胶州湾流域与海岸带综合管理研究
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摘要
胶州湾是中国近海受人类活动影响较为典型的半封闭海湾,其保护与管理面临着海湾面积逐年缩小、纳潮量下降,近岸水域污染严重、水质日益恶化等主要问题。而目前胶州湾地区的部门管理模式,尚不能根本解决上述问题。从日前公布的青岛市城市发展目标看来,胶州湾保护的难度必将进一步加大。有鉴于此,探讨胶州湾及环湾流域的保护和管理具有较大的理论和现实意义。
本论文采用系统论、GIS技术、DPSIR框架和SWOT分析法等关键技术,运用制度经济学的一些重要思想,分析和评价胶州湾及环湾流域的生态环境和管理现状,阐述了以流域与海岸带综合管理途径来管理胶州湾及环湾流域的可能路径选择、相关制度设计和战略分析。
本文回顾了流域与海岸带综合管理、海岸带陆海相互作用等方面的研究成果与胶州湾及环湾流域的研究进展；以系统论为基本出发点,提出和解释了流域——海岸连续统的概念,说明了此概念对流域与海岸带综合管理所具有的重要意义；概述了流域与海岸带综合管理的基本理论和方法论体系。论文提出了环胶州湾流域的概念,初步在地理分布上确定了环湾流域的边界,分析了流域边界与行政区划的关系,并提出按照现行政区划来开展流域与海岸带综合管理工作。
论文运用DPSIR(驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应)框架,系统地阐释了环湾流域与胶州湾的相互作用,分析和评价了胶州湾及环湾流域的生态环境状况与管理现状。①研究的驱动力包括国家层面促发展的政策、地方的人口增长、经济尤其是农业和工业的发展以及城市化；环境压力为在环湾流域社会经济发展对水资源和土地资源的需求与影响；状态和影响这两个指标主要指环湾流域与胶州湾环境状态的变化以及这些变化对胶州湾所产生的影响；响应主要指针对上述影响,已采取的保护和管理措施。②青岛在国家宏观政策的推动下,经济和城市化发展较快,耕地面积减少、质量下降,水质和水量发生了较大变化,产生了巨大的环境压力；这些压力使胶州湾和环湾流域的环境状态发生了剧烈变化,主要表现在环湾流域水质和入海流量、胶州湾营养盐的浓度和分布以及营养盐结构、胶州湾的面积和纳潮量等方面的变化上；而此类环境状态的改变,对胶州湾的环境产生了巨大影响,即污染日益加剧且富营养化日趋严重、生境退化和生物多样性降低、浮游植物的结构和组成发生了较大变化；有关部门已就胶州湾和环湾流域的保护和管理采取了一定的措施,如加强环湾河流的生态改造、加大城市污水管网建设和城市污水处理力度,但这些措施局限于部门管理的视角,没有将环湾流域和胶州湾作为一个系统加以考量,不能从根本上解决胶州湾环境退化的趋势,本研究认为应该采取更根本的措施,从流域—海岸带系统的角度来保护和管理胶州湾和环湾流域。
基于上述认识,本论文提出了在胶州湾和环湾流域实施流域与海岸带综合管理的设想：①建议通过设立“大沽河—胶州湾管理委员会”、“胶州湾伙伴论坛”、“胶州湾环保基金”等新的制度安排在环湾地区规划和实施流域与海岸带综合管理；这种安排将解决在管理上割裂流域与海湾的问题,将克服水资源管理和海岸带管理中部门管理的缺陷、发挥综合管理的优势,将促进利益相关者的参与、推动民主和参与式管理的发展,还将能够促进环保基金的筹措、克服环境保护中财政投资不足的问题；②根据SWOT分析法,分析了实施流域与海岸带综合管理的内部条件与外部环境,即在胶州湾地区实施这种新战略在自然地理、社会经济、科技上具备一定的优势,且面临国际和区域推动流域与海岸带综合管理模式、国内公众环保意识蓬勃发展等机遇,同时具有环湾河流构成复杂、流域内高污染产业发展现状和陆域科研不足等劣势以及面临国内缺乏流域与海岸带综合管理的经验、国际经验不能全盘照抄照搬等挑战,建议通过必要的能力建设来有效利用现有优势和机遇、克服有关劣势和挑战,促进流域与海岸带综合管理战略的实施。
Jiaozhou Bay is a typical semi-enclosed bay affected by human activities in China. It is now challenged by the following main issues, i.e. the shrinking area of the Bay and the decreasing tidal prism, the increasing coastal pollution and degrading water quality. The current sector management system cannot address these issues radically and successfull. In addition, the recent released urban development plan for Qingdao will make it more difficult and complex with regards to environmental protection and coastal management in the region of Jiaozhou Bay. The present dissertation is dedicated to the protection of the Bay and its basin.
