿床石英中流体包裹体不是十分发育,主要有三种类型,即含CO_2包裹体、CO_2—H_2O包裹体和H_2O包裹体。其中H_2O气液两相包裹体十分发育,成矿流体为一套中低温、低盐度和低密度的H_2O—CO_2—NaCl体系和H_2O—NaCl盐水体系,显示一个浅成成矿环境的流体性质。
根据南祁连大地构造环境、金矿矿床特征、成矿作用、成因类型、成矿时代的规律性研究,得出南祁连地区造山型金矿床具有显著的独特性:(1)其成矿背景为多期次多旋回的复合造山运动;(2)成矿作用发生在浅成体系下(<6Km),甚至个别发生在更浅成的环境;(3)成矿流体以H_2O—CO_2—NaCl体系、H_2O—NaCl体系为主,显示浅成亚类造山型金矿床流体特征;(4)南祁连地区总体上表现出区域成矿差异性,大致具有由北向南成矿时代逐渐变新,多期次成矿作用愈加明显的特征;(5)矿床形成具有多期次、多阶段的特点(6)矿石类型主要为蚀变岩型,只有个别矿床具有石英脉型,且石英脉不单独构成矿体;(7)成矿时代为古生代,且成矿时间跨度较大,区别于时间尺度较小的中生代成矿的造山带。
通过对南祁连地区典型矿床解剖,结合矿床地质、成矿作用、地球化学特征及成矿的温压条件、成矿深度,重新厘定出南祁连地区柴北带中低温热液脉型矿床类型及拉脊山带矽卡岩型金矿床类型。
本文通过对典型内生金属矿床的研究,归纳出南祁连地区五个内生金属矿床区域成矿作用:(1)与加里东晚期—华力西期花岗质侵入岩有关的,产于绿片岩相变质地层,NW向大型剪切带控矿的造山型金矿成矿作用;(2)与加里东期花岗质岩体有关的,产于中奥陶统浅海相复理石建造的造山型金矿成矿作用;(3)与华力西造山运动有关的,产于早古生代海相复理石沉积建造的造山型金矿成矿作用;(4)与加里东期花岗闪长岩体有关的,产于晚寒武统海相火山岩建造的矽卡岩型金矿成矿作用;(5)与加里东期中酸性隐伏岩体有关的,产于海相火山岩建造的中低温热液脉型矿床成矿作用。
论文开展了南祁连地区矿床成矿作用研究和区内不同成矿区带成矿潜力评价,同时对该区内主攻矿床类型进行了找矿标志总结;根据前人的研究成果,结合对涉及矿床(点)野外考察及室内工作研究,共划分出成矿远景区5个,划分为A、B、C三级,并对成矿远景区进行了简要评价。
Southern Qilian area is located in the northern margin of Chaidamu basin, rich in endogenous metal mineral, and it is one of the important polymetallic ore belts in central orogenic belt. In this paper, the latest orogenic tectonic theory will be severed as the guiding ideology. Redefining on geodynamic evolution of southern Qilian area comes to the conclusion that it has passed complex geological evolution with the characteristics of ploycycle multiple orogeny. The orogenic belt mainly experienced Mesoproterozoic continental nucleus forming,Neoproterozoic ancient land divergence and limited ocean basin stretching,oceanic basin among the micro-continental blocks starting closing in Caledonian Tethys tectonic domain that leading to arc-continent and continent-continent collision and fitting, the oblique subduction of CaiBei ocean in Late Caledonian,in addition to,scissors-type closing tectonics,switching into intracontinental orogeny period in Variscan,forming Zongwulong accretionary wedge orogeny in Late Variscan-Indosinian and the NE tectonic evolution in Meso- Cenozoic.
There is a coupling relationship between mineral deposits and geodynamic evolution in Southern Qilian area. Metallogenic epoch of orogenic gold deposits were consistent with the tectonic evolution of Chaibei belt,Lajishan belt,Danghenanshan belt and Zongwulong belt,with a tendency of progressively changing newer from north to south. The gold deposits in Chaibei belt were superimposed with multi-metallogenic stage in Late Caledonian-Indosinian. Gold deposits in Danghe south mountain belt doesn’t display any features of the multi metallogenic stages. Mineralization in Zongwulkong belt had a close relationship with late Variscan–Indo magma-tectonic activities. Low-temperature hydrothermal vein-type deposits only produced in Chaibei belt in early Paleozoic, and not yet be found in the Lajishanbelt, Danghenanshan and Zongwulong paleozoic rift belts;however,the skarn-type gold deposits only be found in the Lajishan belt,in addition,limited by marine volcanic rocks ,which rich in calcium.
