优秀散打运动员知觉预测过程认知特征与神经机制研究
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摘要
散打运动是一项徒手格斗对抗项目。竞赛中攻防转换极为快速、频繁,战机稍纵即逝。为了把握比赛的主动权,先发制人,运动员经常在对手动作启动前,利用部分信息或先行信息预测对手的战术意图,提前选择应对策略或启动应答行为。因此,散打运动中的预测判断是运动员准确快速反应的重要依据。已有研究表明,优秀运动员具有良好的知觉预测能力,而且这种能力可以通过有目的的训练得以巩固和提高。但是受实验条件和研究技术手段的限制,人们还未对优秀运动员知觉预测过程的脑神经机制进行研究。
通过已有研究的分析发现,目前该领域研究还存在以下不足：第一,研究中较多关注认知加工的信息利用,弱化了整个心理活动过程的研究,现有研究缺乏完整性。第二,在知觉预测能力评定中,多采用行为和眼动指标,缺少电生理指标方面的评价,未能揭示知觉预测过程的神经活动特点。第三,知觉预测训练的有效性及训练绩效问题存在分歧,缺少神经生理层面的研究支持,无法阐明知觉预测训练的内在规律。
因此,本研究以运动专家认知优势的后天经验说为理论指导,以运动员信息加工过程为主线,将知觉预测过程分为视觉搜索、动作识别、预判三个环节,采用专家-新手范式,综合运用事件相关电位技术和眼动记录技术,对优秀散打运动员信息加工各阶段的认知特征与神经机制进行探索性研究,进而阐明优秀散打运动员知觉预测认知加工过程的内在规律。在此基础上探讨散打运动员知觉训练绩效问题,为实际训练提供理论性指导。
研究结果显示：(1)与散打初学者相比,优秀散打运动员一般情境视觉搜索速度快,顶区诱发的P1潜伏期短,顶区和枕区诱发的N1波幅大；干扰刺激物数量越多,被试相应脑区诱发的N1波幅越大。(2)与散打初学者相比,优秀散打运动员专项情境视觉搜索速度快、准确率高,相应脑区诱发的P2、N2和P3潜伏期短,P2、P3波幅小,N2波幅大；搜索难度越大,P1、P2、N2、P3的潜伏期越长,波幅越大。(3)与散打初学者相比,优秀散打运动员技术动作识别效率高,相应脑区诱发的N1、P3潜伏期短,P1、N1波幅大；与图片材料相比,视频材料识别P1、N1、P3的潜伏期长,波幅大。(4)与散打初学者相比,优秀散打运动员预判效率高,相应脑区诱发的P1、N1、P3潜伏期短,P1、P3波幅小,N1波幅大。与图片材料相比,视频材料预判P1、N1、P3潜伏期长,P1、P3波幅大,N1波幅小。(5)基于视觉搜索和预判的专项情境知觉训练使散打初学者预判反应时缩短,准确率提高,相应脑区诱发的P1、P3潜伏期略有缩短,P1、P3波幅略有减小。
通过上述结果的分析,本研究得出以下结论：(1)优秀散打运动员一般情境视觉搜索时投入的心理资源多,注意集中程度高,进而保证了快速准确反应；一般情境搜索难度未影响搜索速度,但随着难度加大,心理资源消耗量增多。(2)优秀散打运动员通过动用较多的心理资源对有效进攻点进行精细加工,进而提高了视觉搜索的速度和准确性；搜索难度越大,动用的心理资源越多,加工速度越慢。(3)优秀散打运动员技术动作识别时通过动用较多的心理资源,有效抑制了无关刺激的干扰,将注意指向关键信息,使信息匹配速度加快,从而提高了技术动作识别效率；信息量越大,识别动用的心理资源越多,准确率越高。(4)优秀散打运动员预判早期动用的心理资源多,注意集中程度高,记忆系统中的心理模式激活速度快,进而提高了预判效率；信息量越大,预判动用的心理资源越多,认知加工准确率越高。(5)基于视觉搜索和预判任务的专项情境知觉训练能使散打初学者掌握经济合理的搜索策略,有效提高预判效率。
综合以上结果,本研究的主要理论贡献是：首先,本研究将知觉预测视为典型的信息加工过程,通过对知觉预测过程各认知环节的研究,系统揭示了优秀散打运动员知觉预测过程的认知特征与神经机制,拓展了知觉预测研究思路。其次,研究中采用了新的实验模式和技术手段,在运动认知领域展开了一系列实验研究。其中模拟运动情境,综合运用眼动和事件相关电位记录技术,不仅提高了研究的生态学效度,而且从行为和神经生理层面揭示了运动专家的认知特点。最后,本研究揭示了散打运动员在视觉搜索、动作识别和预判等环节的认知特征与可能机制,探讨了任务难度、材料类型等因素对运动认知及神经机制的影响。证实了基于视觉搜索和预判的专项知觉训练不仅能产生行为层面的训练效应,而且能够适度影响神经活动规律。这些结论丰富了知觉预测的理论成果,扩展了该领域研究的项目特点。
Sanda is an unarmed combat event.Thus, conversion of attack and defense changes extremely fast and frequently in the competitions with the fleeting combat opportunity. In order to grasp the initiative of the game, athletes often select the coping strategies, or start answering behavior beforehand by means of partial information or antecedent informationthat can predict the opponent's tactical intent before the start of the adversary's movements. Therefore, the prediction and judge in Sanda event are the important bases for accurate and rapid response of athletes. Studies have shown that elite athletes have good predictive power of perception, and this ability can be consolidated and improved by purposefultraining. However, due to the constraint of experimental conditions and methods of research and technology, people have not yet researched the cognitive neural mechanism of elite athletes in the process of perceptual prediction.