It adopts the system approach, GIS method, DPSIR framework, and SWOT analysis as well as some important thoughts of institutional economics to analyze and assess the status quo of environment and management in Jiaozhou Bay and its catchment. It then presents one of the best institutional path options for protecting Jiaozhou Bay by linking integrated water resource management and integrated coastal zone management, namely, Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin Management (ICARM). Relevant institutional design and arrangement, and strategic analysis are added to the proposal.
This dissertation reviews the current management approaches in water resources management, coastal management and the research progress on land-ocean interaction in the coastal area and progress about Jiaozhou Bay and its catchment. The new concept of Catchment-Coast Continuum is also defined and explained. It then introduces the general theory and method system of ICARM. Based on the natural geography, the watershed delineation is conducted with GIS method and the watershed boundaries are compared with the administrative boundaries of the Shandong peninsula. It is argued that the management boundary for ICARM in Jiaozhou Bay and its basin can be the same or similar to the current administrative boundaries.
In the next section, the catchment-bay interaction in Jiaozhou Bay is analyzed by the DPSIR framework and the current management system in Jiaozhou Bay and its basin is also examined. The Drivers in the research include national development-oriented policy, local population growth, economic boost, and urbanization; the environmental Pressures are expressed by the supply and demand of and their impacts on water resources and land resources; the State and Impact represent the environmental state change of and its impacts on the Bay and its catchment; the Response implies the measures taken to tackle or alleviate the impacts and its beyond. In reality, the socioeconomic and urbanization in Qingdao developed in a relative fast speed under the national development policy in the past decades. This then caused the reduction of the quantity and quality of arable land and water resources. Therefore the environment was under pressures to change, and the state changes include the degradation of the water quality and the reduction of river runoff in the catchment, variation of the nutrient concentrations and distribution as well as the nutrient structure in the Bay, area of the Bay, its tidal prism. This environmental change had substantial impacts on the Jiaozhou Bay and its basin, says, increasing pollution and more frequent eutrophication, habitat degradation and biodiversity loss, change in phytoplankton structure and composition. Some response had been taken, such as river ecological restoration, increasing wastewater networks and capacity of wastewater treatment. However those were from the perspective of sector management and cannot change the degradation trend radically. The present dissertation argues to adopt ICARM approach to address the dilemma.
Based on the above results, the proposed institutional design and arrangements of this ICARM approach includes the establishment of the Jiaozhou Bay-Dagu River Management Committee, the Jiaozhou Bay Partnership Forum and the Jiaozhou Bay Foundation of Environmental Protection. These proposed arrangements will address the fragmentation of Jiaozhou Bay and its catchment in terms of management, overtake the disadvantages of sector management and take advantages of integrated management, promote the democratic and participatory management. It will also increase the financial investment, which is often in short and an utmost key in the field of environmental protection. What follows on, the SWOT analysis is conducted to examine the internal strength and opportunity and the external weakness and threat with regards to the implementation of the proposal in the Jiaozhou Bay. The Strength includes but not limit to the ideal natural geography in terms of the catchment size and the almost overlay of the catchment boundary with the administration boundary, the relative developed economy of the Jiaozhou Bay region as well as its rich resources in the Sci-Tech of marine sciences, while the Weakness includes but not limits to complex composition of the coastal rivers, location of heavy pollution industries, lack of research in the catchment side. The Opportunity is the global and regional promoation of ICARM approach and the increasing awareness of enviornmetnal protection in China, while the threat includes the lack of case studies and experience of ICARM, and the-wicked-problem nature of public administion. It is suggested that much attention should be paid to capacity building in order to take advantage of the strength and opportunity while overcome the weakness and reduce or even eliminate the threat.