Ore-bearing strata in Southern Qilian area were mainly Precambrian sedimentary (Wandonggou group),early Paleozoic marine volcanic sedimentary formation (Tanjianshan group), Ordovician shallow marine-fluvial clastic formation (Yanchiwan group), Early Paleozoic medium-basic marine sedimentary volcanic lava formation (Liudaogou group) and Neopaleozoic flysch formation. In despite of different rock lithology and age,gold deposits in this area were of similar geological-geochemical characteristics and genesis, satisfying the definition of orogenic gold deposits. C,H,O,S isotope studies showed that metallogenic material were mainly from the upper mantle and host rocks,the ore-forming fluids were mainly meteoric water,magmatic water and metamorphic water,as well as the features of deep-seated derived sulfur and multi-stage metallogenic evolution .
A large number of fluid inclusion geochemical studies showed that fluid inclusions in quartz were not well developed in this area. There are three types,namely,CO_2-containing fluid inclusions, CO_2-H_2O fluid inclusions and H_2O fluid inclusions. Among which, gas-liquid two-phase fluid inclusions were well developed,the ore-forming fluid was of a low temperature, low salinity and low-density H_2O-CO_2-NaCl system and the H_2O-NaCl brine system, showing a hypabyssal metallogenic environment.
According to the studies on tectonic environment, gold deposit characteristics, mineralization, genetic types, metallogenic epoch in Southern Qilian region,we can come to the conclusion that these orogenic gold deposits were significant unique: (1) ploycycle multiple compound orogeny as metallogenic background; (2) mineralization occurs in hypabyssal system (<6Km), even in a super hypabyssal environment; (3) Ore-forming fluid is entirely consistent with H_2O-CO_2 -NaCl system and H_2O-NaCl system ,which shows the fluid characteristic of epizonal subgroup of orogenic gold deposit; (4)showing regional differences in mineralization, generally getting newer from northern to southern, and even more obvious characteristics of multi-stage mineralization; (5) deposits formed with a characteristic of multi-phase and multi-stage activity; (6)the main ore type is alterated rock type, only individual deposits were the quartz vein-type and not constitute an orebody alone; (7)The metallogenic epoch is Paleozoic, showing a larger time span that is different from Mesozoic mineralization with smaller time scale in orogenic belts.
By recognizing the typical VMS deposits in Southern Qilian area, combined with studies on deposit geology, mineralization, geochemical characteristics and ore-forming temperature, pressure conditions and mineralization depths, this paper determined a new deposit type as the low-temperature hydrothermal vein-type deposits in Chaibei belt, as skarn-type gold deposits in Lajishan belt.
In this paper, five regional metallogenic mineralization in southern Qilian area were summarized by studies on typical endogenous metal deposits: (1) orogenic gold metallogenic mineralization related to late Caledonian- Variscan granitic intrusive activities, produced in the green schist metamorphism strata, NW large-scale shear zone-controlled; (2)orogenic gold metallogenic mineralization associated with Caledonian granitic rock, produced in neritic facies flysch formation of Middle Ordovician; (3)orogenic gold deposit metallogenic mineralization related to the Variscan marine volcanic-sedimentary formation; (4)skarn-type gold metallogenic mineralization related to the Caledonian granodiorite pluton,produced in marine volcanic formation of late Cambrian; (5) epithermal-mesothermal metallogenic mineralization related to the Caledonian granodiorite hidden pluton,produced in marine volcanic formation of Early Paleozoic.
The author researched the metallogenic mineralization and assessed metallogenic potentials of these metallogenic belts in Southern Qilian belt,while summarizing prospecting indicators of main deposit types in the areas. According to previous research results,then combining field studies and indoor work of involving deposits (points),five prospecting areas were classified into A,B and C classes,and were evaluated briefly in this paper.
