海拉尔盆地构造特征研究
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摘要
针对海拉尔盆地复杂的构造特征,论文充分利用二维、三维地震资料,采用动静结合、整体和局部相结合的方法,系统地研究了盆地构造的几何学特征、运动学特征,分析了盆地形成演化史及其成因机制。在此基础上,探讨了构造与油气的关系。通过研究,得出如下的认识：
①根据层序界面的类型和特征,盆地在纵向上可以划分出2个基本构造层,即盆地构造层和基底构造层,盆地构造层划分为4个一级构造层,6个二级构造层。
②从横剖面的结构特征上看,海拉尔盆地断陷的基本类型有两种：箕状断陷和双断式断陷,且以箕状断陷为主,箕状断陷包括独立型和联合型；凹陷次级洼槽的平面组合特征总体上表现为同期反向组合和同期同向组合两大类。
③盆地内断裂样式繁多,成因复杂：根据其成因及对构造、沉积和圈闭的控制作用可分为一、二、三、四级四个级别；按成因可分为基底断裂体系、拉张断裂体系、扭动断裂体系、反转断裂体系四种体系；断裂在平面和剖面上可组合成多种多样的组合类型；断裂的发育期次可分为两幕四期。
④盆地的构造样式可以分为伸展构造样式、走滑构造样式、调节构造样式、反转期构造样式。其中调节构造以变换断裂为主,反转期构造样式可分为新生构造和叠加构造两大类,并首次识别出铲式逆冲断层与蛇头构造类型。
⑤沉降史分析表明,海拉尔盆地可以划分出三个明显不同的沉降幕,即快速沉降期、稳定沉降期和缓慢沉降期,不同凹陷的沉降史表现出不同的特征,反映了不同凹陷差异伸展的特点。
⑥从盆地的建造和改造角度出发,可将海拉尔盆地划分出6个形成期和4个改造期。6个形成期分为初始张裂期(塔木兰沟组)、断陷扩张期(铜钵庙组)、持续稳定断陷期(南屯组)、断坳转化期(大磨拐河组、伊敏组)、拗陷期(青元岗组)和萎缩期(新生代)；4个改造期为铜钵庙组末期伸展翘倾期、南屯末期底辟隆升变形期、伊敏组末期压扭反转变形期和青元岗末期挤压反转变形期。
⑦海拉尔—塔木察格盆地为叠置在海西褶皱基底上的中新生代断陷型盆地,盆地形成于先存压扭性断裂的活化,后期演化过程中的伸展、剪切和挤压反转的作用应力来源于库拉—太平洋板块的运动方式,即取决于库拉—太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲的方向、速度及俯冲角度的大小。
⑧断裂控制了生、储、盖层的空间分布,控制了圈闭的形成、类型和分布规律,构造调节带和反转构造带是油气的有利聚集带。盆地多旋回演化特征,形成了多个不整合面,不整合面对油气的运聚起到了重要的作用。
For the complicated tectonic characteristics of Hailaer basin, this paper made full use of 2-d and 3-d seismic data, and adapt the method of inertia associating with activity and the local associating with the whole, and systematically studied the geometry and kinetic characteristics of the structures in the basin, and then analysed the evolution history and origin mechanism of the basin. Based on the analysis above, the relationship of the tectonics with oil and gas was investigated.Through the research of the knowledge, draws the following:
1. According to the type of sequence interface and its characteristics, the basin can be divided into the two basic tectonic layers, i.e.basinal and basement tectonic layer, the former are subdivided into 5 first order tectonic layers and 7 secondary order layers.
2. From the structure characteristic of its transverse section, there are two basic types of depression in the Hhailaer basin:the halfgraben-like and graben.The former are major and include the independent and associative. As a whole, subsags of combination characteristic on plane shows two categories:synchronization opposite and same direction combinations.
3. The fractures in the basin are of various types and commplex genesis:According to their genesis and control action to structures, sediments and traps, they can be divided into four levels; on the basis of their genesis, they can be classed into the basement fault systems, extensional fault systems, wrench fault systems, inversion fault systems.On the plane and profile, they can be combined into a variety of combination type; Their development period are two curtain and four periods.
4. The structural styles in the basin can be classced into the extensional structural styles, the strike-slip structural styles, the adjusting structures and the inversion-period structural styles.The transfer faults as a major type among the adjusting structures.The inversion-period structures can be divided into the neo-structures and the stacking structures, and the listric thrust fault and snake head structure were identified for the first time.
5. The subsiding history analysis indicates that the Hailaer basin can be divided into three distinct subsiding curtain, i.e. the rapid subsiding, stable subsiding and slow subsiding period. Different depression shows different subsiding characteristics, which reflects the characteristics of different extenssion in different depression.
6. From the formation and reformation of the basin, Hailaer basin can be divided into six formation periods and four reformation periods.
7 Hailaer basin developed over the Haixi fold basement in the Mz-Cz era, it formed by reactivating of pre-existence compressionin-wrench fractures, in the later period process of evolution, the effect stress of extension, shear and compressional inversion rooted in the movement pattern of the Kula-Pacific oceanic plate, i.e.depends on the direction,speed and angle of Kula-Pacific plate subduction to Eurasian plate.