This study found the following deficiencies of the current research through overviewing of relevant literature:First, most of the researches stated the use of cognitive information processing while weakened the research on the whole process of mental activityan and the existing researches show a lack of integrity. Second, behavior and eye-movement index are mostly used in the course of evaluation of perceptual prediction, while electrophysiological index are seldom mentioned, which can not reveal features of neural activity during the process of perceptual prediction. Third, differences exist between training effectiveness and training performance of perceptual prediction, which needs the research support of neuro-psychological leve, so that the inherent laws of perceptual prediction training can not be clearly clarified.
Therefore, theoretically guided of postnatal experience of cognitive advantages for experts athletes, with the main line of athletes'information processing, the study will divide the process of perceptual prediction into visual search, motion-recognition, prediction, using expert-novice paradigm, together with the techonology of event-related potentials and eye movement recording techniques, to research the cognitive features and neural mechanism of each information processing of excellent Sanda athletes. Furthermore, the study will clarify the inherent laws of perceptual prediction during the process of information processing on the elite Sanda athletes. On this basis, the study tries to explore training performance issues of perceptual prediction on Sanda athletes, and provide theoretical guidance to the practical training.
The results show:(1) Elite Sanda athletes, compared with beginners, have a faster speed of visual search in the general situation, a shorter latency of the evoked P1 from parietal area, a larger amplitude of the evoked N1 from parietal area and occipital area; The more the number of interference stimuli, the larger N1 amplitude induced from the corresponding region of subjects. (2) Compared with beginners, elite Sanda athletes have a faster visual search speed, higher accuracy in the special situation, a shorter latency of P2, N2, P3 induced from the corresponding brain and a smaller amplitude of P3, P2, a larger amplitude of N2; The more difficult the search is, the longer latency of P1, P2, N2, P3, and the larger the amplitude. (3) Compared with beginners, elite Sanda athletes have a higher efficiency to recignize skilled motion, and the a shorter latency of evoked N1, P3 from corresponding region, a larger amplitude of P1, N1; Compared with the picture material, subjects have a longer latency and a larger amplitude of P1, N1, P3 with video material identification (4) Compared with beginners, elite Sanda athletes have a higher efficiency of pre-judgment, and a shorter latency of induced P1, N1, P3 from the corresponding region, a smaller amplitude of P1, P3, a larger amplitude of N1. Compared with the picture material, subjects have a longer latency of P1, N1, P3, a larger amplitude of P1, P3, a smaller amplitude of N1 with pre-judgment of video material. (5) Perception training of special situation based on visual search and pre-judgment makes beginners to shorten the time of pre-judgment, improve the accuracy rate. Beginners after training have shortened latency of evoked P1, P3 from the corresponding brain regions slightly shorter, decreased the amplitude of P1, P3 slightly.
