超高水充填材料及其充填开采技术研究与应用
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摘要
我国煤炭资源较为丰富,但其赋存特点是煤矿“三下”压煤比较普遍。一方面,我国主要产煤省多地处平原,村庄密集,人口众多,村庄压煤比重大;另一方面,随着国内经济不断持续发展,村镇规模不断扩大,新矿区、新井田不断建设,压煤量也持续增加。解决“三下”压煤问题是我国煤矿可持续发展的关键。此外,由于煤矿开采造成地表沉陷、建筑物破坏及地下水与土地资源减少等,使矿区生态环境问题越来越突出。基于上述问题,煤炭绿色开采是实现我国煤炭工业可持续发展的必由之路,充填开采技术是实现上述目标的不二选择。本文在充分研究我国煤炭资源赋存状况及充填开采现状的基础上,从充分回收煤炭资源、减少矿区环境污染、消除矿区生态破坏的角度出发,提出超高水充填材料用于矿井采空区充填的课题,并对此进行了详细研究。
本文在详细查阅大量国内外文献的基础上,详细研究了超高水材料的生成机理,并通过大量实验,对超高水材料的各组成要素进行了详细研究。在实验室条件下,经过多年反复试验研究,找出超高水材料合理的组成配方。所制得的超高水材料由A、B两种主料与少量复合速凝剂和复合缓凝分散剂组成。该材料可在水体积高达97%时,实现初凝时间在8~90min之间的按需调整。当水体积在95~97%时,抗压强度可根据外加剂的不同而进行调节,其28天强度可达到0.66~1.5MPa之间。该材料A、B两主料单浆可持续30~40小时不凝固,混合后材料可快速水化。调整外加剂配方可以改变材料性能如凝结时间与强度等。
为了考察所制得超高水材料性能,对超高水充填材料的基本性能包括基本力学性能、化学性能及所构成材料的稳定性进行了研究,发现该材料具有早强、快硬的特点,7天抗压强度可达到最终强度的60~90%,后期强度增长趋势较缓慢。通过调节水固比与外加剂,可根据需要调整其强度性能与凝结时间等指标。该材料体积应变较小,有利于采空区的充填应用。该材料抗风化性能较差,火烤效果类同于风化,表明该材料不适于干燥、开放的环境。在井下潮湿环境中采取一定措施后可方便使用,尤其适合于井下密闭大空间的充填。
对超高水材料固结体进行电镜分析表明,其主要成分为钙矾石。超高水材料的钙矾石结构为纤细的丝网状结构,同时伴有铝胶及其它凝胶类物质。同时发现,当水体积大于95%时,钙矾石结构以纤细的丝网状结构占绝对优势,反之材料的钙矾石向粗大的针状结构过渡。因此,以95%的水体积作为区分高水与超高水材料的界限为宜。
对超高水材料浆体的流变性进行了研究,结果表明:其A、B料浆的粘度较小,与水的粘度相仿,可视为牛顿流体,而混合浆液则属振凝时变性非牛顿流体。但材料在混合后的初始阶段粘度发展较慢,当达到其凝结时间的约2/3时,粘度开始较快上升,并在接近凝结时间时,出现突变性拐点。出现拐点时的各浆体表观粘度值随凝结时间的减少呈降低趋势。
研究还结合流体流动基本方程及一些经验模型,对材料的流体力学性能如材料的不淤临界流速进行了研究。发现浆体的表观粘度、所含固体物料的颗粒组成、制成浆体的浓度等因素均会对材料的流体力学性能产生影响。公称直径在100~200mm的常规无缝钢管,用来输送超高水材料时,可输送速度以不小于2m/s为宜。
研制的超高水材料用于现场采空区充填时有以下特点:(1)水含量特别高,可通过管路混合后对采空区进行灌注式充填,充填工艺十分简单;(2)超高水充填用水可采用矿井水,可减少大量排水费用,同时减少排水对地面的污染。
通过对超高水充填材料性能及充填开采方法进行详细研究后发现,适宜于超高水材料的充填方法有多种,具代表性的有开放式充填、袋式充填、混合式充填、分段阻隔式充填等。这些方法可根据现场开采工艺进行选择,其中开放式充填具有系统简单,无须架设充填袋的优点,但袋式充填方法适应性较强。
根据超高水材料特点及采空区充填要求,研制出半连续式制浆充填工艺系统。该系统由4个子系统组成。在使用时,多个搅拌器交替工作,使料浆供给呈连续状态,保证采空区充填连续不间断进行。
本文的研究成果已成功在田庄矿薄煤层与陶一矿厚煤层两个不同条件下的采空区进行了实际应用。作者在对前者煤层地质条件进行详细分析后,借助数值模拟对试验工作面上覆岩层可能出现的变形情况进行了分析,提出合理充填开采方案,对后者则对在采空区充填后的上覆岩层活动状态进行了计算机模拟研究,得出了指导性结论。目前陶一煤矿已经成功完成两个充填开采工作面,第三个工作面的充填工作正在进行,现已采出煤炭十几万吨,累计创经济效益近七千万元。田庄煤矿充填开采已经取得可喜成果,工作面推进达120余米,工作面充填工作进展顺利,充填效果良好,已取得超千万元的经济效益。
为考察充填体实验效果,还对陶一、田庄二煤矿工作面充填后的地表沉陷情况进行了观测研究。截止到目前,充填工作面对应地表未受任何影响,初步表明超高水材料充填开采具有明显的经济效益、社会及环境效益。
China is rich in coal resource. But unfortunately, most of them are located undervillages, railroads and surface buildings. The very reason is that most provincesabounding in coal site on the plain with more villages of high population density. Howto mine these coals above is key factor and primary problem restricting thedevelopment of China’s coal mining. Green coal mining is the only way to achievesustainable development of China's coal industry. Coal filling mining technology is aprime choice to achieve these goals. In this paper, the project of superhigh-waterpacking material used as mine gob filling material is proposed and obtained a detailedstudy.