本论文采用系统论、GIS技术、DPSIR框架和SWOT分析法等关键技术,运用制度经济学的一些重要思想,分析和评价胶州湾及环湾流域的生态环境和管理现状,阐述了以流域与海岸带综合管理途径来管理胶州湾及环湾流域的可能路径选择、相关制度设计和战略分析。
本文回顾了流域与海岸带综合管理、海岸带陆海相互作用等方面的研究成果与胶州湾及环湾流域的研究进展；以系统论为基本出发点,提出和解释了流域——海岸连续统的概念,说明了此概念对流域与海岸带综合管理所具有的重要意义；概述了流域与海岸带综合管理的基本理论和方法论体系。论文提出了环胶州湾流域的概念,初步在地理分布上确定了环湾流域的边界,分析了流域边界与行政区划的关系,并提出按照现行政区划来开展流域与海岸带综合管理工作。
论文运用DPSIR(驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应)框架,系统地阐释了环湾流域与胶州湾的相互作用,分析和评价了胶州湾及环湾流域的生态环境状况与管理现状。①研究的驱动力包括国家层面促发展的政策、地方的人口增长、经济尤其是农业和工业的发展以及城市化；环境压力为在环湾流域社会经济发展对水资源和土地资源的需求与影响；状态和影响这两个指标主要指环湾流域与胶州湾环境状态的变化以及这些变化对胶州湾所产生的影响；响应主要指针对上述影响,已采取的保护和管理措施。②青岛在国家宏观政策的推动下,经济和城市化发展较快,耕地面积减少、质量下降,水质和水量发生了较大变化,产生了巨大的环境压力；这些压力使胶州湾和环湾流域的环境状态发生了剧烈变化,主要表现在环湾流域水质和入海流量、胶州湾营养盐的浓度和分布以及营养盐结构、胶州湾的面积和纳潮量等方面的变化上；而此类环境状态的改变,对胶州湾的环境产生了巨大影响,即污染日益加剧且富营养化日趋严重、生境退化和生物多样性降低、浮游植物的结构和组成发生了较大变化；有关部门已就胶州湾和环湾流域的保护和管理采取了一定的措施,如加强环湾河流的生态改造、加大城市污水管网建设和城市污水处理力度,但这些措施局限于部门管理的视角,没有将环湾流域和胶州湾作为一个系统加以考量,不能从根本上解决胶州湾环境退化的趋势,本研究认为应该采取更根本的措施,从流域—海岸带系统的角度来保护和管理胶州湾和环湾流域。
基于上述认识,本论文提出了在胶州湾和环湾流域实施流域与海岸带综合管理的设想：①建议通过设立“大沽河—胶州湾管理委员会”、“胶州湾伙伴论坛”、“胶州湾环保基金”等新的制度安排在环湾地区规划和实施流域与海岸带综合管理；这种安排将解决在管理上割裂流域与海湾的问题,将克服水资源管理和海岸带管理中部门管理的缺陷、发挥综合管理的优势,将促进利益相关者的参与、推动民主和参与式管理的发展,还将能够促进环保基金的筹措、克服环境保护中财政投资不足的问题；②根据SWOT分析法,分析了实施流域与海岸带综合管理的内部条件与外部环境,即在胶州湾地区实施这种新战略在自然地理、社会经济、科技上具备一定的优势,且面临国际和区域推动流域与海岸带综合管理模式、国内公众环保意识蓬勃发展等机遇,同时具有环湾河流构成复杂、流域内高污染产业发展现状和陆域科研不足等劣势以及面临国内缺乏流域与海岸带综合管理的经验、国际经验不能全盘照抄照搬等挑战,建议通过必要的能力建设来有效利用现有优势和机遇、克服有关劣势和挑战,促进流域与海岸带综合管理战略的实施。
Jiaozhou Bay is a typical semi-enclosed bay affected by human activities in China. It is now challenged by the following main issues, i.e. the shrinking area of the Bay and the decreasing tidal prism, the increasing coastal pollution and degrading water quality. The current sector management system cannot address these issues radically and successfull. In addition, the recent released urban development plan for Qingdao will make it more difficult and complex with regards to environmental protection and coastal management in the region of Jiaozhou Bay. The present dissertation is dedicated to the protection of the Bay and its basin.