Through analysis of the results, this study comes to the conclusion that:(1) Elite Sanda athletes, in the general situation, spend more psychological resources during visual search with high concentration of attention, thereby ensuring a rapid and accurate response; Task difficulty doesn't affect the searching speed, but with the degree of task difficulty increased, the consumption of psychological resources also increased. (2) Elite Sanda athletes made the subtly processing of the effective attack point with more psychological resources, thus enhancing the speed and accuracy of visual search; The increase of task difficulty reduced the efficiency of visual search and extended the process of cortical activation, increased the consumption of psychological energy. (3) Skilled motion-recognition of elite Sanda athletes effectively inhibit the interference of irrelevant stimuli with consuming more psychological resources, make the attention focusing on key information, so as to quicken the speed of information matching, thus improve the efficiency of skilled motion-recognition; The more psychological resources, the higher rate of accuracy. (4) Elite Sanda athletes spend more psychological resources in the early period of pre-judgment with high degree of attention concentration and fast activation speedof mental pattern from the memory system, thus enhancing the efficiency of pre-judgment; The greater the amount of information to judge, the more psychological resources used and the higher rate of accuracy of cognitive processing. (5) Perception training of special situation based on visual search and pre-judgment makes beginners to grasp the economic and reasonable search strategies, effectively improve the efficiency of pre-judgment.
Based on the above results, the main theoretical contributions of this study are: First, the study regards the perceptual prediction as the typical information processing. Through the resaerch on each cognitive stage of perceptual prediction process, the study systematically reveals of cogntive features and neural mechanism of excellent Sanda athletes in the course perceptual prediction, expands the idea of perceptual prediction research. Second, the study applied a new experimental model and technique with a series of experimental researches conducted in the field of cognitive research in sports. Among those, simulating the sport situation together with the technique of eye movements recording and event-related potentials not only improved the ecological validity, but also revealed the cognitive feature of sports experts from the behavior and the neurophysiological level. Finally, this study reveals the cognitive characteristics and possible mechanisms of Sanda athletes in the stages of visual search, movement identification and pre-judgment, discusses the ionfluence of facotrs like the degree of task difficulty, types of materials on sports cognition and neural mechanism, confirmed that video-based prejudgment training for the special siotuation can not only generate training effect on the behave level, but also moderately affect the law of neural activity. These findings enrich the theoretical outcome of perceptual prediction and extend event characteristics of the research in this field
通过已有研究的分析发现,目前该领域研究还存在以下不足：第一,研究中较多关注认知加工的信息利用,弱化了整个心理活动过程的研究,现有研究缺乏完整性。第二,在知觉预测能力评定中,多采用行为和眼动指标,缺少电生理指标方面的评价,未能揭示知觉预测过程的神经活动特点。第三,知觉预测训练的有效性及训练绩效问题存在分歧,缺少神经生理层面的研究支持,无法阐明知觉预测训练的内在规律。
因此,本研究以运动专家认知优势的后天经验说为理论指导,以运动员信息加工过程为主线,将知觉预测过程分为视觉搜索、动作识别、预判三个环节,采用专家-新手范式,综合运用事件相关电位技术和眼动记录技术,对优秀散打运动员信息加工各阶段的认知特征与神经机制进行探索性研究,进而阐明优秀散打运动员知觉预测认知加工过程的内在规律。在此基础上探讨散打运动员知觉训练绩效问题,为实际训练提供理论性指导。