This paper studied fully about the formation mechanism of superhigh-watermaterial based on detailed inspection of a large number of domestic and foreignliteratures. Through a large number of experiments trial and error on the key elementsto form the superhigh-water material, reasonable constituents to form superhigh-watermaterial were found. It was composed of A and B components together with a smallamount of complex accelerating, retarding agents and dispersant. The setting time ofthe material could be regulated from 8 to 90 minutes. Its compressive strength couldalso be changed under different water content. For instance, when the water volumecontent varied between 95 ~ 97%, its final strength could be varied between 0.66 ~1.5MPa. The slurry formed with A or B alone could keep 30 to 40 hours unsetting,whereas the mixture of A and B hardened quickly.
In order to investigate the properties of the superhigh-water material, its basicproperties including basic mechanical properties, chemical properties and stabilitywere investigated in laboratory. It was found that the material has quick hardeningcharacteristics and the 7 day compressive strength could be up to 60~90% of the 28day one. After that, the strength growing slowed down. Its compressive strength andsetting time could be regulated by adjusting the water-solid ratio and additives. Thesmall bulk strain of this material made it apt to filling application in largeunderground interspace. The material was of poor weathering-resistance property,which indicating that it was not suitable for hot, dry and open-up environment. In thewet conditions of underground goaf, the material could be easy to use, especiallysuitable for filling the large space confined underground.
The microtopography of the superhigh-water material induration was investigated by SEM analysis. The results showed that its main ingredient is ettringite. Thisettringite in the superhigh-water material was thin and wire-like, accompanied byAl(OH)_3-gel and other gel-type substances. It was also found that the water volumecontent in 95% is a key point, beyond it, the structure of ettringite was dominant inthin, mesh-like structure. But less than it, the ettringite needle-like structure wasthickening more and more. Therefore, it was appropriate to make the water volume in95% be a turn point from high-water to superhigh-water packing material.