It adopts the system approach, GIS method, DPSIR framework, and SWOT analysis as well as some important thoughts of institutional economics to analyze and assess the status quo of environment and management in Jiaozhou Bay and its catchment. It then presents one of the best institutional path options for protecting Jiaozhou Bay by linking integrated water resource management and integrated coastal zone management, namely, Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin Management (ICARM). Relevant institutional design and arrangement, and strategic analysis are added to the proposal.
This dissertation reviews the current management approaches in water resources management, coastal management and the research progress on land-ocean interaction in the coastal area and progress about Jiaozhou Bay and its catchment. The new concept of Catchment-Coast Continuum is also defined and explained. It then introduces the general theory and method system of ICARM. Based on the natural geography, the watershed delineation is conducted with GIS method and the watershed boundaries are compared with the administrative boundaries of the Shandong peninsula. It is argued that the management boundary for ICARM in Jiaozhou Bay and its basin can be the same or similar to the current administrative boundaries.
In the next section, the catchment-bay interaction in Jiaozhou Bay is analyzed by the DPSIR framework and the current management system in Jiaozhou Bay and its basin is also examined. The Drivers in the research include national development-oriented policy, local population growth, economic boost, and urbanization; the environmental Pressures are expressed by the supply and demand of and their impacts on water resources and land resources; the State and Impact represent the environmental state change of and its impacts on the Bay and its catchment; the Response implies the measures taken to tackle or alleviate the impacts and its beyond. In reality, the socioeconomic and urbanization in Qingdao developed in a relative fast speed under the national development policy in the past decades. This then caused the reduction of the quantity and quality of arable land and water resources. Therefore the environment was under pressures to change, and the state changes include the degradation of the water quality and the reduction of river runoff in the catchment, variation of the nutrient concentrations and distribution as well as the nutrient structure in the Bay, area of the Bay, its tidal prism. This environmental change had substantial impacts on the Jiaozhou Bay and its basin, says, increasing pollution and more frequent eutrophication, habitat degradation and biodiversity loss, change in phytoplankton structure and composition. Some response had been taken, such as river ecological restoration, increasing wastewater networks and capacity of wastewater treatment. However those were from the perspective of sector management and cannot change the degradation trend radically. The present dissertation argues to adopt ICARM approach to address the dilemma.
Based on the above results, the proposed institutional design and arrangements of this ICARM approach includes the establishment of the Jiaozhou Bay-Dagu River Management Committee, the Jiaozhou Bay Partnership Forum and the Jiaozhou Bay Foundation of Environmental Protection. These proposed arrangements will address the fragmentation of Jiaozhou Bay and its catchment in terms of management, overtake the disadvantages of sector management and take advantages of integrated management, promote the democratic and participatory management. It will also increase the financial investment, which is often in short and an utmost key in the field of environmental protection. What follows on, the SWOT analysis is conducted to examine the internal strength and opportunity and the external weakness and threat with regards to the implementation of the proposal in the Jiaozhou Bay. The Strength includes but not limit to the ideal natural geography in terms of the catchment size and the almost overlay of the catchment boundary with the administration boundary, the relative developed economy of the Jiaozhou Bay region as well as its rich resources in the Sci-Tech of marine sciences, while the Weakness includes but not limits to complex composition of the coastal rivers, location of heavy pollution industries, lack of research in the catchment side. The Opportunity is the global and regional promoation of ICARM approach and the increasing awareness of enviornmetnal protection in China, while the threat includes the lack of case studies and experience of ICARM, and the-wicked-problem nature of public administion. It is suggested that much attention should be paid to capacity building in order to take advantage of the strength and opportunity while overcome the weakness and reduce or even eliminate the threat.
引文
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