研究结果显示：(1)与散打初学者相比,优秀散打运动员一般情境视觉搜索速度快,顶区诱发的P1潜伏期短,顶区和枕区诱发的N1波幅大；干扰刺激物数量越多,被试相应脑区诱发的N1波幅越大。(2)与散打初学者相比,优秀散打运动员专项情境视觉搜索速度快、准确率高,相应脑区诱发的P2、N2和P3潜伏期短,P2、P3波幅小,N2波幅大；搜索难度越大,P1、P2、N2、P3的潜伏期越长,波幅越大。(3)与散打初学者相比,优秀散打运动员技术动作识别效率高,相应脑区诱发的N1、P3潜伏期短,P1、N1波幅大；与图片材料相比,视频材料识别P1、N1、P3的潜伏期长,波幅大。(4)与散打初学者相比,优秀散打运动员预判效率高,相应脑区诱发的P1、N1、P3潜伏期短,P1、P3波幅小,N1波幅大。与图片材料相比,视频材料预判P1、N1、P3潜伏期长,P1、P3波幅大,N1波幅小。(5)基于视觉搜索和预判的专项情境知觉训练使散打初学者预判反应时缩短,准确率提高,相应脑区诱发的P1、P3潜伏期略有缩短,P1、P3波幅略有减小。
通过上述结果的分析,本研究得出以下结论：(1)优秀散打运动员一般情境视觉搜索时投入的心理资源多,注意集中程度高,进而保证了快速准确反应；一般情境搜索难度未影响搜索速度,但随着难度加大,心理资源消耗量增多。(2)优秀散打运动员通过动用较多的心理资源对有效进攻点进行精细加工,进而提高了视觉搜索的速度和准确性；搜索难度越大,动用的心理资源越多,加工速度越慢。(3)优秀散打运动员技术动作识别时通过动用较多的心理资源,有效抑制了无关刺激的干扰,将注意指向关键信息,使信息匹配速度加快,从而提高了技术动作识别效率；信息量越大,识别动用的心理资源越多,准确率越高。(4)优秀散打运动员预判早期动用的心理资源多,注意集中程度高,记忆系统中的心理模式激活速度快,进而提高了预判效率；信息量越大,预判动用的心理资源越多,认知加工准确率越高。(5)基于视觉搜索和预判任务的专项情境知觉训练能使散打初学者掌握经济合理的搜索策略,有效提高预判效率。
综合以上结果,本研究的主要理论贡献是：首先,本研究将知觉预测视为典型的信息加工过程,通过对知觉预测过程各认知环节的研究,系统揭示了优秀散打运动员知觉预测过程的认知特征与神经机制,拓展了知觉预测研究思路。其次,研究中采用了新的实验模式和技术手段,在运动认知领域展开了一系列实验研究。其中模拟运动情境,综合运用眼动和事件相关电位记录技术,不仅提高了研究的生态学效度,而且从行为和神经生理层面揭示了运动专家的认知特点。最后,本研究揭示了散打运动员在视觉搜索、动作识别和预判等环节的认知特征与可能机制,探讨了任务难度、材料类型等因素对运动认知及神经机制的影响。证实了基于视觉搜索和预判的专项知觉训练不仅能产生行为层面的训练效应,而且能够适度影响神经活动规律。这些结论丰富了知觉预测的理论成果,扩展了该领域研究的项目特点。
Sanda is an unarmed combat event.Thus, conversion of attack and defense changes extremely fast and frequently in the competitions with the fleeting combat opportunity. In order to grasp the initiative of the game, athletes often select the coping strategies, or start answering behavior beforehand by means of partial information or antecedent informationthat can predict the opponent's tactical intent before the start of the adversary's movements. Therefore, the prediction and judge in Sanda event are the important bases for accurate and rapid response of athletes. Studies have shown that elite athletes have good predictive power of perception, and this ability can be consolidated and improved by purposefultraining. However, due to the constraint of experimental conditions and methods of research and technology, people have not yet researched the cognitive neural mechanism of elite athletes in the process of perceptual prediction.
This study found the following deficiencies of the current research through overviewing of relevant literature:First, most of the researches stated the use of cognitive information processing while weakened the research on the whole process of mental activityan and the existing researches show a lack of integrity. Second, behavior and eye-movement index are mostly used in the course of evaluation of perceptual prediction, while electrophysiological index are seldom mentioned, which can not reveal features of neural activity during the process of perceptual prediction. Third, differences exist between training effectiveness and training performance of perceptual prediction, which needs the research support of neuro-psychological leve, so that the inherent laws of perceptual prediction training can not be clearly clarified.
Therefore, theoretically guided of postnatal experience of cognitive advantages for experts athletes, with the main line of athletes'information processing, the study will divide the process of perceptual prediction into visual search, motion-recognition, prediction, using expert-novice paradigm, together with the techonology of event-related potentials and eye movement recording techniques, to research the cognitive features and neural mechanism of each information processing of excellent Sanda athletes. Furthermore, the study will clarify the inherent laws of perceptual prediction during the process of information processing on the elite Sanda athletes. On this basis, the study tries to explore training performance issues of perceptual prediction on Sanda athletes, and provide theoretical guidance to the practical training.
