西藏拉萨地块中古特提斯缝合带的厘定
摘要
青藏高原是一个由诸多地体／多岛弧拼合汇聚的复合陆块。拉萨地体位于青藏高原南部,印度河—雅鲁藏布缝合带之北,班公湖—怒江缝合带以南。2006年在拉萨地体中部的松多地区发现了可能与古特提斯洋盆关闭有关的二叠纪(超)高压榴辉岩,引发了以下重要科学问题：该榴辉岩带的规模、产出特征、原岩类型和形成时代?除了榴辉岩带,是否还保留了代表古特提斯洋盆的蛇绿岩残留和有关的板块构造体制?该缝合带的形成演化历史及其大地构造意义?
为了探讨这些问题,本论文通过三年的野外地质调查和大量的室内测试分析,在松多地区厘定出一条与榴辉岩带相伴的蛇绿岩带,初步建立了一条由松多榴辉岩带,蛇绿岩残块,印支期后碰撞花岗岩等组成的古特提斯缝合带,认为拉萨地块中曾经有一条古特提斯洋的分支,将拉萨地块一分为二。
论文研究将松多榴辉岩带的规模由最初发现的十余km扩大至百余km,榴辉岩在松多群的三个岩组中均有出露,主要有金红石榴辉岩,石英榴辉岩和普通榴辉岩三种类型,还出露上述各类榴辉岩退变产物：榴闪岩和斜长角闪岩等。认为榴辉岩的原岩为MORB型和OIB型玄武岩类,普通榴辉岩主要来自洋脊环境,金红石榴辉岩则主要来自洋岛环境。证实榴辉岩的变质时代为二叠纪(260±16Ma)；通过榴辉岩锆石核部的SHRIMP U-Pb同位素测年,发现榴辉岩原岩年龄为303±4.8 Ma,其Th/U比值为1.05-1.30,具有岩浆结晶锆石特征。
确立了蛇绿岩及有关岩石组合的存在,包括超镁铁质岩、洋脊玄武岩、洋岛玄武岩、岛弧玄武安山岩和后碰撞花岗岩。超镁铁质岩块呈构造岩块产于松多群中。本研究的贡布爬拉超镁铁岩已经完全蛇纹岩化,恢复其原岩为方辉橄榄岩,来自亏损地幔。MORB型火山岩和OIB型火山岩主要出露在松多群岔萨冈岩组中,玄武岩安山岩则出露在松多群的雷龙库岩组中。
获得洋壳的形成年龄306Ma(95%),表明拉萨地块中部的古特提斯洋盆的时代为石炭纪。玄武安山岩(岛弧火山岩)年龄265±3.1Ma,与松多榴辉岩的变质时代(260-270Ma)相当,代表洋壳俯冲的时代；后碰撞花岗岩的年龄194±Ma。松多带榴辉岩与蛇绿岩玄武岩类不仅化学成分上表现出对应,并在形成时间上吻合,表明洋壳和洋岛玄武岩可能为松多榴辉岩的原岩。
确认拉萨地块中存在一条古特提斯缝合带,提出松多缝合带古生代—中生代的构造演化模式：在奥陶纪—泥盆纪时期,为拉萨地块上发育古冈瓦纳大陆北缘陆表海台沉积阶段；早石炭世-晚石炭世阶段,拉萨地块中大陆裂开到初始小洋盆—古特提斯洋到成熟大洋发展阶段；二叠纪—早三叠世期间,古特提斯洋俯冲闭合阶段；中晚三叠世—早侏罗世阶段,碰撞造山—晚造山或后造山阶段。
尽管缝合带的各岩性单元在空间展布上几乎都是以构造岩块混杂在一块,但总体上地幔橄榄岩、MORB和OIB玄武岩主要出露在榴辉岩带的南边,岛弧火山岩和碰撞后花岗岩则主要出露在缝合带的北部,由此初步判定该洋盆闭合时洋壳由南往北俯冲。
总的来看,本论文的研究在拉萨地块中确立了一条新的板块边界,其结果导致拉萨地块被解体,分为南、北拉萨地块。研究对完善青藏高原多地体—多岛弧的结构,在拉萨地块中建立新的古特提斯板块俯冲体制,重塑古特提斯洋盆的空间展布及探讨其形成演化历史具有重要意义。
The Qinghai-Tibet plateau is a composite continental fragment formed by collision of multiple terranes and island arcs. The Lhasa terrane, which is located in the central part of the plateau, is bounded by the Yarlung-Zangbo suture to the south and Bangong-Nujiang suture to the north. In 2006, an E-W-trending belt of (ultra)-high pressure eclogite was discovered in the Sumdo region of the Lhasa terrane. Careful field studies combined with petrological, geochemical and isotopic analyses show that the Sumdo eclogites mark a Carboniferous-Permian suture zone, at least 100 km long, containing ophiolite fragments, eclogites and Indosinian post-orogenic granitoids. This suture divides the Lhasa block into a northern and southern segment.