南祁连地区内生金属矿床成矿与地球动力学演化具有耦合性关系。造山型金矿床的成矿时代与柴北带、拉脊山带、党河南山带及宗务隆带的构造演化相一致,具有自北向南变新的趋势:柴北带金矿床具晚加里东-华力西期多期次叠生性;党河南山带金矿床不具备多期次成矿特征;而宗务隆带金矿床成矿作用与晚华力西-印支期岩浆—构造活动密不可分;中低温脉型矿床只在早古生代柴北带发育,而在拉脊山、党河南山及宗务隆带均尚未发现;而矽卡岩型金矿床只在拉脊山带内发现,且受限于高钙海相火山岩的围岩条件。
南祁连地区金矿床赋矿地层主要为前寒武纪沉积地层(万洞沟群)、早古生代海相火山岩沉积建造地层(滩间山群)、奥陶纪浅海相-河流相碎屑岩地层(盐池湾组)、早古生代中基性海相火山熔岩沉积建造地层(六道沟组)及早古生代海相复理石建造,尽管围岩岩性及形成时代均不同,但产出的金矿床具有相似的地质-地球化学特征和成因联系,与定义的造山型金矿床特征相似。C、H、O、S同位素研究显示,成矿物质主要来源于上地幔和围岩地层,成矿流体主要以大气降水、岩浆水及变质水为主,硫来源主要具有深源性,成矿具有多阶段演化特点。
大量流体包裹体地球化学研究结果显示,本区金矿床石英中流体包裹体不是十分发育,主要有三种类型,即含CO_2包裹体、CO_2—H_2O包裹体和H_2O包裹体。其中H_2O气液两相包裹体十分发育,成矿流体为一套中低温、低盐度和低密度的H_2O—CO_2—NaCl体系和H_2O—NaCl盐水体系,显示一个浅成成矿环境的流体性质。
根据南祁连大地构造环境、金矿矿床特征、成矿作用、成因类型、成矿时代的规律性研究,得出南祁连地区造山型金矿床具有显著的独特性:(1)其成矿背景为多期次多旋回的复合造山运动;(2)成矿作用发生在浅成体系下(<6Km),甚至个别发生在更浅成的环境;(3)成矿流体以H_2O—CO_2—NaCl体系、H_2O—NaCl体系为主,显示浅成亚类造山型金矿床流体特征;(4)南祁连地区总体上表现出区域成矿差异性,大致具有由北向南成矿时代逐渐变新,多期次成矿作用愈加明显的特征;(5)矿床形成具有多期次、多阶段的特点(6)矿石类型主要为蚀变岩型,只有个别矿床具有石英脉型,且石英脉不单独构成矿体;(7)成矿时代为古生代,且成矿时间跨度较大,区别于时间尺度较小的中生代成矿的造山带。
通过对南祁连地区典型矿床解剖,结合矿床地质、成矿作用、地球化学特征及成矿的温压条件、成矿深度,重新厘定出南祁连地区柴北带中低温热液脉型矿床类型及拉脊山带矽卡岩型金矿床类型。
本文通过对典型内生金属矿床的研究,归纳出南祁连地区五个内生金属矿床区域成矿作用:(1)与加里东晚期—华力西期花岗质侵入岩有关的,产于绿片岩相变质地层,NW向大型剪切带控矿的造山型金矿成矿作用;(2)与加里东期花岗质岩体有关的,产于中奥陶统浅海相复理石建造的造山型金矿成矿作用;(3)与华力西造山运动有关的,产于早古生代海相复理石沉积建造的造山型金矿成矿作用;(4)与加里东期花岗闪长岩体有关的,产于晚寒武统海相火山岩建造的矽卡岩型金矿成矿作用;(5)与加里东期中酸性隐伏岩体有关的,产于海相火山岩建造的中低温热液脉型矿床成矿作用。
论文开展了南祁连地区矿床成矿作用研究和区内不同成矿区带成矿潜力评价,同时对该区内主攻矿床类型进行了找矿标志总结;根据前人的研究成果,结合对涉及矿床(点)野外考察及室内工作研究,共划分出成矿远景区5个,划分为A、B、C三级,并对成矿远景区进行了简要评价。
Southern Qilian area is located in the northern margin of Chaidamu basin, rich in endogenous metal mineral, and it is one of the important polymetallic ore belts in central orogenic belt. In this paper, the latest orogenic tectonic theory will be severed as the guiding ideology. Redefining on geodynamic evolution of southern Qilian area comes to the conclusion that it has passed complex geological evolution with the characteristics of ploycycle multiple orogeny. The orogenic belt mainly experienced Mesoproterozoic continental nucleus forming,Neoproterozoic ancient land divergence and limited ocean basin stretching,oceanic basin among the micro-continental blocks starting closing in Caledonian Tethys tectonic domain that leading to arc-continent and continent-continent collision and fitting, the oblique subduction of CaiBei ocean in Late Caledonian,in addition to,scissors-type closing tectonics,switching into intracontinental orogeny period in Variscan,forming Zongwulong accretionary wedge orogeny in Late Variscan-Indosinian and the NE tectonic evolution in Meso- Cenozoic.