The results show:(1) Elite Sanda athletes, compared with beginners, have a faster speed of visual search in the general situation, a shorter latency of the evoked P1 from parietal area, a larger amplitude of the evoked N1 from parietal area and occipital area; The more the number of interference stimuli, the larger N1 amplitude induced from the corresponding region of subjects. (2) Compared with beginners, elite Sanda athletes have a faster visual search speed, higher accuracy in the special situation, a shorter latency of P2, N2, P3 induced from the corresponding brain and a smaller amplitude of P3, P2, a larger amplitude of N2; The more difficult the search is, the longer latency of P1, P2, N2, P3, and the larger the amplitude. (3) Compared with beginners, elite Sanda athletes have a higher efficiency to recignize skilled motion, and the a shorter latency of evoked N1, P3 from corresponding region, a larger amplitude of P1, N1; Compared with the picture material, subjects have a longer latency and a larger amplitude of P1, N1, P3 with video material identification (4) Compared with beginners, elite Sanda athletes have a higher efficiency of pre-judgment, and a shorter latency of induced P1, N1, P3 from the corresponding region, a smaller amplitude of P1, P3, a larger amplitude of N1. Compared with the picture material, subjects have a longer latency of P1, N1, P3, a larger amplitude of P1, P3, a smaller amplitude of N1 with pre-judgment of video material. (5) Perception training of special situation based on visual search and pre-judgment makes beginners to shorten the time of pre-judgment, improve the accuracy rate. Beginners after training have shortened latency of evoked P1, P3 from the corresponding brain regions slightly shorter, decreased the amplitude of P1, P3 slightly.
Through analysis of the results, this study comes to the conclusion that:(1) Elite Sanda athletes, in the general situation, spend more psychological resources during visual search with high concentration of attention, thereby ensuring a rapid and accurate response; Task difficulty doesn't affect the searching speed, but with the degree of task difficulty increased, the consumption of psychological resources also increased. (2) Elite Sanda athletes made the subtly processing of the effective attack point with more psychological resources, thus enhancing the speed and accuracy of visual search; The increase of task difficulty reduced the efficiency of visual search and extended the process of cortical activation, increased the consumption of psychological energy. (3) Skilled motion-recognition of elite Sanda athletes effectively inhibit the interference of irrelevant stimuli with consuming more psychological resources, make the attention focusing on key information, so as to quicken the speed of information matching, thus improve the efficiency of skilled motion-recognition; The more psychological resources, the higher rate of accuracy. (4) Elite Sanda athletes spend more psychological resources in the early period of pre-judgment with high degree of attention concentration and fast activation speedof mental pattern from the memory system, thus enhancing the efficiency of pre-judgment; The greater the amount of information to judge, the more psychological resources used and the higher rate of accuracy of cognitive processing. (5) Perception training of special situation based on visual search and pre-judgment makes beginners to grasp the economic and reasonable search strategies, effectively improve the efficiency of pre-judgment.
Based on the above results, the main theoretical contributions of this study are: First, the study regards the perceptual prediction as the typical information processing. Through the resaerch on each cognitive stage of perceptual prediction process, the study systematically reveals of cogntive features and neural mechanism of excellent Sanda athletes in the course perceptual prediction, expands the idea of perceptual prediction research. Second, the study applied a new experimental model and technique with a series of experimental researches conducted in the field of cognitive research in sports. Among those, simulating the sport situation together with the technique of eye movements recording and event-related potentials not only improved the ecological validity, but also revealed the cognitive feature of sports experts from the behavior and the neurophysiological level. Finally, this study reveals the cognitive characteristics and possible mechanisms of Sanda athletes in the stages of visual search, movement identification and pre-judgment, discusses the ionfluence of facotrs like the degree of task difficulty, types of materials on sports cognition and neural mechanism, confirmed that video-based prejudgment training for the special siotuation can not only generate training effect on the behave level, but also moderately affect the law of neural activity. These findings enrich the theoretical outcome of perceptual prediction and extend event characteristics of the research in this field
引文
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