Three lithological types of eclogite are recognized in the Sumdo suture zone; rutile eclogite, quartz eclogite and common eclogite. These are accompanied by garnet amphibolite and plagioclase amphibolite formed by retrograde metamorphism of the eclogites. The common eclogites were derived from mid-ocean ridge basalts, whereas the rutile eclogites were formed from oceanic island basalts and the quartz eclogites from lavas intermediate between MORB and OIB. LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating of zircon from the Sumdo eclogites indicates a Permian metamorphic age (260-270 Ma) and a Carboniferous protolith age of 303±4.8 Ma.
The ophiolite fragments in the Sumdo suture zone are composed of the ultramafic rocks, MORB-type basalt, OIB-type basalt and island arc basaltic andesite, some of which are intruded by post-collisional granites. The Gongbupala ultramafic body, a typical tectonic block in the suture zone, is completely serpentinized. Its geochemical features suggest that it is composed of harzburgite, typical of depleted mantle peridotite. The MORB and OIB-type basalts crop out in the Chasagang Formation, and the basaltic andesite crops out in the Leilongku Formation, both of which make up the Sumdo Group..
Zircons from the OIB-type basalt with typical magmatic characteristics yield an average U-Pb age of 306 (95%) Ma, suggesting formation in a Paleo-Tethyan basin in the Carboniferous. U-Pb dating of zircon from the basaltic andesites yielded a concordant age of 265±3.1Ma, similar to the metamorphic age (266-270 Ma) of the eclogites, suggesting formation during subduction of the oceanic crust. Indosinian granodiorite with an age of 194±4.3 Ma crops out north of the Sumdo suture. These granodiorites are similar to the late Indochina granites in the Lhasa block, and most likely formed during continent-arc collision or during closure of the Paleo-Tethyan Ocean.
A four-stage model for the evolution of the Sumdo Paleo-Tethyan suture is proposed:1) From the Ordovician to the Devonian Gondwanaland was part of an epicontinental sea; 2) In the Carboniferous, continental rifting produced a local basin, which then evolved into a Paleo-Tethyan ocean basin, dividing the Lhasa block into two segments; 3) From the Permian to the early Triassic, Paleo-Tethyan oceanic crust was subducted northward; 4) In the middle Triassic and early Jurassic, the two fragments collided to form the modern Lhasa block.
为了探讨这些问题,本论文通过三年的野外地质调查和大量的室内测试分析,在松多地区厘定出一条与榴辉岩带相伴的蛇绿岩带,初步建立了一条由松多榴辉岩带,蛇绿岩残块,印支期后碰撞花岗岩等组成的古特提斯缝合带,认为拉萨地块中曾经有一条古特提斯洋的分支,将拉萨地块一分为二。
论文研究将松多榴辉岩带的规模由最初发现的十余km扩大至百余km,榴辉岩在松多群的三个岩组中均有出露,主要有金红石榴辉岩,石英榴辉岩和普通榴辉岩三种类型,还出露上述各类榴辉岩退变产物：榴闪岩和斜长角闪岩等。认为榴辉岩的原岩为MORB型和OIB型玄武岩类,普通榴辉岩主要来自洋脊环境,金红石榴辉岩则主要来自洋岛环境。证实榴辉岩的变质时代为二叠纪(260±16Ma)；通过榴辉岩锆石核部的SHRIMP U-Pb同位素测年,发现榴辉岩原岩年龄为303±4.8 Ma,其Th/U比值为1.05-1.30,具有岩浆结晶锆石特征。
确立了蛇绿岩及有关岩石组合的存在,包括超镁铁质岩、洋脊玄武岩、洋岛玄武岩、岛弧玄武安山岩和后碰撞花岗岩。超镁铁质岩块呈构造岩块产于松多群中。本研究的贡布爬拉超镁铁岩已经完全蛇纹岩化,恢复其原岩为方辉橄榄岩,来自亏损地幔。MORB型火山岩和OIB型火山岩主要出露在松多群岔萨冈岩组中,玄武岩安山岩则出露在松多群的雷龙库岩组中。
获得洋壳的形成年龄306Ma(95%),表明拉萨地块中部的古特提斯洋盆的时代为石炭纪。玄武安山岩(岛弧火山岩)年龄265±3.1Ma,与松多榴辉岩的变质时代(260-270Ma)相当,代表洋壳俯冲的时代；后碰撞花岗岩的年龄194±Ma。松多带榴辉岩与蛇绿岩玄武岩类不仅化学成分上表现出对应,并在形成时间上吻合,表明洋壳和洋岛玄武岩可能为松多榴辉岩的原岩。
确认拉萨地块中存在一条古特提斯缝合带,提出松多缝合带古生代—中生代的构造演化模式：在奥陶纪—泥盆纪时期,为拉萨地块上发育古冈瓦纳大陆北缘陆表海台沉积阶段；早石炭世-晚石炭世阶段,拉萨地块中大陆裂开到初始小洋盆—古特提斯洋到成熟大洋发展阶段；二叠纪—早三叠世期间,古特提斯洋俯冲闭合阶段；中晚三叠世—早侏罗世阶段,碰撞造山—晚造山或后造山阶段。
尽管缝合带的各岩性单元在空间展布上几乎都是以构造岩块混杂在一块,但总体上地幔橄榄岩、MORB和OIB玄武岩主要出露在榴辉岩带的南边,岛弧火山岩和碰撞后花岗岩则主要出露在缝合带的北部,由此初步判定该洋盆闭合时洋壳由南往北俯冲。