Rheology studies of the superhigh-water material showed that the slurry viscosityof A or B alone was almost as small as water’s and then could be referred asNewtonian fluid, while the mixed slurry was a time-varying non-Newtonian fluid. Butthe viscosity of the mixture increased slowly in the initial stage. It did not rise quicklyuntil the time kept about two to thirds of the setting time of the material. When nearthe setting time, the curve of the viscosity reached an inflexion. The apparentviscosity at inflexion of the material with short setting time was lower than that of thelonger ones.
The hydrodynamic properties of the superhigh-water material such as the criticalnon-silt velocity and so on were studied here with combination with the basicequations of fluid flow and a number of empirical models. It was found that all thefactors such as apparent viscosity of slurry, particle composition, concentration,transporting pipe diameter and other relevant ones had impacts on the hydrodynamicperformance. When the nominal diameter of 100~200mm conventional seamless steelpipe used to transport superhigh-water materials, the conveying velocity should be noless than 2m/s.
After detailed study on the properties of the superhigh-water material and thefilling mining methods, it was found that most of the methods were suitable forsuperhigh-water packing material, including open-up filling, bag filling, mixed-typefilling, partition-wall filling and so on. These methods could be selected according toon-site mining techniques used. Open-up filling was simple and no need to set upfilling bags, and the adaptability of the bag filling was better and broader.
A semi-continuous filling system suitable for underground filling was developed.It was composed of four subsystem components. A number of mixers ran alternatelyin use, so that the slurry supply could keep continuous to meet the transportrequirement of filling slurry.
This superhigh-water packing material had been succeeded in underground goaf filling as its practical application. After a detailed study of the field condition, thesurface deformation of overlying rock was analyzed using the simulation software anda reasonable filling program was proposed. After the goaf filling, the simulation of theground behavior and field theoretical analysis was also carried out, which made thepractice application success in Taoyi coal mine of Handan Mining Group for thickcoal seam. Currently, Taoyi Mine successfully carries out the third working face of thefilling mining. The thin-seam filling mining of Tianzhuang Mine of Linyi MiningGroup has also achieved gratifying results. Now the filling working is progressingsmoothly with a good effect.
In order to investigate the effectiveness of goaf filling, strata control observationabout the surface subsidence of Taoyi and Tianzhuang Mine was carried out. Up tonow, the earth surface above the working face has not shown any influence due to thefilling. It is indicated that goaf filling with the superhigh-water packing material hasobvious economic benefits, social and environmental benefits.There are 87 pictures, 33 tables and 198 references in the paper.