8. Fractures controled the space distribution of the source, reservoir and caprock, andcontroled the formation, types and distribution of traps. The adjustment and inversion tectonic belts are favorable hydrocarbon accumulation zones.Multiple unconformity, formed by polycyclic evolution of the basin, played an important role to the migration and accumulation of oil and gas.
①根据层序界面的类型和特征,盆地在纵向上可以划分出2个基本构造层,即盆地构造层和基底构造层,盆地构造层划分为4个一级构造层,6个二级构造层。
②从横剖面的结构特征上看,海拉尔盆地断陷的基本类型有两种：箕状断陷和双断式断陷,且以箕状断陷为主,箕状断陷包括独立型和联合型；凹陷次级洼槽的平面组合特征总体上表现为同期反向组合和同期同向组合两大类。
③盆地内断裂样式繁多,成因复杂：根据其成因及对构造、沉积和圈闭的控制作用可分为一、二、三、四级四个级别；按成因可分为基底断裂体系、拉张断裂体系、扭动断裂体系、反转断裂体系四种体系；断裂在平面和剖面上可组合成多种多样的组合类型；断裂的发育期次可分为两幕四期。
④盆地的构造样式可以分为伸展构造样式、走滑构造样式、调节构造样式、反转期构造样式。其中调节构造以变换断裂为主,反转期构造样式可分为新生构造和叠加构造两大类,并首次识别出铲式逆冲断层与蛇头构造类型。
⑤沉降史分析表明,海拉尔盆地可以划分出三个明显不同的沉降幕,即快速沉降期、稳定沉降期和缓慢沉降期,不同凹陷的沉降史表现出不同的特征,反映了不同凹陷差异伸展的特点。
⑥从盆地的建造和改造角度出发,可将海拉尔盆地划分出6个形成期和4个改造期。6个形成期分为初始张裂期(塔木兰沟组)、断陷扩张期(铜钵庙组)、持续稳定断陷期(南屯组)、断坳转化期(大磨拐河组、伊敏组)、拗陷期(青元岗组)和萎缩期(新生代)；4个改造期为铜钵庙组末期伸展翘倾期、南屯末期底辟隆升变形期、伊敏组末期压扭反转变形期和青元岗末期挤压反转变形期。
⑦海拉尔—塔木察格盆地为叠置在海西褶皱基底上的中新生代断陷型盆地,盆地形成于先存压扭性断裂的活化,后期演化过程中的伸展、剪切和挤压反转的作用应力来源于库拉—太平洋板块的运动方式,即取决于库拉—太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲的方向、速度及俯冲角度的大小。
⑧断裂控制了生、储、盖层的空间分布,控制了圈闭的形成、类型和分布规律,构造调节带和反转构造带是油气的有利聚集带。盆地多旋回演化特征,形成了多个不整合面,不整合面对油气的运聚起到了重要的作用。
For the complicated tectonic characteristics of Hailaer basin, this paper made full use of 2-d and 3-d seismic data, and adapt the method of inertia associating with activity and the local associating with the whole, and systematically studied the geometry and kinetic characteristics of the structures in the basin, and then analysed the evolution history and origin mechanism of the basin. Based on the analysis above, the relationship of the tectonics with oil and gas was investigated.Through the research of the knowledge, draws the following:
1. According to the type of sequence interface and its characteristics, the basin can be divided into the two basic tectonic layers, i.e.basinal and basement tectonic layer, the former are subdivided into 5 first order tectonic layers and 7 secondary order layers.
2. From the structure characteristic of its transverse section, there are two basic types of depression in the Hhailaer basin:the halfgraben-like and graben.The former are major and include the independent and associative. As a whole, subsags of combination characteristic on plane shows two categories:synchronization opposite and same direction combinations.
3. The fractures in the basin are of various types and commplex genesis:According to their genesis and control action to structures, sediments and traps, they can be divided into four levels; on the basis of their genesis, they can be classed into the basement fault systems, extensional fault systems, wrench fault systems, inversion fault systems.On the plane and profile, they can be combined into a variety of combination type; Their development period are two curtain and four periods.
4. The structural styles in the basin can be classced into the extensional structural styles, the strike-slip structural styles, the adjusting structures and the inversion-period structural styles.The transfer faults as a major type among the adjusting structures.The inversion-period structures can be divided into the neo-structures and the stacking structures, and the listric thrust fault and snake head structure were identified for the first time.
5. The subsiding history analysis indicates that the Hailaer basin can be divided into three distinct subsiding curtain, i.e. the rapid subsiding, stable subsiding and slow subsiding period. Different depression shows different subsiding characteristics, which reflects the characteristics of different extenssion in different depression.
6. From the formation and reformation of the basin, Hailaer basin can be divided into six formation periods and four reformation periods.
7 Hailaer basin developed over the Haixi fold basement in the Mz-Cz era, it formed by reactivating of pre-existence compressionin-wrench fractures, in the later period process of evolution, the effect stress of extension, shear and compressional inversion rooted in the movement pattern of the Kula-Pacific oceanic plate, i.e.depends on the direction,speed and angle of Kula-Pacific plate subduction to Eurasian plate.
8. Fractures controled the space distribution of the source, reservoir and caprock, andcontroled the formation, types and distribution of traps. The adjustment and inversion tectonic belts are favorable hydrocarbon accumulation zones.Multiple unconformity, formed by polycyclic evolution of the basin, played an important role to the migration and accumulation of oil and gas.
引文
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