There is a coupling relationship between mineral deposits and geodynamic evolution in Southern Qilian area. Metallogenic epoch of orogenic gold deposits were consistent with the tectonic evolution of Chaibei belt,Lajishan belt,Danghenanshan belt and Zongwulong belt,with a tendency of progressively changing newer from north to south. The gold deposits in Chaibei belt were superimposed with multi-metallogenic stage in Late Caledonian-Indosinian. Gold deposits in Danghe south mountain belt doesn’t display any features of the multi metallogenic stages. Mineralization in Zongwulkong belt had a close relationship with late Variscan–Indo magma-tectonic activities. Low-temperature hydrothermal vein-type deposits only produced in Chaibei belt in early Paleozoic, and not yet be found in the Lajishanbelt, Danghenanshan and Zongwulong paleozoic rift belts;however,the skarn-type gold deposits only be found in the Lajishan belt,in addition,limited by marine volcanic rocks ,which rich in calcium.
Ore-bearing strata in Southern Qilian area were mainly Precambrian sedimentary (Wandonggou group),early Paleozoic marine volcanic sedimentary formation (Tanjianshan group), Ordovician shallow marine-fluvial clastic formation (Yanchiwan group), Early Paleozoic medium-basic marine sedimentary volcanic lava formation (Liudaogou group) and Neopaleozoic flysch formation. In despite of different rock lithology and age,gold deposits in this area were of similar geological-geochemical characteristics and genesis, satisfying the definition of orogenic gold deposits. C,H,O,S isotope studies showed that metallogenic material were mainly from the upper mantle and host rocks,the ore-forming fluids were mainly meteoric water,magmatic water and metamorphic water,as well as the features of deep-seated derived sulfur and multi-stage metallogenic evolution .
A large number of fluid inclusion geochemical studies showed that fluid inclusions in quartz were not well developed in this area. There are three types,namely,CO_2-containing fluid inclusions, CO_2-H_2O fluid inclusions and H_2O fluid inclusions. Among which, gas-liquid two-phase fluid inclusions were well developed,the ore-forming fluid was of a low temperature, low salinity and low-density H_2O-CO_2-NaCl system and the H_2O-NaCl brine system, showing a hypabyssal metallogenic environment.
According to the studies on tectonic environment, gold deposit characteristics, mineralization, genetic types, metallogenic epoch in Southern Qilian region,we can come to the conclusion that these orogenic gold deposits were significant unique: (1) ploycycle multiple compound orogeny as metallogenic background; (2) mineralization occurs in hypabyssal system (<6Km), even in a super hypabyssal environment; (3) Ore-forming fluid is entirely consistent with H_2O-CO_2 -NaCl system and H_2O-NaCl system ,which shows the fluid characteristic of epizonal subgroup of orogenic gold deposit; (4)showing regional differences in mineralization, generally getting newer from northern to southern, and even more obvious characteristics of multi-stage mineralization; (5) deposits formed with a characteristic of multi-phase and multi-stage activity; (6)the main ore type is alterated rock type, only individual deposits were the quartz vein-type and not constitute an orebody alone; (7)The metallogenic epoch is Paleozoic, showing a larger time span that is different from Mesozoic mineralization with smaller time scale in orogenic belts.
By recognizing the typical VMS deposits in Southern Qilian area, combined with studies on deposit geology, mineralization, geochemical characteristics and ore-forming temperature, pressure conditions and mineralization depths, this paper determined a new deposit type as the low-temperature hydrothermal vein-type deposits in Chaibei belt, as skarn-type gold deposits in Lajishan belt.
In this paper, five regional metallogenic mineralization in southern Qilian area were summarized by studies on typical endogenous metal deposits: (1) orogenic gold metallogenic mineralization related to late Caledonian- Variscan granitic intrusive activities, produced in the green schist metamorphism strata, NW large-scale shear zone-controlled; (2)orogenic gold metallogenic mineralization associated with Caledonian granitic rock, produced in neritic facies flysch formation of Middle Ordovician; (3)orogenic gold deposit metallogenic mineralization related to the Variscan marine volcanic-sedimentary formation; (4)skarn-type gold metallogenic mineralization related to the Caledonian granodiorite pluton,produced in marine volcanic formation of late Cambrian; (5) epithermal-mesothermal metallogenic mineralization related to the Caledonian granodiorite hidden pluton,produced in marine volcanic formation of Early Paleozoic.
The author researched the metallogenic mineralization and assessed metallogenic potentials of these metallogenic belts in Southern Qilian belt,while summarizing prospecting indicators of main deposit types in the areas. According to previous research results,then combining field studies and indoor work of involving deposits (points),five prospecting areas were classified into A,B and C classes,and were evaluated briefly in this paper.
引文
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