本文在详细查阅大量国内外文献的基础上,详细研究了超高水材料的生成机理,并通过大量实验,对超高水材料的各组成要素进行了详细研究。在实验室条件下,经过多年反复试验研究,找出超高水材料合理的组成配方。所制得的超高水材料由A、B两种主料与少量复合速凝剂和复合缓凝分散剂组成。该材料可在水体积高达97%时,实现初凝时间在8~90min之间的按需调整。当水体积在95~97%时,抗压强度可根据外加剂的不同而进行调节,其28天强度可达到0.66~1.5MPa之间。该材料A、B两主料单浆可持续30~40小时不凝固,混合后材料可快速水化。调整外加剂配方可以改变材料性能如凝结时间与强度等。
为了考察所制得超高水材料性能,对超高水充填材料的基本性能包括基本力学性能、化学性能及所构成材料的稳定性进行了研究,发现该材料具有早强、快硬的特点,7天抗压强度可达到最终强度的60~90%,后期强度增长趋势较缓慢。通过调节水固比与外加剂,可根据需要调整其强度性能与凝结时间等指标。该材料体积应变较小,有利于采空区的充填应用。该材料抗风化性能较差,火烤效果类同于风化,表明该材料不适于干燥、开放的环境。在井下潮湿环境中采取一定措施后可方便使用,尤其适合于井下密闭大空间的充填。
对超高水材料固结体进行电镜分析表明,其主要成分为钙矾石。超高水材料的钙矾石结构为纤细的丝网状结构,同时伴有铝胶及其它凝胶类物质。同时发现,当水体积大于95%时,钙矾石结构以纤细的丝网状结构占绝对优势,反之材料的钙矾石向粗大的针状结构过渡。因此,以95%的水体积作为区分高水与超高水材料的界限为宜。
对超高水材料浆体的流变性进行了研究,结果表明:其A、B料浆的粘度较小,与水的粘度相仿,可视为牛顿流体,而混合浆液则属振凝时变性非牛顿流体。但材料在混合后的初始阶段粘度发展较慢,当达到其凝结时间的约2/3时,粘度开始较快上升,并在接近凝结时间时,出现突变性拐点。出现拐点时的各浆体表观粘度值随凝结时间的减少呈降低趋势。
研究还结合流体流动基本方程及一些经验模型,对材料的流体力学性能如材料的不淤临界流速进行了研究。发现浆体的表观粘度、所含固体物料的颗粒组成、制成浆体的浓度等因素均会对材料的流体力学性能产生影响。公称直径在100~200mm的常规无缝钢管,用来输送超高水材料时,可输送速度以不小于2m/s为宜。
研制的超高水材料用于现场采空区充填时有以下特点:(1)水含量特别高,可通过管路混合后对采空区进行灌注式充填,充填工艺十分简单;(2)超高水充填用水可采用矿井水,可减少大量排水费用,同时减少排水对地面的污染。
通过对超高水充填材料性能及充填开采方法进行详细研究后发现,适宜于超高水材料的充填方法有多种,具代表性的有开放式充填、袋式充填、混合式充填、分段阻隔式充填等。这些方法可根据现场开采工艺进行选择,其中开放式充填具有系统简单,无须架设充填袋的优点,但袋式充填方法适应性较强。
根据超高水材料特点及采空区充填要求,研制出半连续式制浆充填工艺系统。该系统由4个子系统组成。在使用时,多个搅拌器交替工作,使料浆供给呈连续状态,保证采空区充填连续不间断进行。
本文的研究成果已成功在田庄矿薄煤层与陶一矿厚煤层两个不同条件下的采空区进行了实际应用。作者在对前者煤层地质条件进行详细分析后,借助数值模拟对试验工作面上覆岩层可能出现的变形情况进行了分析,提出合理充填开采方案,对后者则对在采空区充填后的上覆岩层活动状态进行了计算机模拟研究,得出了指导性结论。目前陶一煤矿已经成功完成两个充填开采工作面,第三个工作面的充填工作正在进行,现已采出煤炭十几万吨,累计创经济效益近七千万元。田庄煤矿充填开采已经取得可喜成果,工作面推进达120余米,工作面充填工作进展顺利,充填效果良好,已取得超千万元的经济效益。
为考察充填体实验效果,还对陶一、田庄二煤矿工作面充填后的地表沉陷情况进行了观测研究。截止到目前,充填工作面对应地表未受任何影响,初步表明超高水材料充填开采具有明显的经济效益、社会及环境效益。
China is rich in coal resource. But unfortunately, most of them are located undervillages, railroads and surface buildings. The very reason is that most provincesabounding in coal site on the plain with more villages of high population density. Howto mine these coals above is key factor and primary problem restricting thedevelopment of China’s coal mining. Green coal mining is the only way to achievesustainable development of China's coal industry. Coal filling mining technology is aprime choice to achieve these goals. In this paper, the project of superhigh-waterpacking material used as mine gob filling material is proposed and obtained a detailedstudy.
This paper studied fully about the formation mechanism of superhigh-watermaterial based on detailed inspection of a large number of domestic and foreignliteratures. Through a large number of experiments trial and error on the key elementsto form the superhigh-water material, reasonable constituents to form superhigh-watermaterial were found. It was composed of A and B components together with a smallamount of complex accelerating, retarding agents and dispersant. The setting time ofthe material could be regulated from 8 to 90 minutes. Its compressive strength couldalso be changed under different water content. For instance, when the water volumecontent varied between 95 ~ 97%, its final strength could be varied between 0.66 ~1.5MPa. The slurry formed with A or B alone could keep 30 to 40 hours unsetting,whereas the mixture of A and B hardened quickly.