总的来看,本论文的研究在拉萨地块中确立了一条新的板块边界,其结果导致拉萨地块被解体,分为南、北拉萨地块。研究对完善青藏高原多地体—多岛弧的结构,在拉萨地块中建立新的古特提斯板块俯冲体制,重塑古特提斯洋盆的空间展布及探讨其形成演化历史具有重要意义。
The Qinghai-Tibet plateau is a composite continental fragment formed by collision of multiple terranes and island arcs. The Lhasa terrane, which is located in the central part of the plateau, is bounded by the Yarlung-Zangbo suture to the south and Bangong-Nujiang suture to the north. In 2006, an E-W-trending belt of (ultra)-high pressure eclogite was discovered in the Sumdo region of the Lhasa terrane. Careful field studies combined with petrological, geochemical and isotopic analyses show that the Sumdo eclogites mark a Carboniferous-Permian suture zone, at least 100 km long, containing ophiolite fragments, eclogites and Indosinian post-orogenic granitoids. This suture divides the Lhasa block into a northern and southern segment.
Three lithological types of eclogite are recognized in the Sumdo suture zone; rutile eclogite, quartz eclogite and common eclogite. These are accompanied by garnet amphibolite and plagioclase amphibolite formed by retrograde metamorphism of the eclogites. The common eclogites were derived from mid-ocean ridge basalts, whereas the rutile eclogites were formed from oceanic island basalts and the quartz eclogites from lavas intermediate between MORB and OIB. LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating of zircon from the Sumdo eclogites indicates a Permian metamorphic age (260-270 Ma) and a Carboniferous protolith age of 303±4.8 Ma.
The ophiolite fragments in the Sumdo suture zone are composed of the ultramafic rocks, MORB-type basalt, OIB-type basalt and island arc basaltic andesite, some of which are intruded by post-collisional granites. The Gongbupala ultramafic body, a typical tectonic block in the suture zone, is completely serpentinized. Its geochemical features suggest that it is composed of harzburgite, typical of depleted mantle peridotite. The MORB and OIB-type basalts crop out in the Chasagang Formation, and the basaltic andesite crops out in the Leilongku Formation, both of which make up the Sumdo Group..
Zircons from the OIB-type basalt with typical magmatic characteristics yield an average U-Pb age of 306 (95%) Ma, suggesting formation in a Paleo-Tethyan basin in the Carboniferous. U-Pb dating of zircon from the basaltic andesites yielded a concordant age of 265±3.1Ma, similar to the metamorphic age (266-270 Ma) of the eclogites, suggesting formation during subduction of the oceanic crust. Indosinian granodiorite with an age of 194±4.3 Ma crops out north of the Sumdo suture. These granodiorites are similar to the late Indochina granites in the Lhasa block, and most likely formed during continent-arc collision or during closure of the Paleo-Tethyan Ocean.
A four-stage model for the evolution of the Sumdo Paleo-Tethyan suture is proposed:1) From the Ordovician to the Devonian Gondwanaland was part of an epicontinental sea; 2) In the Carboniferous, continental rifting produced a local basin, which then evolved into a Paleo-Tethyan ocean basin, dividing the Lhasa block into two segments; 3) From the Permian to the early Triassic, Paleo-Tethyan oceanic crust was subducted northward; 4) In the middle Triassic and early Jurassic, the two fragments collided to form the modern Lhasa block.
引文
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