In order to investigate the properties of the superhigh-water material, its basicproperties including basic mechanical properties, chemical properties and stabilitywere investigated in laboratory. It was found that the material has quick hardeningcharacteristics and the 7 day compressive strength could be up to 60~90% of the 28day one. After that, the strength growing slowed down. Its compressive strength andsetting time could be regulated by adjusting the water-solid ratio and additives. Thesmall bulk strain of this material made it apt to filling application in largeunderground interspace. The material was of poor weathering-resistance property,which indicating that it was not suitable for hot, dry and open-up environment. In thewet conditions of underground goaf, the material could be easy to use, especiallysuitable for filling the large space confined underground.
The microtopography of the superhigh-water material induration was investigated by SEM analysis. The results showed that its main ingredient is ettringite. Thisettringite in the superhigh-water material was thin and wire-like, accompanied byAl(OH)_3-gel and other gel-type substances. It was also found that the water volumecontent in 95% is a key point, beyond it, the structure of ettringite was dominant inthin, mesh-like structure. But less than it, the ettringite needle-like structure wasthickening more and more. Therefore, it was appropriate to make the water volume in95% be a turn point from high-water to superhigh-water packing material.
Rheology studies of the superhigh-water material showed that the slurry viscosityof A or B alone was almost as small as water’s and then could be referred asNewtonian fluid, while the mixed slurry was a time-varying non-Newtonian fluid. Butthe viscosity of the mixture increased slowly in the initial stage. It did not rise quicklyuntil the time kept about two to thirds of the setting time of the material. When nearthe setting time, the curve of the viscosity reached an inflexion. The apparentviscosity at inflexion of the material with short setting time was lower than that of thelonger ones.
The hydrodynamic properties of the superhigh-water material such as the criticalnon-silt velocity and so on were studied here with combination with the basicequations of fluid flow and a number of empirical models. It was found that all thefactors such as apparent viscosity of slurry, particle composition, concentration,transporting pipe diameter and other relevant ones had impacts on the hydrodynamicperformance. When the nominal diameter of 100~200mm conventional seamless steelpipe used to transport superhigh-water materials, the conveying velocity should be noless than 2m/s.
After detailed study on the properties of the superhigh-water material and thefilling mining methods, it was found that most of the methods were suitable forsuperhigh-water packing material, including open-up filling, bag filling, mixed-typefilling, partition-wall filling and so on. These methods could be selected according toon-site mining techniques used. Open-up filling was simple and no need to set upfilling bags, and the adaptability of the bag filling was better and broader.
A semi-continuous filling system suitable for underground filling was developed.It was composed of four subsystem components. A number of mixers ran alternatelyin use, so that the slurry supply could keep continuous to meet the transportrequirement of filling slurry.
This superhigh-water packing material had been succeeded in underground goaf filling as its practical application. After a detailed study of the field condition, thesurface deformation of overlying rock was analyzed using the simulation software anda reasonable filling program was proposed. After the goaf filling, the simulation of theground behavior and field theoretical analysis was also carried out, which made thepractice application success in Taoyi coal mine of Handan Mining Group for thickcoal seam. Currently, Taoyi Mine successfully carries out the third working face of thefilling mining. The thin-seam filling mining of Tianzhuang Mine of Linyi MiningGroup has also achieved gratifying results. Now the filling working is progressingsmoothly with a good effect.
In order to investigate the effectiveness of goaf filling, strata control observationabout the surface subsidence of Taoyi and Tianzhuang Mine was carried out. Up tonow, the earth surface above the working face has not shown any influence due to thefilling. It is indicated that goaf filling with the superhigh-water packing material hasobvious economic benefits, social and environmental benefits.There are 87 pictures, 33 tables and 198 references in the paper.
引文
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